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Cultural Anthropology Critique, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of three articles: Richa Nagar's "Exploring Methodological Borderlands through Oral Narratives", Faranak Miraftab's "Can You Belly Dance?" and Oyeronke Oyewumi's "Visualizing the Body: Western Theories and African Subjects".
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This critical review comments on the themes, methodological challenges, suggestions and perspectives in the three articles: Nagar's "Exploring Methodological Borderlands through Oral Narratives", Miraftab's "Can you Belly Dance?" and Oyewumi's "Visualizing the Body: Western Theories and African Subjects". The writer maintains that these articles all fall within the tradition of feminist contributions to the re-evaluation of difficult challenges that arise within the fields of social anthropology and ethnography. Each adopts a very different approach, but all are thought-provoking, especially because none of the authors is a typical social anthropologist. The writer concludes that all three articles offer different insights and advice. However, the three are welcome voices, in that they smash the typical stereotype of white, Western, usually male cultural anthropologists.
From the Paper
"This traditional situation is subverted by the women researchers in these three articles. For example, Nagar is a young, unmarried woman, from a lower-middle class Hindu family in India, who has affiliations with Western universities, as well as a white boyfriend in the USA. She is multilingual, well educated and a part of the elite in the sense of being globally mobile and funded to do research. In that sense, she is entirely different from the people she researches. On the other hand, when she researches the Asian community of Dar Es Salaam, she has sufficient common ground with some of them - e.g. being Asian, being Hindu, sharing languages, ability to adopt approved clothing styles, such as salwaar kameez, or a sari, depending on context - that she can frequently be accepted by these communities as an insider. This positions her vis-a-vis the communities she studies in an utterly different position than if she had been a white, American man, who quite obviously could not simply don a sari and blend into a social group of Asians in Dar es Salaam! This unusual situation on the one hand puts her in a much less powerful - for example, the American male would probably not be sexually propositioned by an interviewee. However, her entree into these communities must surely enable her to gain more understanding of the communities."
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Gender and Sexuality Differences, 2008.
This paper studies the book 'Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps' by Barbara Pease and Allan Pease and looks at the gender issues raised.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article notes that in 'Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps', Barbara Pease and Allan Pease contend that these commonly observed social idiosyncrasies actually stem from profound differences between the sexes going as deep as brain chemistry. The writer points out that despite the obvious humor in their title, Pease and Pease have a serious message: men and women are different, in very regular ways. The writer notes that most men have a much better spatial orientation than women. They can translate the abstract lines and symbols on a map into a clear understanding of where they are going. By contrast, the writer points out that women are oriented to multi-dimensional cues such as landmarks that men often overlook. The writer concludes that while this book is intended for the general reading public rather than being a narrowly scientific treatise, there is a good deal of information, and the humor involved makes it a highly readable, genuinely enjoyable study.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, women's approach to language is indirect and based on suggestion rather than the blunt, yes-and-no style that men favor. Unfortunately, because most individuals assume that their own communication style is consistent with what everyone else does, men and women often fail to communicate.
"Pease and Pease begin by addressing a difficult issues they must confront, the conflict between their research and current social movements. They state bluntly that they are addressing issues of science, not social or political questions."
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"William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry", 2008.
An analysis of chivalry and the treatment of women in Georges Duby's "William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry."
954 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the 1984 text by Georges Duby entitled, "William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry." In so doing, the paper reviews two significant themes which emerge time and again in the text: the concept of chivalry (as it pertains to the notions of fealty, honor and loyalty) and the theme of how women (and children) are treated as subordinates.
From the Paper
"As well, the honor of William Marshal manifests itself in how braves extraordinary dangers in combat to prove his righteousness as a knight while still a young man. When accused of infidelity to his king and of adulterous conduct, "He says he is ready to confront the three most valorous champions that can be found, one after the next. If he fails to vanquish all three, he is more than willing that the suspicious husband put him to death by hanging" (Duby, 52). His fealty to his lord is complete (at least in his eyes) and he will not tolerate aspersions cast upon his honor and character. Ultimately, a reified society wherein duty is demanded and obligations honored is preserved and this reification would remain a substantial part of western culture, informing its martial and aristocratic values, for generations to come."
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"Men Want Something Else", 2008.
An analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of David Buss' arguments in his chapter "Men Want Something Else," within "The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating."
1,516 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques the chapter, "Men Want Something Else," within "The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating" by David M. Buss, in which he writes about the criteria men apply when choosing a mate. The paper shows how Buss brings together the two areas of research, the evolutionary psychology of human mating strategies and conflict between the sexes. The paper also looks at the strengths and the weaknesses of Buss' arguments.
