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Trade in the Levant, 2009.
A look at the artifacts from the Uluburun ship and their implications about the history of sea trade.
803 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the significance of the area of the Levant to archeologists and religious scholars who are interested in determining the implications of life during the Bronze Age for history, religion and politics. The paper looks at the wreck of the Uluburun ship and its artifacts, relics and raw materials.
From the Paper
"Though it is a small area, the Levant has played host to some of the most monumental events in history. The origin of three of the world's major religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the area is of interest to religious scholars and archeologists alike. Archeologists had always suspected that the area was rich in trade, but the sheer number of artifacts on the ship suggest that not only was trade in the area extensive, but also that several of the people groups represented through items on the ship associated socially."
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To Survive in a Desert, 2008.
This paper explores the techniques used for survival by hunter-gatherers in an arid climate.
2,687 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper explores, from an archeological perspective, how a hunter-gatherer society might nourish themselves in a desert. The paper focuses on the traditional lifestyle of the San people who live in the Kalahari desert. The paper describes how the San people have survived on a limited diet of animals and plants that is lacking in nutritional variation.
Outline:
Bushmen of the Kalahari
History of the San
Traditional San Culture
Analyzing Diets from an Archeological Perspective
Conducting An Assessment of the Primitive Diet
From the Paper
"Archeologists spend much time conjecturing about how a certain group of people survived in a particular area. Often, the only clues they have are in the artifacts, or if they are lucky, an intact body. However, it is easy to forget that we have a valuable resource in our search for the hunter-gatherer "secrets" of how to survive in an inhospitable climate. The San, otherwise known as the Basarwa people, live in the Kalahari desert. The Kalahari is a vast desert that stretches over South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia. The San are often referred to as the "Bushmen" of the Kalahari."
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Valuation of Priceless Objects, 2008.
An outline of the valuation of "priceless" historical and cultural artifacts.
2,144 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
The paper states that the valuation of priceless historical and cultural artifacts is not a process guided by specific rules or regulations and in fact is an unstructured and unpredictable process based on various methods and techniques. The paper comments that this results in a comparable analysis technique, with each valuation process being somewhat different from those previously conducted. The paper discusses the valuation of historical cultural artifacts that are from cultures for which there have been no previous market sales. The paper progresses through the three traditional valuation techniques including comparable market value, asset value, and the income method.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Traditional Means Of Valuation
Means Of Valuation Of Ancient Cultural Items
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"It has been clearly demonstrated in the research that valuation of antiquities has no sure and constant form due to the nature of collecting antiquities and all the questions and concerns that may arise as to the origination of the art objects. Due to the demand for such works of art, looting of archaeological sites and museums has occurred and while rules and regulations have been instituted into import and export laws, there still exists a black market for these ancient art objects. In today's world of art collection, the collector must necessarily ensure that they are not in possession of stolen art objects and should that be the case pressures from the art world and the country of origination, as well as the penalties of law regarding such objects will likely result in a return of the art object to the originating country or culture to which the art object was derived."
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Jesus and the Fishing Boat, 2008.
This paper discusses Jesus and the discovery of a 27-foot fishing boat dating back to the first century B.C., concentrating on the concept of the Sea of Galilee.
1,912 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This research paper focuses on the 27-foot fishing boat from the first century BC found in the Sea of Galilee that is believed to be connected to the historical Jesus. The paper relates that the topic is linked to the ideas surrounding the historical Jesus, his life, activities, involvements, relationships, and view. The paper further relates that the information it contains also describes the artifact and looks at how and where it was discovered. The writer concludes that without the Sea of Galilee, used as an allegory in many of the parables of Jesus, these stories might have been much more difficult for the disciples to understand however, the references to the Sea of Galilee and specifically to the fishermen's trade lends comprehension to many of the sayings of Jesus, that otherwise would have been more difficult for the people of that time to discern and comprehend.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Was This The boat That Jesus Sat, Slept and Taught In?
