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Slavery in the 21st Century, 2008.
A look at the existence of slavery in the 21st century in its traditional form of absolute subservience by a slave to a master and in an oppressive economic form characterized by virtual, if not actual, slavery.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that human rights groups have documented the existence of traditional slavery in Sudan, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and of coercive labor systems in several Middle East countries, which are so exploitative that they have been condemned as virtual economic slavery. The author points out that, although the Arabian Peninsula in 1964 became the world's last region to officially abolish slavery, forty years later Saudi Arabia still has more than two-hundred and fifty-thousand slaves. The paper relates that Islamic doctrine provides religious justification for slavery and enables slave traffickers to flout laws prohibiting it. The paper also asserts that, although slavery does not exists in the United States, millions of migrant workers are subjected to coercive conditions and abusive treatment that are little better than slavery.
From the Paper
"Consequently, in objective terms, a human being who is not free to leave and has no influence on the conditions or length of their economic servitude is a virtual slave. They may have civil rights, but if they are rendered powerless to defend those rights, they are enslaved in a coercive system they cannot defy. They do not have to be bought and sold to be considered a slave, for when they are rendered no effective legal protection by any civil or religious authorities, they are a slave in everything but name."
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Wal-Mart's Human Resources, 2008.
An argument that the workers at Wal-Mart are exploited by an inhumane business model.
1,794 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a comprehensive SWOT analysis of the human resource management (HRM) within the Wal-Mart company to provide evidence that HRM within Wal-Mart is inefficient and exploitative. The paper argues that it is this exploitation, as opposed to sound business management, that has led to the company's high profit margins.
Outline:
Introduction
SWOT Analysis
Wal-Mart's Organizational Structure
The Nature of Human Resource Management at Wal-Mart
From the Paper
"Wal-Mart is the biggest retailer in the world. Net sales in the fiscal year 2006 were valued at over $312 billion dollars. Net income is over $11 billion, which is five (5) times larger than the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) than 80% of the world's countries, including Israel, Ireland, and Sweden. Wal-Mart is the richest company in the world and by 2007 will likely control 35% of all food and drug sales in the United States (Dicker 34). However, we have to wonder at what cost all of this is possible, I argue that the cost is the workers at Wal-Mart who are exploited by a business model that is inhumane and not economically just."
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Gender Segregation in the Canadian Workplace, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of labor segregation in Canada in the 20th century, looking at various related articles.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer refers to papers that help to explain gender segregation in the Canadian workplace in the 20th century and subsequent developments including the Canadian Labor Movement's gradual attention to women and developments seeing women more often in unionized environments that lessened gender divisions. The writer notes that all of the articles are helpful to an understanding of topics broader than matters of labor and women for they allow glimpses of a Canadian society and culture quite transformed. The writer maintains that each paper should probably be read with consideration of all that the Canadian state did not provide to generic citizens or workers, imagining the orientations of workers, and employers, to what was acceptable or desirable, and possible, in a post-colonial economy of much alteration between the turn of the 20th century and the turn of the 21st century.
Outline:
Introduction
Graham S. Low on Clerical Work, 1901-1931
Craig Heron, Changes to 1945 and Beyond
Into the Present - a Reflection
From the Paper
"Women were associated with family roles, first and foremost and as was true for another generation, those able to pursue professions usually did not marry. The under-reported women doctors graduated by several Ontario universities after the 1880s, for instance, chose their vocations ahead of family life, a convention then respected. Low's clerical workers of the business sector did not expect or particularly want advancement, but learnable jobs providing income and some security so as to maintain their household roles, too."
"By the end of World War I, women attended business colleges where they learned stenography. Low's article is of a kind focused on women's labour in relation to capitalism, of course, so unless a reader is curious, there can be no wider awareness of women who were performing differently in the public sphere, not the least of which were more than 4,000 Canadian military nurses serving on the Western Front and in the Middle East through the course of World War II. Of course, Low's point is to indicate how women became expected as office workers of particular kind, low paid and without advancement. Their situations were common but by no means general from 1901 to 1931."
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The Sociology of Aging, 2008.
