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Achievement Gaps, 2008.
This paper discusses reasons for the existence of achievement gaps and looks at possible ways of reducing these gaps.
8,300 words (approx. 33.2 pages), 25 sources, APA, AU$ 225.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that for many years there has been a considerable achievement gap in America. Most often this achievement gap is evident when comparing wealthy children to poor children. There are also achievement gaps along the lines of race and gender. The writer explores why these achievement gaps exist and the ways in which these gaps can be reduced. The writer also provides some facts concerning the types of achievement gaps that exist in America. The writer maintains that achievement gaps between white and black students begin in elementary school and exist throughout adulthood. The research suggests that such factors as poverty, under funding and racism play substantial roles in contributing to the achievement gap amongst American students.
Outline:
Introduction
Achievement Gap
Why Does an Achievement Gap Exist?
Poverty
Unequal Funding
Locus of Control
Acting White
Academic Disengagement
Reasons for Academic Disengagement
How to reduce the Achievement Gap
Adequate School Funding and School Choice
Better Trained and Better Paid Teachers
Detracking
Changing Perceptions
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When schools do not have adequate funding they can not purchase enough books for every student, school equipment may be deteriorating and students may not have access to the technologies needed. A lack of these essential tools can make it difficult for students to thrive.
"In addition to adequate school funding, school choice may be needed in some districts. The issue of school choice is a controversial one but parents and students should not have to bear the cost of schools that are failing children and not providing them with the education needed to compete in the world. In a perfect world schools would get funding and well trained teachers but the reality is that in order to close the achievement gap some serious issues must be addressed and this may result in the temporary or permanent closing of underperforming or failing schools."
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Closing the Minority Academic Achievement Gap, 2004.
An exploration of the cause and effect of the academic achievement gap that exists between different ethnic groups.
3,785 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how a great gap exists today between the academic achievements of white and Asian-Americans and the rest of the non-Asian minorities, which has been increasing steadily since the 1980s. The paper suggests the gap is a social construct created from the prejudice of the white majority and the unconscious and often paradoxical ways in which minorities inadvertently live up to their expected negative role. Other explanations for the achievement gap are discussed, but in the end, systemic prejudice mixed with the results of the ?stereotype threat? are seen to explain the burgeoning divide between minorities and the majority.
From the Paper
"According to Steele?s extensive research, constant exposure to negative stereotypes results in one of two different responses. The individual may go through a process called ?disidentification? in which ?To reduce this stress he may learn to care less about the situations and activities that bring it about -- to realign his self-regard so that it no longer depends on how he does in the situation... Pain is lessened by ceasing to identify with the part of life in which the pain occurs.? (Steele, 1999, I) A more commonplace term for this process is tuning out -- for the student effectively tunes out not just negative stereotypical input, but also those parts of their life about which negative stereotypes may occur, such as the academic world. The other response is to gear up: to try doubly hard to overcome and disprove the stereotype. Most theorists would blame tuning out for the gap in achievement -- however, Steele suggests that gearing up may be equally to blame."
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The Achievement Gap, 2007.
An analysis of the historical and cultural reasons for the achievement gap between African-American and Caucasian students.
1,398 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the achievement gap between African-American and Caucasian students as it relates to education. It discusses the gap from a historical and cultural perspective. It then explores the context of this issue as it relates to standards of education and analyzes the findings of several articles regarding the impact of this issue on pre-service teachers.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context With Link To Standards Of Education
Summary And Analysis Of Several Articles
Impact Of This Issue Of Pre-Service Teachers
From the Paper
"The segregation of African American and Caucasian children prior to 1964 continues to have a profound effect on the achievement levels of students. In addition, there are issues of socioeconomic class that play a significant role in achievement levels. In recent years this gap has increased significantly as the disparities between the rich and the poor have also widened. Because there are such differences between the wealthy and the poor in this country there are also substantial differences in the standard of education from place to place. There have been various attempts over the years to close this gap. Under the Bush administration the No Child Left Behind Act was developed to address the Achievement gap. Since the implementation of this Act there has been a great deal of conflict concerning both its implementation and the impact that the act has actually had on the achievement gap as it relates to Black and White students. Setting specific standards as it relates to expectations for achievement and curriculum is critical to closing the achievement gap between black and white students."
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Black-White Achievement Gap, 2004.
A look at some of the causes for the achievement gap between American black children and American white children.
2,938 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the myriad factors that may be contributing to the achievement gap between black and white children in America. The paper also looks at some positive signs regarding the educational future of black children and some possible solutions for closing the gap.
