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Racism in Native-American Literature, 2007.
This paper offers a comparison and contrast of racism and inter-racial marriage as seen in "Grass Dancer" by Susan Power and "Mean Spirit" by Linda Hogan.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the racism inherent within the institution of marriage within the two novels "Grass Dancer" by Susan Power and "Mean Spirit" by Linda Hogan. The paper discusses Hogan's use of racism against Native-Americans through the marginalization of Indian culture by whites who discourage inter-racial marriages. The paper also demonstrates how Power reveals a similar aspect of the broken and racist institution of marriage through the experiences of Jeanette McVay's marriage to a Sioux man. The paper concludes that both authors provide similar, yet differing perspectives of racism within the inter-racial marriages that arise within these two Native-American fiction novels.
From the Paper
"The novel Mean Spirit by Linda Hogan reveals the intensive racism that the whites impose on the Osage people. The plot of the novel revolves around the Osage people, and their struggles against the white oil barons that are trying to remove them from their oil-rich lands. This plot premise invokes the motive for the white oilmen to find ways to discourage compassion or empathy for the native Americans within their own culture, so that they can take the oil from the Indians. One way that Hogan imposes a white hegemonic racist construct is through the institution of marriage. For instance, when a white man and Indian woman are married, Hogan reveals the symbolic and legal marginalization of interracial relationships within white culture."
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"Native Knowledge for Native Ecosystems", 2007.
A review of Robin Wall Kimmerer's article, "Native Knowledge for Native Ecosystems".
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly reviews Robin Wall Kimmerer's 2000 article, "Native Knowledge for Native Ecosystems" and highlights the article's main points as well as how it approaches the broad concept of ethno-ecology. More importantly, the paper also touches upon how the article approaches the linkage of local and/or traditional knowledge of ecological systems with academic and/or scientific knowledge of those same systems. Finally, the paper discusses the significance of the aforementioned linkage as it pertains to the future of human beings in the global ecosystem.
From the Paper
"Simply put, Kimmerer's argument is that Native Americans intensively cultivated the land so that it would provide them with sufficient foodstuffs to brave the grueling winter months. While modern-day efforts to restore the ancient biological vitality and bio-diversity of the American woods and ecosystems is a laudable goal, it is not possible without also considering how the natives were able to so successfully manage the world around them. In effect, Kimmerer argues that modern-day conservationists must "heal" their relationship to the land and understand the land spiritually and emotionally as well as intellectually. Less abstractly, Kimmerer states that twenty-first century man must adopt the "site-specific" or "diachronic" knowledge which well-served Native Americans in the past and which lends itself to successful local site restoration. "
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Pontiac's Rebellion, 2007.
This paper describes the Native-American uprising against the British, 1763-1766.
2,247 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the 1763-1766 uprising of the Native-American forces who, led by Chief Pontiac, sought to prevent further British expansion. The paper describes the uprising in detail and how it led to the Proclamation Act of 1763 and to a temporary peace between the British and the Native-American populations. The paper discusses how although this peace was short-lived, the effects of Pontiac's rebellion were that Native-American peoples in North America discovered power in cooperation and a means to combat future British expansion.
From the Paper
"During the French and Indian War, which lasted from 1956 to 1963, the Indian tribes of the Ohio Valley in North America fought side by side with French soldiers to prevent British expansion across Pennsylvania. For the Native Americans, life under French rule had been relatively problem free, in that the Native Americans were in possession of their lands, and did not lose rights to resources, services, or cultural tradition. Their condition actually improved due to the additional services, tools, and resources provided by the French trading posts established in the region."
"However, at the close of the French and Indian war, and with the victory of the English, the Treaty of Paris in 1963 gave all French lands in North America to the British. Word quickly spread to the Ohio Valley that the tribes who had fought next to the French were now expected to turn their loyalties over to George III of Britain and fall under British rule. The Native Americans of the region feared British influence on traditional customs, and believed British settlers would quickly come to claim their lands across the Appalachian Mountains."
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Modern Chivalry, 2007.
This paper analyzes the work 'Modern Chivalry' by Hugh Henry Brackenridge, which presents a satire of colonial America.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer studies 'Modern Chivalry' by Hugh Henry Brackenridge notes that the work, published in the 1790s, is over four volumes and features a satirical picture of American life. The writer explains that 'Modern Chivalry' is a commentary on American society, which through satire, demonstrates the positives and negatives of colonial America and what should be done to fix some of the ills. The writer further explains that the book is therefore a reflection of the values of America. The writer concludes that the work illustrates the danger of American society even though Brackenridge may claim to have written a book for purely entertainment value.