The Fishing Economy & The Sea of Galilee
The Historical Jesus
Jesus was a Fisher of Men
Why the Sea of Galilee?
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"In many ways, the Sea of Galilee is centric to the life and story of the historical Jesus as he called several of his disciples from the shorelines of the Sea of Galilee and they followed him without question. The Sea of Galilee was an important part of the economy in this area of the world during the time that Jesus walked upon the earth and fishing was an important livelihood as well as being important insofar as the food market in this area of the world. Jesus used the symbolism of the fish in many of his teachings, parables and sermons. In fact, the Christian symbol known as the Ichthus is the symbol of a fish, and it is know that during time of Christian persecution following the life, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus that when two Christians would meet they would identify themselves one to the other by one tracing half of the fish symbol in the sand with his foot, and the other, if a Christian, would then trace the other half of the symbol in the sand with his foot thus completing the symbolic 'Ichthus' and both would know that they were in the company of another Christian and that it was safe to talk about Jesus and his ministry."
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Moche Irrigation and Food Production, 2008.
An examination of how Moche irrigation and food production provided leaders with the opportunities to expand their political power base.
3,862 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 33 sources, APA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Moche political organizations and their key attributes. It specifically focuses on their irrigation systems and how they provided leaders with the opportunity to expand their political power base and economy. The paper also looks at how expansion of political control over food production and distribution may have led to an increased reliance on agricultural and terrestrial faunal resources in later periods.
From the Paper
"If it is assumed that "in societies organized around a regional political economy, there is differential access to goods, wealth, power and the means of production" (Gumerman 1997), it can probably also be assumed that high-ranking individuals controlled the degree and social organization of labor, tribute, redistribution and trade of foods, and possibly, as Goody (1982) notes, the technology, land, and water required for producing or procuring foods. In addition, the elite should have had the greatest degree of food choice and set themselves apart symbolically by consuming foods valued either for ideological reasons or for rarity. An increased dietary divergence between class groups might even offer indirect evidence of a foundation for political unrest. (Christine White, et. al, 2001)"
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Timeline of Moche Spouts Based on Larco Hoyle, 2008.
An examination of Larco Hoyle's methods for defining the periods of Moche culture and an analysis of the development of irrigation agriculture.
2,248 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the timeline of Moche spouts based on categories proposed by Rafael Larco Hoyle in 1948. The paper first describes Larco's division of the Moche period into five phases and explains each phase. The paper then discusses those who disagree with the credibility of Larco Hoyle's methods for defining the periods of Moche culture. Lastly , the paper focuses on the development of irrigation agriculture on the north coast between 2000 and 1500 B.C.
From the Paper
"This changed with the shift to irrigation in the Guaiiape phase, when aspiring leaders had better opportunities for the control and the accumulation of goods. Although the initial costs for building irrigation canals was higher than that of fishing and floodplain agriculture, once in production, irrigation systems dramatically increased yields. Therefore, with the organization and financing of irrigation construction systems, leaders perhaps could have extracted surpluses from canal users to fund additional political activity, such as monument construction, and to further enhance the socioeconomic status of their own households. Irrigation systems also provided more opportunities for leaders to control land and the flow of water. The political consequence was that in the Early Guaiiape phase political leaders not only could have controlled increased agricultural production, but also the distribution of land and water. With these newfound sources of economic power, they could finance the creation of centralized, hierarchical political organizations."
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The Moche, 2008.
Looks extensively at the ancient civilization of the Moche, from northern Peru, which existed between 200 BC and AD 700.
4,765 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 158.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that archaeologists have traced the human occupation by the Moche of the valleys of the Peruvian coastal plain from the end of the Pleistocene through the development of settled village farming communities and the subsequent rise and fall of civilizations, which took place prior to the arrival of Europeans in the sixteenth century. The author points out that the ability to have control over some forms of production of valued goods and services gave the Moche social status and control. The paper describes the economic, social, family, religious, political and artistic components of the society of the ancient Moche.