This paper discusses how an aging America creates economic, labor market, health and demographic trends that have serious long-term implications.
2,083 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the steady aging of the American population (certainly among the native-born) and looks at what this means for the social and economic future of the United States. In particular, the paper looks at the various economic, labor market, health and demographic trends gripping America and at how they are all coming together at a significant point in U.S. history. More than that, the paper argues that the United States faces possible economic contraction, run-away social costs, social fragmentation, and a general decline in vigor and/or productivity unless it finds a way to implement policy changes that will nudge the nation towards a brighter future.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"Other economic trends can be easily associated with an aging population. For one thing, it is axiomatic that older investors tend to be much more interested in investments that offer long-term security and reliable returns. Conversely, younger investors who have many more years in the workforce ahead of them - and who have the time necessary to "rebound" from a bad investment - may be more willing to put their money into high-risk, high-reward ventures. Suffice it to say, part of the vitality of the American economy resides in the willingness of people to "take a chance" and finance a fledgling company that has an uncertain future. As the population grows older, however, the interest in participating in venture capitalism and/or engaging in entrepreneurial activities diminishes in relative terms; as a result, a major component of America's economic success is greatly constrained."
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Raising Payroll for In-House Training, 2008.
This paper looks at a company in Canada and argues the importance of in-house training for the company's future.
1,737 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses a unionized company that involves a range of blue, pink and white collar workers. The writer argues that instead of the usual .25 to 1% of payroll given for training, it is necessary to make a .75% increase. Members of the board of directors will understand this hope of the human mesources department when made aware of a few facts shaping the request. The writer notes that all the facts pertain to trends in Canadian industry and in the overall economy that have been in place for about one decade. The writer maintains that spending more on training means a win-win situation that can benefit the company for years to come. If it is possible to retain the workers needed for the future one can avoid the expense of looking for new help, later. The writer concludes that there will be new enthusiasm and curiosity as to what workers can improve or what they learn that they can do. All of these factors make it most desirable to devote some payroll funding now to in-house training.
Outline:
Introduction
Training in Canada
Labour Quality
In the Light of Other Investment
Last Remarks
References
From the Paper
"Only a fraction of employers give support for training. As we all know, many employers then complain when they cannot find the skilled labour they need when forced to search for new staff. Often, they must compete with various companies for the same skill sets. Also, they must do this during a crisis of business or need for high productivity. They end up spending far too much on the changed labour bill because they have not planned ahead. It is wiser to look at this kind of situation as a failure of forward planning, rather than as a blow received by a business. As board members will agree, private sector organizations often succeed by avoiding what might go wrong. Spending on training in the present makes sense, if one looks ahead and imagines a business failure, not due to a lack of orders, but due to inability to fill orders quickly. As business tends to 'move' very quickly in the economy of the day, a client is more apt to just go on to the next supplier that can produce what is needed by a given time."
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Women and the Canadian and Mexican Workforce, 2008.
This paper argues that globalization is widening the already existing gender gap in the workplace, making Canadian and Mexican women more vulnerable.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, on the American continent, the NAFTA agreement between Canada, Mexico and the U.S.A. has been responsible largely for the liberalization of economies, privatization and deregulation, which have all impacted the workforce, particularly women. The author points out that globalization has brought about an unequal structure of the global economy in which corporations are creating labor segregation, paying the most minimum wages possible and providing the least amount of labor regulations, all of which cause social and economic marginalization of women. The paper relates that various trade agreements push countries to privatize public resources causing a shift away from welfare and social programs such as social insurance, health care, child-care and childcare subsidy. The author stresses that the new jobs created for the sole profit of the employers are usually lower-paid, part-time or contract flexible work having no benefits.
From the Paper
"One example of such harassment and discrimination is cited by Quintero-Ramirez, (2002). She describes how managers are often able to request a medical examination to show that a job applicant is not pregnant. Because of deregulation, the working conditions in these factories are often unsanitary and even dangerous, and inadequate or non-existing healthcare often exasperated the health impacts suffered by these women workers. These women work for minimum wages while foreign countries reap most of the benefits. The maquiladora sector is of particular importance because it has grown 89% in the period between 1995 and 2000 . The managers of these manufacturing plants often prefer to hire women because of the patriarchal beliefs that women are more docile and better suited for boring repetitive jobs. "
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Free Trade is Good for Workers, 2008.