From the Paper
"Drawing on many truths, this work of satire became very popular particularly in the west which it satirizes. The story is dominated by a hero, a new Don Quixote, and his servant Teague who is like a Sancho Panzo. It is first and foremost a parody of the frontier, but speaks on much more the political landscape of early colonial America. Modern Chivalry can be seen as a work to show insight into America's system of representation. It is ultimately, a satire on numerous aspects of young America and thus reflects on the forces which from which it emerged, a society still in the youthful stages of a new form of government."
"Modern Chivalry's primary theme is one which was of great consequence to a young America as whole. In Colonial America, there was a question as to the common man could be an effective democratic citizen in a young and unique republic. According to Lukasik, it is this face of the republic that Brackenridge depicts meaning this piece of literature is in fact a product of the political forces of America."
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"Aunt Moon's Young Man", 2007.
A review of the book "Aunt Moon's Young Man" by Linda Hogan.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in her short story "Aunt Moon's Young Man", Linda Hogan captures some of the deepest and most fascinating aspects of her Native American culture, which make up most of the symbolism of the text. In particular, it looks at how Hogan emphasizes the differences between the Indian and the white cultures, using the imagery of windows and mirrors.
From the Paper
"First of all, the mirror and the window are symbols of the domination exercised by the white culture through reflection, that is, through the construction of identities for the other. Thus, the characters in the story seem to be separated in two sets as well, Bess and Isaac as the preservers of tradition, both through their gestures and through the ways in which they live their lives, and the other members of the community as representatives of the mixed culture which emerged under the influence of the white people. When the men and women in the tribe condemn the relationship between Aunt Moon and Isaac they become symbols of the white culture, which usually attributes fixed identities and codes for behavior for every member of society."
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"Survival to the Spirit", 2007.
This paper examines Henrietta Stockel's "Survival to the Spirit", which documents the terrible effects of White civilization upon the Chiricahua Apaches tribes.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Henrietta Stockel's book is both a history of the conflict between Whites and native peoples and a medical analysis of the history of disease and early American medicine. The paper explains the author's thesis that the Chiricahua Apaches tribes were destroyed by disease and cultural eradication by the American government. The paper portrays Stockel's idea removing a tribe from its native soul is not merely an act of injustice, or cultural violence, but also medical and biological cruelty.
From the Paper
"When detailing the terrible effects of White civilization upon the Chiricahua, Stockel connects the native susceptibility to disease from their original dwellings to their suffering from numerous maladies while imprisoned as what she calls captives of war of the American government. The book details a kind of fall from Eden for the Chiricahua, from their early roots and culture, closely connected to their native soil, to what transpired afterwards, after the military defeat of Geronimo. The first chapters of Stockel's book describe the Southwestern Chiricahua Apaches tribes and their traditions before they met the Anglos, focusing especially their mastery of natural medicines and herbs particular to the hot, dry regions where they lived."
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Zuni Education, 2007.
This paper discusses education among the Zuni nation.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses how Native-American children, in every state of the United States were expected to become American citizens through a system of education that isolated them from culture and family and demanded that they learn white ways, including but not limited to language. The writer looks at how the return of people, to their Zuni roots is what will make it possible for multicultural education to succeed in the Zuni nation. The writer notes that the Zuni still receive only limited offers of higher education and they are almost devoid in the insular community. Nevertheless, teaching requirements dependent upon state regulations will likely continue to be the norm. For this reason it is essential that the strength of the Zuni multicultural education be retained and strengthened even further to support early emphasis on Zuni culture and self value and to help those who must seek higher education away from home to be able to return to teach future generations of Zuni children seek excellence and help their community to grow.
From the Paper
"Wyaco's own experience in education, could serve as an introduction to the established importance of institutions, such as the one he was fighting for, and additionally the institutions for primary, intermediate and secondary education for Indians. As a Native American seeking higher education he had to isolate himself, in the white world to achieve it. Once he had done so attempting to return to his Zuni roots, by actually obtaining employment in Zuni was difficult, as much of his cultural identity had been lost as a result of the separation required for education."
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Wilma Mankiller, 2007.
This paper discusses the historical figure of Wilma Mankiller, the first female leader of the Cherokee nation.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the biography of Wilma Mankiller is of great importance to the understanding of the cultural identity struggle of Native-Americans. The paper discusses her contributions towards the rebuilding of the Cherokee nation after the Trial of Tears or Cherokee Removal during the years 1838-1839.
From the Paper
"Mankiller was born in 1945 in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, which is seen as the heart of the Cherokee nation. When she was ten years old she moved with her parents to San Francisco, with one of the government programs for relocation, which made it possible for the Native Americans to move from their traditional lands to urban areas. Later, Wilma met her first husband, Hugo Olaya, but their marriage eventually terminated because she became increasingly devoted to Native American problems, of which he strongly disapproved. Her first major political action was her involvement in the movement initiated by a group of Native Americans who occupied the Alcatraz island in 1969."
