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The Leakey Family and Paleoanthropological Research, 2005.
An analysis of the accomplishments and contributions of the Leakey family to paleoanthropological research.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the contributions of the Leakey family. The paper discusses Louis Leakey, the British-Kenyan archaeologist and paleoanthropologist who gained world-renowned fame and professional prestige for his academic studies of human origins. It then goes on to enumerate the successes and contributions of other members of the Leakey family.
From the Paper
"The Leakey Family: An Analysis of Accomplishments The British-Kenyan archaeologist and paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey gained world-renowned fame and professional prestige for his academic studies of human origins. Leakey, his wife and professional partner Mary, and their son Richard made key paleoanthropological discoveries that dramatically enhanced our understanding of humanity's earliest ancestors. Richard Leakey and his wife, Maeve, continued their family's legacy of paleoanthropological research and inspired their daughter Louise to become a paleoanthropologist as well. (Kirjasto 2005) This generational dedication to the study of anthropology began when Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey was born in Kenya on August 7, 1903 to Harry and Mary Leakey, who were English missionaries."
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The Problem of Noah's Ark, 2005.
An analysis of the story of Noah's ark in the Bible, in relation to the context of modern scientific and archaeological research.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 144.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at important elements of the Bible, specifically the story of the flood and Noah's Ark as well as other related aspects of Genesis in the context of archeology. The paper examines problems with the creationist explanation of the Noah's ark story and why it doesn't fit with modern scientific and archaeological research, as well as discussing some reasons why people prefer the Creationist approach.
From the Paper
"Everyone in the western world knows what they're looking at when they see a representation of an old man, a boat and a pair of animals, whether they be giraffes, rabbits or elephants. One doesn't need to be an active believer in any of the Biblical faiths to identify Noah and his Ark. In fact, the old man with a boat and some animals would probably have been an identifiable figure in the ancient world as well, from the Mediterranean to Indonesia, but especially in the middle east, where creation stories have included a divine salvation from a flood since the second millennium B.C. (Thompson 15; Bright 33)."
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The Study of History, 2005.
A discussion on methods of interpreting history and historical objects.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 216.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, in the study of history, the "ways of knowing" the past of an object, a culture, or an event is a difficult and highly subjective challenge. The paper examines how the historian's methods are characterized by their own perspectives and objectives, and this quite often occurs in ways that are not consciously recognized by the historian. The paper further examines how this distortion is a highly problematic issue, for the study of history is essential to the understanding of both the past and the present, and also to shed light on many possible futures. This paper approaches the issue of multiple "ways of knowing" as applied to the study of history, with the purpose of clarifying the need for minimized personal perceptions and interpretations within the context of historical research and the teaching of social studies to the next generation.
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Ancient Observatories, 2005.
A discussion of ancient civilizations and the connection between astronomy and archeology.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how, through the ages, it has become evident that ancient civilizations had methods of creating structures that are unexplained, even to this day. The paper discusses how the manner in which astronomy affects archeology verifies this contention. The paper examines ancient observatories such as Chaco Canyon, Machu Picchu, and Chichen Itza, which have given science the means to explore the methods practiced by ancient societies in correlating the existence of their societies with the heavens.
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Wright and Cultural Stagnation, 2005.
A discussion of Ronald Wright's book "A Short History of Progress".
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes Ronald Wright's book "A Short History of Progress", 2004. The paper discusses how Wright examines the history of civilizations in terms of cultural stagnation by tracing examples from the Stone Ages, to the Middle Ages, to Contemporary society. He looks at how civilizations today are not much different in terms of evolution and progression.
From the Paper
T"he book "A Short History of Progress" written by Ronald Wright discusses the patterns of progress and disasters in humanity since the Stone Age and examines the inherent dangers of cultural stagnation. Wright traces the progression of civilization throughout the years from the Stone Ages to today. His book provides evidence from history that is compelling and thought provoking. Wright's central argument is based on the notion that rise and fall of civilizations past demonstrate self-destructiveness, thus provides a glimpse into the future for civilizations to come."
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The Role of Greek and Roman Imperial Cults, 2005.
Examines the impact of imperial cults on Greek and Roman society.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 144.95
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Abstract
Whatever the degree to which individual people embraced their leaders as literal gods or divine fountainheads, it is clear that such cults played a tremendous role in the religious and political development of ancient societies. The paper shows that this was especially true for Hellenistic Greece and the Roman Empire, both of which existed under these cults - the former providing much of the historical and ideological groundwork for the latter.
From the Paper
"The ruler cults of ancient Greece and the later imperial cults of ancient Rome are much-debated topics in classical studies. Historians have long struggled to understand the role that these cults played in the construction of these societies both at the ideological and practical, day-to-day levels. The debate most often revolves around the degree to which these cults could be considered religious institutions at all (Harland par. 1-2). Many critics feel that these cults were little more than opportunistic attempts to manipulate politics in these societies. Others argue that these cults, whatever their political machinations, actually did have religious basis."