An argument that free trade is beneficial for workers.
1,231 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at free trade and argues that this phenomenon is actually good for workers inasmuch as it cuts down on the cost of living, compels the learning of new skills, opens up new vistas for employment opportunities and allows for greater mobility across adjoining borders. The paper explains that while free trade has its critics, the reality is that free trade is a means by which workers can become integrated into a flourishing global economy instead of a struggling domestic one. The paper includes a large amount of source material.
From the Paper
"To begin with, the elimination of tariffs and duties really advances the buying/purchasing power of workers. Additionally, consumers with working-class incomes benefit further insofar as trade liberalization compels domestic producers to create better consumer items at affordable costs. Finally, trade liberalization sparks overseas demand for domestically-produced items insofar as the barriers (or at least some of the barriers) constraining overseas trade are done away with. As one final point, while inefficient domestic producers are eliminated through free trade competition, this dislocation in certain sectors is overwhelmed by the increased employment opportunities and economic activity sparked by trade liberalization (Palley, 384-388)."
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The Canadian Labour Movement, 2008.
An analysis of the challenges facing the Canadian Labour Movement.
2,103 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Canadian workers have been victimized for decades by a political economic system which protects business, trade and the financial community interests at the expense of workers. The paper discusses further how globalization has also weakened the Canadian unions. The paper maintains that for Canadian unions to become more effective, the Canadian public must wake up and realize that globalization is just another name for exploitation.
From the Paper
"This dominance and control has been portrayed as the pursuit of policies which are in the best interests of all Canadians, and has been expressed through government and business support for the free market system and the neo-liberal policy of globalization. Unfortunately for millions of Canadian workers, government policy makers and businessmen interpret the free market system as a system dependent upon the ability of businesses to increase their profits. In their view, anything that diminishes the ability of Canadian businesses and corporations to expand their profit margins is harmful to the economy, and anything that enables Canadian businesses and corporations to maximize their profits is beneficial to the economy."
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The Effect of Labor Policies on Productivity, 2008.
A discussion on how US labor market polices have had a negative effect on employee productivity.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, for over 20 years, workers have been faced with the dilemma of lack of job security, which has led to decreased productivity. Another major change that has affected productivity is American corporations' shift of focus away from making employees feel secure and appreciated, or providing them with ample pension and health care benefits plus wage increases to outpace inflation. The paper points out that, instead, the new focus of American corporations emphasizes the fiduciary responsibility to the stockholder and maximizing profits. The paper also adds that advanced technology, requiring less people but more skilled workers, and government labor policies, which removed trade barriers making it easier for American companies to outsource labor and relocate to countries with low labor costs, have had an adverse effect on American worker productivity and the American middle class. The paper concludes that the corporate/business paradigm shift from employee to stockholder is the most significant factor leading to reduced employee productivity and the erosion of the American middle class.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Background Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Lack of job security is not a problem new to 2007, or even 2000, but one that has been on the rise since 1972. American companies have downsized dramatically since the late 1970s.
"In the first downsizing wave, 12% of the out placed workers left the workforce completely, 17% remained unemployed after two years. Of those finding new employment, 31% took a wage reduction of 25% or more and 32% of worker's wages were reduced by one to twenty-five percent while only 37% found no wage loss. These figures translate to 63% of people finding replacement jobs that are inferior to what they held prior to being downsized."
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Wage Inequality, 2008.
This paper looks at the connection between later marriages and wage inequality.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with the rise of overall wages in America, there still remains a great amount of discrepancy in the wage equality between men and women. The writer notes that data shows that in the 1970s to the 1990s, the marriage age increased, as did the income inequality between men and women. The writer maintains that it is likely that these two issues are linked, for without one, there is little chance that there will be another. The writer concludes that the rising wage inequality has resulted in an unwillingness for women to marry, and will result in a propensity for the marriage age to continue to increase.