From the Paper
"As recently as 1998, the press was reporting that African Americans score lower than European Americans on vocabulary, reading, and math skills tests in general, as well as on standardized tests claiming to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence. Although the gap had narrowed somewhat after 1970, the American black child still scored lower than whites, as much as 15 percent lower. Despite abundant speculation and a wealth of research, no one had yet come up with a ?magic bullet? to put a stop to the disparity; in fact, research had shown that the problem was extremely difficult to overcome, despite integration (a fact for more than 40 years) and improvement in other socioeconomic factors. ?It is true that the gap shrinks only a little when black and white children attend the same schools. It is also true that the gap shrinks only a little when black and white families have the same amount of schooling, the same income, and the same wealth.? (Jencks and Phillips, 1998) The disparity is substantial, as revealed by grades. Researchers in Shaker Heights, Ohio, found that ?black-white GPA gap equals roughly one letter grade. The mean GPA is in the neighborhood of C+ for blacks and B+ for whites.? (Ferguson, 2001)"
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Educational Achievement Gap, 2002.
Discusses national strategies for closing the achievement gap in American education.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
Addresses the gap in testing scores between minority and majority (white) students at a high school where the proportion of minority to majority students is 1:4. Proposes a number of different ideas to improve minority students' test scores, involving parents, teachers, administrators, and students in both academic and social initiatives.
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Achievement Gap in Education, 2005.
A discussion of the historic Brown vs. Board of Education decision and how it has failed to achieve its intended purpose.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the Brown vs. Board of Education, a Supreme Court decision mandating the integration of public schools with the purpose of promoting equality in education, and ultimately in society, has not yet achieved this ideal. The first part of this paper details how the achievement gap between different races can be seen in all levels of education, from primary to college levels. This section also looks at how this gap can be discerned in various areas from academic subjects like mathematics to extra curricular activities like SAT preparations. The next part of the paper then looks at the reasons why this achievement gap persists. Finally, the paper looks at various programs that are geared towards narrowing this gap. Though their successes remain limited, this paper argues that programs such as these are the only long-term solution to a problem as ingrained as the achievement gap in education.
From the Paper
"The scholastic achievement gap starts as early as pre-school. Data from the U.S. Department of Labor (cited in Jacobson 2001) shows that by kindergarten and first grade, children of African American, American Indian and Latino heritage exhibit lower levels of school awareness compared to white and Asian children of the same age. These tests measure factors such as the mastery of oral language, pre-mathematics and pre-reading skills. In addition, African American, American Indian and Latino children also who lower levels of general knowledge."
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The "Achievement Gap", 2008.
An analysis of peer dynamics and race in the elementary classroom.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, although it is desirable that the elementary classroom provide a unified approach and atmosphere for educating students, such unity is not always possible in today's diversified classroom. It looks at how the challenges that exist in a diversified classroom are myriad and how regardless of these challenges, it is important to work with the diverse population. The paper further examines the phenomenon of the "achievement gap," "acting white," and the potential effect of the teacher on what is presumed to be peer effects.
Outline:
The "Achievement Gap"
Acting White
Closing the Gap
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Fryer and Levitt (2004) there is a gap between the test scores of white and black students, which widens as these students progress through elementary school and into later grades. This phenomenon exists even when socioeconomic factors, family structure, neighborhood elements, and school quality are accounted for (Fryer & Levitt, 2004, p. 65). In addition, while black students experiencing a widening gap as they progress through school, Hispanic children in the same environment tend to close the achievement gap when they mature, even when faced with "relative inexperience with the English language" (Fryer & Levitt, 2004, p. 65)."
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Closing the Achievement Gap, 2005.
A look at how early childhood education programs can help disadvantaged young children overcome the negative effects of poverty.
1,027 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that early childhood education programs can help bridge the achievement gap, reduce dropout rates and delinquency and increase economic productivity and social stability for economically disadvantaged young children. The paper describes what elements in these programs are critical in order for them to be successful in achieving their stated objectives and concludes that, at least in this area of educational and social reform, the nation is moving in a more positive and productive direction.
From the Paper
"There is an ongoing societal concern for the welfare of disadvantaged young children and the negative effects poverty has on their academic performance. The outcome of this preoccupation largely takes the form of early childhood programs. Actually, 'early childhood programs have been a part of the nation's social policy landscape for decades' (Shonkoff, 1). The main objective of such programs is to close the achievement gap between low-income students and their more privileged counterparts. Said differently, 'childhood intervention programs' seek 'to diminish the social economic status disparities in the preschool years so that poor children enter school on a more equal footing to their more affluent peers' (Brooks-Gunn, Currie, & Besharov, 3)."