From the Paper
"Throughout the centuries, the Moche sociopolitical structure developed into an increasingly complex form. In its first years, it was most likely a multifaceted chiefdom organization. This structure was maintained through a sophisticated ritual system run by a prestigious group of priests who, as time continued, based their power on administrators and warriors supporting rulers that controlled vast territories. Moche social organization most likely reached the level of a theocratic state in its peak."
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The Colosseum, 2008.
A description of the history and background of the Colosseum in Rome.
1,572 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and discusses the Colosseum in Rome. More specifically, the paper provides a history and a physical description of the Colosseum as well as a discussion of how the ancient Romans used the structure and an explanation of the source of its name and its usage today. The paper includes a summary of the research in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Superlatives quickly fail when describing the Colosseum. The encyclopedic entry for the Colosseum (2004) reports that it is a four-storied oval measuring 617 feet (188 meters) by 512 feet (156 meters), much of which is remains standing today; the building featured a tier on tier design comprised of marble seats that could accommodate about 45,000 spectators; in addition, the Colosseum encloses an arena measuring 250 feet (76 meters) by 151 feet (46 meters) and gladiatorial combats were held there until AD 404 (The Colosseum 357). The Temple of Venus and Rome faced the Colosseum (Robathan 84). According to this author (1950), "Recent investigation reveals that there was no colonnade on the side facing the Colosseum. Beneath the platform at that end where the temple stood high above the level of the Colosseum valley a series of rooms has been found."
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Mission San Francisco de Asis (Dolores), 2008.
Looks at the archeology, architecture and history surrounding the Mission San Francisco de Asis (Dolores).
3,800 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the Mission San Francisco de Asis or Mission Dolores, located at nearly the geographic center of what is now San Francisco. The paper relates that the Mission is one of 21 of the original Spanish Missions constructed to foster Spanish control over the region and it is the oldest intact nave structure in California and the oldest building in San Francisco, having survived the 1906 earthquake. The paper also points out that this location is said to be the original site of a Native0American village of the Ohlone Nation called Chutchui. Additionally, the paper describes the rich fusion of Spanish, Mexican and American history surrounding this mission. Two photographs are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"The cemetery has never been desecrated but has had regional periodical re-internment and moving of bodies for various city projects. The rich history of some of those interred is of course limited to the white, as this was what was of interest to the people in the 19th century, when many of the local interest stories about the cemetery became popular. Famous governors of California and renegades of the region are buried there in addition to the Native burials and the friars of the Franciscan order who toiled and died there."
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"The Epic of Gilgamesh" and "Genesis", 2008.
A comparative analysis of the flood myth in two ancient writings, "The Epic of Gilgamesh" and "Genesis".
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the differences and similarities between "The Epic of Gilgamesh", one of the oldest recorded writings from Sumerian or Babylonian mythology, with "Genesis" from the Judeo-Christian Bible. The paper argues that one of the main differences between the epic and "Genesis", is the Babylonian view that the gods are dangerous for mortals, and that their laws are irrational and cannot be predicted by the human mind. For Judaism and Christianity, on the other hand, God is the bearer of righteousness and a symbol of justice and everything that is morally virtuous. Nonetheless, the paper holds that there is a striking resemblance between the two accounts. The paper attempts to provide evidence sustaining the claim that the Mesopotamian account of the great flood is highly relevant to Christianity. It concludes that the myth of the flood is valid and incorporated in Judaism and Christianity and also in the collective conscience of the peoples who did not follow Yahweh.
From the Paper
"The Judaic-Christian and the Mesopotamian systems of belief are in clear opposition. Christianity and Judaism praise respect and obedience for the divinity as evidence of God's greatness and moral righteousness. God is the central figure of the faith system because He represents all that is good and right thus humanity must obey Him; here obedience is understood as a definite obligation. On the other hand, for Mesopotamians, respect and piety are the result of humanity's acknowledgement that it is both mortal and weaker than the gods. In this sense, the two virtues are not moral obligations, but a practical attitude which serves as an acknowledgement of the superiority of nature in terms of its power over humans."