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Juvenile Delinquency on US American Indian Reservations, 2007.
This paper discusses the high rates of juvenile delinquency by American Indian youth living on reservations.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how many programs and government agencies have attempted to address this dilemma of juvenile delinquency. The paper relates that on United States Indian reservations, the current approach to juvenile delinquency includes prevention, intervention and graduated sanctions. The paper offers reasons for the prevalence of this juvenile delinquency and reveals that although the crimes involving delinquent acts by juveniles on American Indian reservations are increasing, the causes are similar to the causes of delinquency of the general population.
Outline:
Brief Background of Juvenile Delinquency
Reasons for the Prevalence of Juvenile Delinquency on Reservations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, juvenile delinquency has emerged as a significant criminal and sociological issue, raising concern among parents, educators, policy-makers and government officials alike. Juvenile delinquency has become a major crime issue on United States American Indian reservations; the public has been overwhelmed with stories from the media, providing graphic evidence of a crime wave generated by American Indian youth living on reservations. According to the Bureau of Prisons, the number of Indian youth in custody has increased by nearly 300% since 1994 (Johnson, 2004). Additionally, statistical data indicates that the arrest rate for Native American youth is about twice that of the overall youth population statewide in North Dakota (Martin, 2002)."
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Blue Winds Dancing, 2007.
This paper analyzes "Blue Winds Dancing" by Tom Whitecloud.
1,118 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that symbolic words, phrases, acts, objects and the characters in this story are part of the power that is generated in Tom Whitecloud's narrative. The writer points out that Whitecloud's use of metaphor also is part of what captures a reader's attention to detail. By painting such a lush picture of all the wonderful seasonal changes that are part of fall, by mentioning bears, loons, the tracks in the snow that indicate deer and rabbits have passed through, Whitecloud builds up the drama about the white man and how his "civilization" or "society" has taken over the reins of power. The writer concludes that the author shows that just a nod of the head and a sparking eye are all the communication that is necessary to show that the natural world is alive and well.
From the Paper
"By painting such a lush picture of all the wonderful seasonal changes that are part of fall, by mentioning bear, loons, the tracks in the snow that indicate deer and rabbits have passed through, the chipmunks and squirrels - this all builds up the drama for the fact that the white man and his "civilization" or "society" has taken over the reins of power. White men want Indians to be like "them" - and they are "always dissatisfied" because if you give them a hill they want a mountain. Native Americans just want the world in its lovely simplicity, they want the natural world that has brought them so much peace and happiness."
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Colonial America, 2007.
A review of various literary pieces discussing the religious struggles in Colonial America.
1,068 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines colonial period literature that deals with the conflict between the Christian community and cultural relaxation that occurred from the 17th to 18th centuries. According to the paper, the majority of colonial era immigrants came to the United States to escape religious persecution.
From the Paper
"In his essays, Roger Williams expresses his disgust at the inability of the colonies to deal with religious toleration. He is especially frustrated that Puritans, who were persecuted for their religious piety in England would do the same to condemn other religions in New England. He writes, "It is the will and command of God, that a permission of the most Paganish, Jewish, Turkish, or Antichrisitan consciences and worships, be granted to all men, in all nations" (Williams, npg). Williams identified the key contradiction within Puritan logic, the need to be strictly sectarian in the new world. When in fact, the concept of Colonialism depended on the granting of freedoms which could not be obtained within Europe. His essays defined the transition between the traditional views of Puritan dogmatism and the transformation into religious tolerance. In the end he was able to resolve such conflicts through the formation of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, both bastions of religious freedom for diverse religious groups."
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Mexican-Americans, 2007.
A look at the history of Mexicans in California.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the life and history of Mexicans living in California. According to the paper, a large number of immigrant Mexicans lived in "barrios" where the conditions were unsanitary and the crime rate high. The paper takes a look at how these conditions prevailed, and how life for Mexicans living in the USA, eventually improved.
From the Paper
"Much did not change for the Mexicans from the 1940s to 1960s, with discrimination and segregation continuing to be the norm. Many school districts continued to send children to Mexican schools, based on the theory that the students were such slow learners they would hold back white student levels. In 1944, the parents of nine-year-old Sylvia Mendez' moved to the largely non-Hispanic white community of Westminster in Orange County and tried unsuccessfully to enroll her in the neighborhood school. This school was a source of community pride and the ramshackle Mexican school was located adjacent to a dairy farm (Hayes-Bautista, 2004, p. 24). Her father won the case, but only by a loophole."
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Eagle Man, 2007.