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The Achievement Gap: Why African-American Students Lag Behind, 2002.
A study done to find the factors associated with why African-American students achieve less academically than their white counterparts.
2,361 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the factors that may cause African-American students to receive lower test scores or grades than white students. Factors include genetics, stigmatization, peer influence, teachers' expectations, test bias, and television. The author includes a possible hypothesis for further study.
From the Paper
"Ferguson (2001) further analyzed a possible correlation between the number of hours spent in front of the television and student performance, a theory distinct from other hypotheses. He found that black students watched more television than whites, and the black/white ratio for the number of hours watched on school nights is almost 2-to-1 for females (Ferguson, 2001). Collectively, black students did report lower homework completion rates than white students who report the same amount of time doing homework. However, when a test was conducted to determine whether watching television might cause the lower homework completion rate, the results showed that the estimated effect of television watching was so small as to be completely inconsequential."
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Impact of Gender on Student Achievement, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of maturation differences among genders and its effects on student achievement.
1,542 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer offers an evaluation of student achievement in academia. In particular the researcher explores whether boys are performing at a lower level of achievement than girls in the realm of academia. For purposes of this study the author hypothesizes that 7th grade boys will achieve at least 1-grade level below 7th grade girls resulting from maturation differences. This study aims to help identify what, if any, gap exists in the achievement between girls and boys at the elementary level, assuming that early intervention is most likely to yield positive results when addressing education gaps among children.
From the Paper
"Broude suggests that the situation of boys in the world of academia may best be described as "desperate" with alarming news suggesting that boys are consistently plagued with "depression, isolation, despair and fragile self esteem" all of which may contribute to poor performance in school compared with girls who are more likely to thrive. Broude also agrees that boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with learning disabilities including attention-deficit disorder which may contribute to higher rates of drop outs among boys and inability to achieve at the same level of their female peers. Many have referred to these recent trends as the "boy problem" suggesting that adolescent boys are particularly at risk for academic struggles in the current educational system."
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Discrepancies in Student Achievement, 2005.
This paper discusses the discrepancies of students in achievement because of aspirations and expectations.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, among minority students as well as between male and female students, there are discrepancies in educational and occupational expectations and aspirations. The author points out that, using the National Education Longitudinal Study, a gap exists between aspirations and expectations among students who set goals that were unrealistic in nature and who had generally been described as having lower educational achievement levels early on in their education. This paper stresses that, first and foremost, educators have to identify when a potential for a discrepancy exists and than use a combination approach because there is no one solution that will fit every student.
Table of Contents
Historical Origins of Differences
The Discrepancies between Supposedly Increasing Educational Aspirations and Persistent Gaps in School Outcomes
Challenges These Differences Pose to Educators Today
What Schools and Teachers can do to Improve Educational Equity across Population Groups?
From the Paper
"Why the discrepancy? In the past little effort has been made to differentiate between aspirations and expectations; and example given is a study conducted in 1991 by Marjoribanks, who used the term 'aspirations' to describe his study, but actually measured student expectations. Thus, part of the blame rests on the shoulders of researchers. There is also evidence to suggest that sometimes students create aspirations that are unreasonable or unattainable. This is an issue that must be dealt with by school administrators and teachers, who must work together to help students create aspirations that are attainable and reasonable. In addition, students must be taught in an environment that encourages and supports, and one that recognizes the unique challenges and hardships any individual student may face when attempting to realize their expectations."
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Gender Gaps in Canada, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of educational attainment on the gender wage gap in Canada.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the gender-based wage gap in Canada as it relates to the educational levels of the economy's constituents. The writer notes that Canada's wage gap has not disappeared. Furthermore, the writer points out that it appears that the gap actually worsens the higher the educational level of women, based on a percentage of income compared to males of the same educational level. The writer concludes that now that the flush of global markets and quick economic expansion is maturing along with the global economy, many markets, including Canada, are left to explain why increased access to education, specifically, but other economic and social factors as well, has not fully closed the gender-based wage gap and why, in some cases, it appears to be widening again.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"There exists much research that details how various economic and social factors affect gender earnings figures or the gender wage gap of workers in Canada. The importance of such research cannot be understated because it has significant relevance to almost every working adult in Canada but, in the long-term, it can also significantly impact the character of Canada's overall economic development. The long-term impact of such factors on Canada's economy are related to the competitiveness of its labour force within the context of the global economy as well as overall productivity factors manifested through measurements of gross domestic product (GDP). While there are may factors that can manifest such an impact on the Canadian economy, in terms of gender based wage gaps, one that is particularly troublesome is the effect that educational attainment has on the gender wage gap and, by extension, its ultimate impact on the Canadian economy."