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Burial Mounds, 2008.
This paper discusses the preservation of Native-American heritage, focusing on burial sites.
1,068 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as more and more time is spent on excavating and preserving lesser known Native-American sites, archaeologists are uncovering much older and unconventional historical sites. The writer points out that Native-American burial sites continue to pop up around the country as more and more of the land is continually developed. These sites are providing a much clearer picture of the ancient residents of the United States. The writer discusses that thanks to the work of archaeologists nationwide, these ancient cultures are being preserved through their links with modern day tribes, who are now able to explore their past further. Modern archeology has played a primary role in the discovery, but more importantly the preservation, of Native-American sacred burial sites. The writer concludes that by preserving these sacred sites, we are keeping a culture alive which was almost forgotten; a culture which predates European dominance in the Americas.
From the Paper
"Minnesota legislation also protects sites from removal of any material content from protected lands. Any failures to obey such legislation can result in criminal felony charges. The State Archeologist at the Minnesota Historical Society is in charge of excavating and authenticating possible burial sites, showing archaeology's importance in creating and maintaining legislation involving ancient historical sites.
"Many people wonder why the Federal Government and State authorities should spend effort to protect these sites. First, these sites provide crucial details about the American past. They also provide links to modern day Native American cultures."
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The Senatorial Aristocracy in Rome in Late Antiquity, 2008.
A discussion of the preservation of Roman identity and the fall of the Roman Empire.
1,919 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the efforts undertaken by the senatorial aristocracy in Rome to preserve its identity between 350 and 395. The paper explains that these efforts were subverted by the political and religious opposition of the East Roman emperors and the Church. The paper looks at how the issue to preserve the Roman Senate's identity was fundamentally a means to restore the Senate to play a political role in the new Empire. The paper then points out that the political reality, however, and the anti-pagan religious fundamentalism made it quite clear that there was no such accommodation for the Roman West.
From the Paper
"When Diocletian split the Roman Empire, he sealed the fate of the Roman West as effectively as the barbarians in 476. Yet, as Rome in late antiquity "was for the most part a city without an imperial presence" , there is a particular poignancy to "the sacred Senate" and the Rome of that era. "The city's Senators were, for many authors, an embodiment of all that was venerable about Rome" . Ammanius says that once the interminable civil wars of the third century (235-284) had ended, "the white hair of the senators and their authority are revered and the name of the Roman people is respected and honored" . "The Eternal City" retained its symbolic resonance as the center of civilization even in defeat. "Odovacar...a German, ruled in Italy as "rex" ([and] "maintained the Roman administrative system" ."
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The Role of Entertainment in Ancient Rome, 2008.
A discussion of the important function of entertainment in the political and everyday life of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
1,878 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the social and political significance of the entertainment in the life of ancient Rome. The paper explains that even though many forms of entertainment existed, special emphasis was given to the spectacles and public events rather than private events, like parties. The paper then looks at the function of these spectacles and their role in the politics and government of Ancient Rome. The paper discusses how, as Rome expanded both territorially and in influence, the status of the spectacles transformed - the expansion resulted in significant social and economic changes. The paper points out that entertainment in ancient Rome had a function that significantly differs from its function today - it was an opportunity for public gathering during which the people could speak freely and express their concerns. In conclusion, the paper shows that as Rome went from the republic to the empire, the spectacles remained important events and they gave the opportunity to the masses to see their ruler and express their opinion on state matters freely.
From the Paper
"The Romans were an agricultural society and their religion can be described as polytheistic paganism. The early religious rituals were aimed at pleasing the gods who, as Romans believed, controlled everything necessary for a successful harvest like crop growth and weather. The rituals were not limited only to the agriculture. They also extended to celebrations of military victories, celebrations of various household deities, etc. As Shelton notes "these days were the days of sacrifice and ritual, but also of holiday merriment, as Easter or Christmas are for us today" (329). In other words, these holidays were a great opportunity to skip a day of hard work, relax, socialize, be grateful for what you have and, through the rituals, do the best to have more next season. As such these holidays did not have any deeper political and social position in the Roman society.