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Ancient to Early Mediterranean History, 2005.
An overview of this time period in history.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The ancient empires of the Mediterranean were the Persians, Macedonians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, and Ottomans. The desire to control the world was one of the leading factors in the downfall of different Mediterranean empires. The paper shows that three specific political trends that led to the decline of the Mediterranean empire and the rise of the Western European hegemony are related to religion, cultures, and military.
From the Paper
"The Mediterranean region is one of the most important in world history and it is the origin point of Western Civilization" (History Mediterranean p. 1). The ancient empires of the Mediterranean were the Persians, Macedonians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, and Ottomans. The desire to control the world was one of the leading factors in the downfall of different Mediterranean empires. Three specific political trends that led to the decline of the Mediterranean empire and the rise of the Western European hegemony are related to religion, cultures, and military. The Persian Empire Who were the Persians? What roles did they play in ancient empires of the Mediterranean? What caused their downfall? These questions are important in the study of ancient Mediterranean history and what were the causes of their downfall. "The Persians created an empire, the largest yet seen in the ancient world, 3,000 miles."
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Oxtotitlan Paintings, 2005.
Examines the polychrome paintings of the Olmec civilization in the caves of Oxtotitlan.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The recent discovery of the polychrome paintings of the Olmec civilization in the caves of Oxtotitlan has a number of scholars searching for answers. The paper shows that some of the paintings are quite substantial in size and unfortunately the presence of tourists and exposure to the elements are beginning to have a negative effect on the paintings. The paper shows that the use of the cave as a place to hold religious ceremonies may be causing the most damage to these paintings.
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Slavery and Democracy, 2004.
This paper looks at Athenian Democracy under Pericles and how it was enabled by the practice of slavery.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion of Athenian Democracy under Pericles as made possible by the existence of slavery. The paper explains that the massive slave population in Ancient Greece during this time underpinned the bulk of Greek society and drove the economy that allowed this state to flourish.
From the Paper
"The ascendancy of the Greek polis in the Ancient World culminated in Athens in the fifth century BC under the leadership of the great statesman Pericles. Never holding an office higher than that of general, Pericles nonetheless dominated the political landscape of Athens for more than forty years. Under his sure hand, Athens became emblematic of all that many in modern times believe to epitomize Classic Greek culture - a shining glamorous city boasting the acropolis, the Parthenon and countless other marvels of architecture - a paragon of participatory democracy."
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Mesa Verde National Park, 2004.
Discusses the history and establishment of Mesa Verde National Park.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado. The paper explains that the park was built to preserve the cliff dwellings of the Anasazi people and that it is of historical and archaeological significance to visitors and scientists alike.
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Pyramids in Paris and Giza, 2003.
Compares and contrasts the pyramids at Giza and the Louvre.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the formal and cultural dimensions of the pyramids at Giza and the Louvre. The Great Pyramid of Giza as one of the wonders of the ancient world, and I.N. Pei's pyramid that serves as the entrance to the Louvre Museum are discussed.
From the Paper
"A pyramid is not a pyramid is not a pyramid to paraphrase Gertrude Stein". Even monumental pyramids vary greatly one from the other as we can see if we compare the grand pyramid that I M Pei created to serve as an entrance to the Louvre Museum in Paris and the ..."
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Art and Culture, 2005.
An analysis of a Sumerian sculpture known as 'Standing Man'.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
An analysis of a Sumerian sculpture known as 'Standing Man'is provided in essay format that discusses how the sculpture reflects various values, ideas and beliefs held by this ancient culture. The paper explores the place of this god in Sumerian culture.
From the Paper
The artifact from Tell Asmar known as Standing Man is typical of many sculptures from this ancient Middle East civilization...
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Bathhouses in Ancient Rome, 2006.
A comprehensive history of the baths in the Roman Empire.
2,692 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with an introduction then moves on to discussing the bathhouses of Pompeii, the Frigidarium, Caldarium and Tepidarium and their significance. Then the paper moves into the subject of the public baths and the associated extravagance, excess and theft. The paper also includes a discussion of Bath, England and concludes with the effects that Christianity had on the baths and the effects of the fall of Rome.
From the Paper
""The gong that announced the opening of the public baths each day was a sweeter sound, than the voices of the philosophers in their school" (Roman Baths, par. 2). This was written by Cicero to describe just how important the baths were to the ancient Roman people. The Ancient Roman Empire was extremely vast; at its peak the Empire controlled much of Europe, along with Asia Minor and Northern Africa. They were extremely innovative people who built many structures, as well as infrastructure, some not surpassed until the mid twentieth century. Public toilets were installed to help keep the empire clean and sanitary while sewage systems were constructed to carry waste and water away from the cities (public health par. 4). Living in relative comfort, ease, and cleanliness was important to the citizens of Rome consequently; the Romans built a large system of public health works. The Romans had no concept of germs but they still tried their best to keep themselves clean. The Romans were also practical people and believed that the prevention of disease was just as, if not more important than, the cure of disease itself, an example of this are the swamplands in Rome (public health par. 1). The Romans found that environment plays an important role in health, when they observed that people who live nearer to swamps and marshes contract disease more often then those who live in grasslands or cities (public health par. 2). A result of this would be the draining of many swamps and the subsequent building of temples to the Gods in close proximity to the swamps in order to appease the Gods (public health par.3). The great public bathhouses of the Roman Empire were important social structures as well as a place to keep disease at bay."