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Generation Gaps in the Work Force, 2004.
An analysis of the influence of one's generation on the workforce.
4,551 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper explores four generation groupings and their impact on the employment sector: Veterans, or Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation Xers, and the newer generation, Generation Y, or Generation Next. Of all the conflicts between generations in the workplace, perhaps the most volatile and difficult to strategize upon is that between the Baby Boomers and Generation Y. The paper tries to understand why these two generations are butting heads in the workplace and looks at where each of these four generation groups stems from.
From the Paper
"Veterans, or Traditionalists, compromise the oldest bracket of the workforce. At an average of 52million of the population, Veterans are those born between 1922 and 1943, coming of age during and before the Great Depression. They have a work-ethic that makes them ?solid, no-nonsense performers with respect for authority and who are repositories of lore and wisdom? (Zemke, 2001). They have the experience of the job and tend to ?be more concerned with the ?big picture? issues? (ISR, 2003). While younger generations may condone their stringent work ethic and ?bullish? attitude towards changes in society, ?This generation rebuilt America by partnering with institutions. In so doing, this generation fueled the economic boom? (Lancaster, 2002). Fifty percent of the male ratio of this generation group were war veterans."
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The Minority Student Academic Gap, 2008.
Explores minority student under-achievement in the American school system as compared to the achievement of students from the cultural majority.
3,140 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper examines poverty, family circumstances, cultural issues between families and schools and the lack of resources in many American public schools, which have large minority populations. The author offers an explanation for each item's continued existence and strategizes how educators can combat these inequalities through different programs and policies. The paper also provides insight into how the achievement gap in our schools came about. The author concludes that, until various remedies are implemented, minority students will continue to be inadequately educated.
From the Paper
"Specifically, she cites the example of certain language arts classrooms where misunderstanding and/or indifference have thwarted the efforts of minority children to grow stronger in the use/application of the English language. For instance, she reports how some teachers, unfamiliar with the language abilities of African American children, are led to believe that these students have no fluency with language. They therefore allow them to remain in the first stages of the writing process, producing first draft after first draft, with no attention to editing or completing final products."
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Gap, Inc., 2008.
This paper discusses Gap's customer service and compares this service in U.K. and U.S.A. retail stores and on the Web.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Gap, Inc. is one of the world's biggest multinational specialty retailers, selling casual clothes, accessories and personal care products for women, men and children. The author points out that, since its beginning, the goal of Gap has been to make shopping easier. The paper stresses that the judicious use of technology, such as computer-telephony integration (CTI) and data warehousing, can play a vital role. The author underscores that Gap utilizes state of the art technology, such as integrated global databases, to coordinate its customer knowledge; however, the greatest recent technological change in customer service has been the advent of online shopping. The paper relates that the Web has served its American customers extremely well by offering an excellent online shopping service, but its British clients are annoyed because Gap fails to offer them the same service.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Importance of Customer Service
Technology in Customer Service
Questionnaire
Results of Questionnaires
Conclusion
From the Paper
"US customers felt that they got good customer service at Gap. Some said it was very important that there is a sufficient number of staff, compared to stores like Wal-Mart or Target, where it is hard to even find a staff member, let alone someone knowledgeable. UK customers had very similar comments, comparing Gap stores favorably to retailers such as Tesco, where there is almost no customer service. Gap seems to be impressing its customers by resisting the global trend towards self-serve."
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The Gender Gap, 2006.
This well-researched paper details the gap that still exists between men and women in regards to employment and pay.
3,115 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This in-depth paper analyzes the available research regarding the existing gap between the sexes in regards to employment and wages. While evidence proves that the gender gap in employment and wages is narrowing, it still has a long way to go. This paper contains relevant statistics and information relevant to employment and wages. This paper examines the various fields of employment where the gender gap is narrowing, including: Education, medicine, law and computer sciences. The writer also delves into the issue of sexual power in the workforce, specifically the sexual power of men over women, which is addressed in this paper.
From the Paper
"One area where the gender gap is narrowing far more speedily than any other is in the education field. For example, there are more females in law school and Med schools than ever before. There are more females entering the Computer Sciences field than ever before. In fact, science, which had always been thought of as a sort of a male preserve, is now enrolling women in Silicon Valley. In British Columbia the Education Minister has asked teachers, principals and other educators to consider their priorities. "The reason: a comprehensive assessment iof the reading and writing skills of 140,000 British Columbia students that showed girls doing better than boys in every category and at every grade level." Nevertheless, of the brighter high school graduates who do not go on to college "70 to 90 percent are girls."
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