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Archaeoastronomy, 2007.
This paper discuses archaeoastronomy using sites from Mesoamerica as examples.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that archaeoastronomy is the study of the astronomical practices, celestial lore, mythologies, religions and world-views of all ancient cultures. The author points out that many of the great monuments and ceremonial constructions of early civilizations, such as the Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt, were astronomically aligned. The paper relates that many of the major structures of Mesoamerica have been found to have an astronomical connection. The author states that the astronomical knowledge of these ancient people from different parts of the world were not connected in any known way yet they undertook some similar approaches to studying the skies and to building monumental structures with astronomical purposes. The paper examines the Mesoamerican sites of the Olmec, the Teotihuacan, the Toltec, the Mayan, the Zapotec and the Aztec civilizations.
From the Paper
"The links between the Olmec and the later Maya are numerous, and some believe that the Olmec may have been Maya speakers. Olmec emerged around 1,500 B.C. and came to dominate most of Mesoamerica. Olmec-style monumental art and architecture developed in the northwestern and southeastern edges of the lowlands. Much of this monumental art shows squat figures topped by rounded hats as a key feature of this art. In the southern lowlands during the Classic period, progressive growth and increasing complexity were the norm."
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The Cyclades and Greek Art, 2007.
This paper examines the archaeological evidence of the Cyclades, as well as later Greek works.
2,671 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the artifacts found from the Cyclades sites and pottery from the same region. The paper describes how the style of the Cyclades statuettes fits with other works from different parts of the near east and shows how it influenced later classical Greek and Roman sculpture. The paper discusses the many shifts in aesthetic viewpoint in this century, when art was redefined in terms of the existing social relations and prevalent aesthetic ideas. The paper also looks at the geometric style in Greece and the relationship of art, mathematics and computer technology today.
Outline:
Introduction
Findings
Pottery
Developments
From the Paper
"The Cyclades are a group of islands in the Aegean Sea where neolithic burial sites have been found. The figurines found tend to be stylized and abstract in form (Fiero 8). The clay figurines in this culture are in place of the neolithic idols made of clay from other regions. The marble quarried on these islands made it possible for the workshops of the culture to flourish. Products made by artisans on the Cyclades made their way to Crete and also to the mainland. Most of the statuettes are naked female figurines with their arms crossed over the abdomen, and they are generally not designed to stand erect."
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Heritage Attractions, 2007.
This paper provides a market focused appraisal for measuring the effectiveness of heritage attractions as a tourism product.
2,971 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that tourism is mainly based on geographical attractions, which include beautiful scenery, exciting and/or exotic locations, among others. The writer points out that the reasons for which people choose various tourist locations differ according to needs, preferences and affordability. The writer explains that heritage tourism is an example of tourist activity that allows people to enrich their basis of knowledge and information. Further, the writer notes that heritage tourism or cultural tourism is a branch of tourism offering the cultural dimension of the location where tourism occurs as the main value. Historical sites are usually the main attraction in this case. The writer discusses that the main coordinates of heritage tourism include culture, historic information, interaction with the local people and eventually, a perceived sense of adventure.
From the Paper
"Heritage tourism or cultural tourism is a branch of tourism offering the cultural dimension of the location where tourism occurs as the main value. Historical sites are usually the main attraction in this case. The main coordinates of heritage tourism include culture, historic information, interaction with the local people and eventually, a perceived sense of adventure. Heritage tourism allows people to get in touch with the past. At the same time, it is important to mention that it contributes to the preservation of the cultural heritage itself."
"The products that heritage tourism offers can be customer oriented. From this point of view, one could speak about creative tourism. Creative tourism is based on the principle of interactivity."
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