From the Paper
"For many years, males were seen as the primary breadwinners for the household. They were the ones who would leave the home each morning, head off to work, and spend their day trying to make ends meet for their family. Their entire life was structured around their work schedule, and their family was merely an accommodation to that schedule. As the primary wage earner, men were also in a position of greater equality with other men. They were able to work on a relatively level playing field that focused on skills, ability, and education as the keys to success.
"Women were not so lucky in this timeline. As their husbands went off to work, they were left at home to maintain the family. It is not a bad thing that this is the case, for many women have found a tremendous amount of fulfillment from raising a family. However, these women did not have any other options."
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Women and Work, 2008.
This paper analyzes the award-winning documentary 'The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter' by director Connie Field.
2,667 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Connie Field's documentary 'The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter' explores a world and a social context far removed from the world of working women today in the early 21st century. As such, its use as a non-typical resource for study might appear surprising. However, as this essay argues, many of the issues addressed in this documentary with respect to women and work - choice, racism, the dichotomy of domestic and paid labor - continue to be issues confronting women today over a half-century later. From an inclusive political economy perspective, this essay argues the thesis that the experiences of the women represented in 'The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter' are reflective of broader, large scale social phenomena in regard to the differential treatment of women's labor in our globalized capitalist economies and the state structures that support these economies.
Outline:
Introduction
Rosie the Riveter in an Historical Context
Choice, Opportunity and the "Breadwinner Ideal"
Opportunity and Status of Women's Labour
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When we understand women's labour in this historical continuum, we gain insights into the larger structural and economic forces shaping not only opportunities for women but also the exploitation of women's labour, and the restrictions placed upon women's choices by capitalist power structures. The fact that women in the 1990s worked to ensure family survival in much the same way as did women in the 1930s is indicative of the deep structural forces that have determined women's labour opportunities over time. Moreover, this historical contextualization allows us to understand the depiction of women and work in The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter in a more complex way. Many women, and in particular women from low-income families, who were often coincidentally women of colour and/or recent immigrants, have had to work in the paid labour force before the Second World War. The significance of the historical events outlined in Connie Field's documentary is not so much that women were in the paid labour force for the first time but that the nature of their labour, and their standard of recompense, was radically different from that which they "enjoyed" in the years before the Second World War."
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Collaborative Job Outsourcing, 2008.
This paper analyzes the positive and negative aspects of collaborative job outsourcing for developmental projects.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer analyzes a collaborative perspective on developmental projects that are normatively associated with outsourcing jobs. The writer notes that by understanding the positive aspects of corporate structural development through job outsourcing, one can realize the greater profits gained by having accesses to low wage job markets on the global scale. However, the writer points out that the lack of stability in third world countries that support these types of job markets are often problematic for American corporate expenses for these developmental operations. In essence, the writer maintains that by analyzing the overall scope of global issues with job outsourcing, developmental projects can be viewed through a positive and negative set of arguments detailing the complexity of collaborative job markets.
From the Paper
"In many ways, the American economy and the free trade aspects of job outsourcing play a large part in how large corporations can make a great deal of money on exportable jobs in the technology sectors. The differing aspects of the global market often produce lower wages, which American companies can utilize to their interest. While the job values for American citizens are much higher, which allows companies to seek these lower wages in third world counties or within the sector of the world where America has influence. In essence, these are the major aspects of the global market, which in turn, affect how job outsourcing has become a modern trend in gaining higher profits for companies that are seeking lower wage job markets overseas to counter the high cost of native worker jobs in America and Canada."
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Gender Gaps in Canada, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of educational attainment on the gender wage gap in Canada.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the gender-based wage gap in Canada as it relates to the educational levels of the economy's constituents. The writer notes that Canada's wage gap has not disappeared. Furthermore, the writer points out that it appears that the gap actually worsens the higher the educational level of women, based on a percentage of income compared to males of the same educational level. The writer concludes that now that the flush of global markets and quick economic expansion is maturing along with the global economy, many markets, including Canada, are left to explain why increased access to education, specifically, but other economic and social factors as well, has not fully closed the gender-based wage gap and why, in some cases, it appears to be widening again.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"There exists much research that details how various economic and social factors affect gender earnings figures or the gender wage gap of workers in Canada. The importance of such research cannot be understated because it has significant relevance to almost every working adult in Canada but, in the long-term, it can also significantly impact the character of Canada's overall economic development. The long-term impact of such factors on Canada's economy are related to the competitiveness of its labour force within the context of the global economy as well as overall productivity factors manifested through measurements of gross domestic product (GDP). While there are may factors that can manifest such an impact on the Canadian economy, in terms of gender based wage gaps, one that is particularly troublesome is the effect that educational attainment has on the gender wage gap and, by extension, its ultimate impact on the Canadian economy."