An analysis of Eagle Man's (Ed McGaa) discussion in his work "We Are All Related: Eagle Man," about stewardship and eco/civil-responsibility and how it relates to the writer's experiences in his workplace.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the work "We Are All Related: Eagle Man." It shows how Ed McGaa (Eagle Man) uses the work to represent a culmination of the Native-American principles of stewardship and connectedness to all living things, displaying a simpler understanding of the place of progress and eco/civil-responsibility in the world. The paper focuses on the writer's experiences within the health professions of connecting work with eco/civil responsibility.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stewardship may not seem like a concept that would be easily applied in a health care setting but the emphasis on stewardship and holistic care has been fully embraced by those in my clinic, and is taught through art and representation within the clinic. We frequently emphasize the needs of the whole of the community through our thoughts and actions and rely heavily on the idea that We are all related, as a guide to our interactions with patients and other people we deal with on a daily basis. Returning to the simple ideals of the Eagle Man as a goal to strive for, the emphasis that the modern is not all bad and that we can save lives with the treatments that we use, but that we can also do so in a way that better serves our environment and our community, we will succeed in setting a good example for others to do the same."
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Leonard Peltier, 2007.
This paper discusses Leonard Peltier and looks at how justice miscarried.
3,250 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Leonard Peltier has been in prison at Ft. Leavenworth more than 30 years for a crime that he and many supporters say he did not commit. In order to understand what actually happened that day and why many people consider Peltier a political prisoner, the writer notes that it is necessary to obtain an awareness of the historical context in which the incident took place and the government's attitude toward the American-Indian Movement. In this essay, the writer examines the historical context, looks at the two trials that were held in connection with the shootings and describes subsequent legal actions.
Outline:
Historical Context
The American Indian Movement
From the Paper
"Three films have been made about the incident and the case: Incident at Oglala a documentary produced by Robert Redford (which this paper draws heavily upon), another documentary Warrior, and a fictionalized version Thunderheart. The film Incident at Oglala was based directly on a book written by Peter Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, which describes the historical context and events that led to the shoot-out in 1975. The book was kept off the market for eight years until 1991 by a lawsuit that the FBI funded. Eight decisions later, the Supreme Court ruled that the book was free of libel, so it and the documentary are now available to the public. Although Peltier is known in foreign countries as a hero, and Amnesty International and others are fighting for him as a political prisoner, there is not much public awareness about him in the United States."
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Leonard Peltier, 2007.
A look at the circumstances surrounding the conviction and incarceration of Leonard Peltier, who was accused of shooting two FBI agents in 1975.
3,454 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Leonard Peltier, who has been in prison at Ft. Leavenworth more than 30 years for a crime that he and many supporters say he didn't commit. The paper examines the historical context in which the killing of two FBI agents in 1975 took place, including the government's attitude toward the American-Indian Movement. It then looks at the two trials that were held in connection with the shootings and describes subsequent legal actions.
Table of Contents:
Historical Context
The American Indian Movement
From the Paper
"At the end of President Bill Clinton's presidency, there was a chance that he would pardon Leonard Peltier. He was seriously considering it. However, 500 agents of the FBI and their families staged a protest outside the White House demanding the president deny clemency for Leonard Peltier. The president did not pardon him. He gave no reason, but it seems likely he didn't want to go against the FBI (Sanchez, Stuckey, & Morris, 1999). Nobody knows for sure. Afterwards, however, a billionaire named David Geffen stopped supporting Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign financially and funded Barack Obama's campaign instead. Geffen said he was disillusioned by President Clinton's refusal to pardon Peltier while at the same time he pardoned Marc Rich, whom he called "a billionaire felon and criminal" (Wikipedia web site)."
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Causes of the Civil War, 2007.
A discussion regarding the causes of the American Civil War.
853 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the causes of the Civil War. According to the paper, many believe that the Northern attack on the South during the United States Civil War, was based on the desire to rid the nation of slavery because it was immoral and inhumane. The paper goes on to say that while slavery abolishment was a needed and appropriate byproduct of the Civil War, it was not the foundation for its creation. The paper reports that the true reason the North wanted to fight against the South, was to promote capitalism and to support wage slavery instead.
From the Paper
"Upon the backs of hard working Americans the nation would be built with a solid foundation of capitalism and the rich would become more wealthy through this system. Well known author and historian Charles Adams, writes in his book "For Good and Evil: The Impact of Taxes on the Course of Civilization' that the Civil War was little more than an attack by the North on the South to protect a tax base and capitalist gain. "The tariff not only drove up the price of the manufactured goods that agrarian Southerners bought, it invited other countries to enact their own levies on Southern cotton. In this telling, Lincoln, and the North, wanted more than anything to raise tariffs, both to support a public works agenda and to protect Northern goods from competition with imports(Oliver, 2001)."
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