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Stable Isotopes in Archaeology, 2003.
A look at the reconstruction of diet through the chemical analysis of human remains.
2,342 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This work examines the valuable role that stable isotope analysis plays in the reconstruction of past diets. The methods used to isolate and subsequently analyse stable isotopes obtained from skeletonized remains is explored. An in-depth discussion of carbon and nitrogen demonstrates their usefulness in distinguishing individuals who had a diet high in either plants, land-based animals, or marine food. To further illustrate the benefit of isotopic analysis, a case study regarding the adoption of maize in South and North America is discussed.
From the Paper
"Due to its use in radiocarbon dating, methods of isolating collagen had already been developed before its importance in stable isotope studies was realized (Katzenberg, 2000). There are three common techniques employed in the extraction of collagen from bone. The first method is best utilized on fresh and well-preserved archaeological bone. Initial preparation of the material involves the sample being ground and then soaked in hydrochloric acid (HCl). At this stage, the sample is composed primarily of bone organics and soil contaminants and must be placed in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (Schwarcz & Schoeninger, 1991). Unfortunately, some collagen is lost when soaked in NaOH but this process is necessary as it has been demonstrated that contaminants may skew 13C values (Katzenberg, 2000). "
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Uluru and the Symbolic Construction of Space, 2004.
An analysis of the symbolic construction of space in and around the Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park.
1,774 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the symbolic construction of space and the way space is utilised within and around the Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park. Uluru is a point and the physical interface where Western and indigenous cultures interact. It looks at how the Uluru provides a unique insight into differences between contemporary society and the mores of an older culture. The paper includes graphics.
Outline
People About the Rock
Arid Architecture and Design
Absence of Monuments
Fashions of Fire
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The sheer size and bulk of Uluru with hundreds of nooks and crannies provides shelter, resources and inspiration to local Indigenous people for thousands of years. The numerous panels of parietal art adorning both living areas and ritual places around Uluru evidence this strong connection. The association of rock art and oral histories make Uluru 'highly identifiable' with a particular group (Burke 1999), the Anangu who are the traditional owners. Anangu creation stories and symbolic art on its surface bears testimony to the central place Uluru plays in Tjukurpa or the law of Traditional Owners."
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Teaching Archaeology, 2004.
An overview of curriculum and resources for teaching archaeology in secondary education.
8,374 words (approx. 33.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 288.95
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Abstract
This paper has two purposes, the first provides a collection of otherwise scattered archaeological resource material for secondary education providers and secondly, it considers wider issues inherent in the New South Wales history curricula. The first section of this paper contains archaeological resources for secondary education and includes material from North America, United Kingdom and Australia. While the survey is not definitive, it is designed to highlight current trends in printed matter, visual media and the internet as rapidly evolving resource theatres.
Secondly, the paper provides an overview of the relevant stages and structure of history as presented to Australian secondary students. Description, explanation and illustration of the 'continuum of learning' will assist those uninitiated in educational jargon, and hopefully provide an appreciation of the overall course content. Finally, the paper reviews archaeology as taught in Australian secondary schools.
Outline
Preface
Part 1 NSW Curriculum
1. Introduction
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Stages 1-3
1.2 Stages 4-5
1.3 Stage 6
1.4 Board of Studies Requirements
2. Ancient History Stage 6
2.1 Stage 6 History Course Structure
2.2 Stage 6 History Extension Course Structure
3. Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History Syllabus
3.3 Assessment and Examination
3.4 Teaching Archaeology
3.5 History and Archaeology
3.6 Recommendations
Part 2 Resources
1. North America
1.1 Print Resources
1.2 Internet Resources
1.3 CD-ROM
2. United Kingdom
2.1 Print resources
2.2 Internet Resources
2.3 CD-ROM
3. Australia
3.1 Print Resources
3.2 Internet Resources
3.3 CD-ROM
3.4 Video
3.5 HSC - Listed Texts
4. References
From the Paper
"For those considering a teaching career, and possessing an archaeological background or skills, a great deal of scope exists within the syllabus for the inclusion of archaeology. A career in teaching HSIE will require a three years bachelor degree plus either a Diploma of Education (Secondary), or a four year Bachelor of Education, or a four/five year combined degree, such as Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Teaching (Secondary). Strictly speaking, archaeology is not included in the range of subjects taught in HSIE as listed by the NSW Teachers Association (2003). However, teachers are, 'encouraged to use their special interests and talents to contribute to a wide range of school activities'. Nevertheless, and whilst the course bears the title, Ancient History, a significant body of relevant information comes directly from an archaeological approach, and the archaeological record. "
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