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Article: Karen Gugliemo's 'Is Offshore Outsourcing Worth the Loss of Jobs?', 2008.
An analysis of the failing economics of international technology job markets in "Is Offshore Outsourcing Worth the Loss of Its Jobs?" by Karen Gugliemo in 2007"Tech Target--CIO".
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the basis of Gugliemo's article 'Is Offshore Outsourcing Worth the Loss of Its Jobs?' reflects the growing economic disparity that is occurring at the domestic level in the United States and in Canada. The author points out that her research indicates the growing exponential rate of American and Canadian jobs that are being exported over to third world countries have greatly lowered wage rates, threatening the middle class in North America. The paper relates that another factor is the policy making-leverage that America wields over most third world countries supplying technology job markets in the global market. The author underscores that, since many of these jobs are being provided to economically impoverished countries, there is a marked disadvantage not only to the workers being exploited in these countries but also to the workers on the North American continent. This paper includes long quotations.
Table of Contents:
Summary
Discussion
Analysis and Critique
From the Paper
"In Gugliemo's article, the issue of a vanishing middle class is a dangerous idea for native North American technology workers. When companies continually find that they can outsource jobs without government regulation, the country will find itself in a crisis. While the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer, where does the middle class go? Certainly, they would find themselves in the majority of the poor, which can constitute a real danger of stability in the country. Throughout history when the middle class is a missing link between the rich and the poor, civil strife will most likely ensue."
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An Article Critique: Trade and Labour Standards, 2008.
A critical review of the article "Trade and Labour Standards--Theory, New Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications" by Vivek Dehejia and Yiagadeesen Samy.
804 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the article "Trade and Labour Standards--Theory, New Empirical Evidence, and Policy Implications" where the authors discuss labour standards in high standard and low standard countries, potential links between these labour standards and each market's comparative trade advantages and the relationship between labour standards in general and export markets. The paper shows how the authors are adept at proper research methodologies but maintains that they need to refine their topic and make the subject of the research somewhat more useful for the intended audience.
From the Paper
"Labour standards are an important issue within the context of trade negotiations and the policy formulation which accompanies them. The authors do an excellent job of making the relationship between these two concerns readily apparent to even the average reader that may not be intimately familiar with trade related information. The primary concern regarding labour standards in trade negotiations is how they impact a particular market's ability to leverage comparative trade advantages or in how to construct an equitable tariff structure: "Labour interests in high-standards countries argue that low labour standards are an unfair source of comparative advantage, and that increasing imports from low-standards countries will have an adverse impact on wages and working conditions"(Dehejia & Samy 3)."
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Canadian Unions and Globalization, 2008.
This paper explores whether Canadian unions can compete in the global market.
2,229 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the need for unions to operate on a global scale if they are to protect workers against global forces. The paper shows how Canadian unions are attempting to work at a domestic and international level. The paper argues, however, that Canadian unions still have a long way to go before they can successfully compete on a global scale.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, in the main the power of Canadian trade unions is being eroded by the forces of globalization. Therefore, Cohen (2000) has pointed out that there is a need for "new international institutions designed to challenge the power of corporations and facilitate transparent and democratic intervention in relation to international trade and investment" (MacBride and Wiseman, 2000, p. 6). Moreover, in the main attempts by the labour unions to fight back against globalized forces of capitalism have been ineffective of misguided. For example, Swenarchuk (2000) points out that the proposal sponsored by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) "to include labour 'side-agreements' in international trade and investment treaties" is an inadequate response to the complex problems of a diminishing labour rights in the globalized economy."
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