From the Paper
"Thus, when Buss (1994) can find evidence of all men liking similar things, then that is biology. When he cannot, then that is social - but it is linked to biology in a way that men are unconscious of. But whichever way you cut it, it is all about having as many babies as possible. Men in western cultures like slim women because slim women have higher status, which in turn gives higher status to the man who has her on his arm, and which in turn enables him to better protect his children, thus better passing on his genes. This is simplistic, and ignores many realities of our society. For example, take the stereotypical "deadbeat dad." What biological impetrative is he following when he runs off with his secretary, leaving his children living in poverty? How has his gene pool made it through the centuries?"
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Crack Prostitution in the United Kingdom - A Feminist View, 2007.
An examination of crack prostitution in Britain, where girls and women are completely dehumanized by the phenomenon.
3,515 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how British feminists feel about crack prostitution in Britain. It explains how Britain's proliferation of crack prostitution should be a lesson to Canada and seen for its complete subjection of women. The paper looks at how British feminists want to know why the sex industry has normalized and they demand better help for women trying to get off drugs, demanding tougher laws against those exploiting or abusing prostitutes, including references to mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat procurers. In conclusion, the paper shows that Britain's feminists paint a clear picture of crack prostitution as a male problem, arguing in favour of punishing those who victimize women, as a step forwards.
Outline:
Introduction
Crack and Sex Work
Lessons for Canada
An Intensified Problem
Cultural Myths
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"In January of 2006, Britain toughened up enforcement of anti-prostitution laws due to better insight into a changed sex trade with prostitution for most something other than a job of choice but a cash-based industry like any other that preyed upon vulnerable women. Preparing this paper, from a Canadian point of view, has brought new insight into the naivete of saying that prostitution should simply be legalized, that this would remove its related abuses, implying that women have choices who engage in the sex trade."
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Women as Objects, 2008.
This paper examines the social orders in Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House" and Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet".
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how in Henrik Ibsen's 20th century work, "A Doll's House" and in the Shakespearean play, "Romeo and Juliet" conflict and tragedy occur when women deviate from social expectations. The paper highlights the prices paid by the women who did not conform to what social rules dictated. The paper discusses the social orders where men are leading subjects and women are accompanying or supporting objects. The paper points out that even today women face what are new conventions in terms of how they are expected to participate in the waged economy and perform domestic duties. The paper concludes that "A Doll's House" and "Romeo and Juliet" remain stimulating in the present as they address human scenarios that can prove eternal.
Outline:
Introduction
A Doll's House (1879)
Romeo and Juliet
Reflection - Female Objects and Subjects
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"Western civilization has ascribed traits and virtues differently to men and women, as one would expect, however much in the 21st century we assume that reform has been achieved and men and women have absolute personal choice. The plays discussed in this paper refer to very different centuries but perhaps owe their longevity to themes that are quite timeless. Examining Henrik Ibsen's 20th century work, A Doll's House, and the very familiar Shakespearean play, Romeo and Juliet, one finds that conflict and tragedy occur when women deviate from social expectations. The idea of gender freedom or female individuality seem very threatening to those who witness deviation. In fact, women who depart from convention are prone to tragedy, or create tragedy for others. These phenomena are usually discussed in relation to women's unsatisfactory status under patriarchy. They are interesting in the light of ordinary social conventions and the prices paid by people who do not conform to what social rules dictate."
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Women, Work and Equality, 2008.
A look at the the argument that women still have a long way to go in order to gain equality in society.
2,276 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
Although many things have changed for women in the last century, the full equality between the genders has not been achieved. This paper l argues that this is because women are still paid less then men for corresponding jobs, that they are underrepresented in certain professions and in more prestigious positions with power, and that they often do the 'second shift' of housework which is undervalued. The paper looks at how women still form the major part of part-time and temporary workforce, and women and men are occupationally segregated, with women concentrated in jobs stereotyped as "women's jobs" (nursing, clerical child care, retail). The paper also examines how women are poorly presented in science, computer science and engineering occupations, which are often very prestigious and well paid and how this job inequality is rooted in the broader social inequality, which separates boys and girls from an early age, and which still sharply defines male and female roles with the family and society at large.
From the Paper
"One of the biggest indicators of the lack of equality between men and women is the fact that women are still paid less then men for corresponding jobs. Women earn about 30% less than men do in corresponding full time jobs (Nelson, 2006). The figures are similar according to Statistics Canada (2000) "Women generally have lower incomes than men. In 1997, the average annual pretax income for women aged 15 and over from all sources was $19,800, just 62% the figure for men". On the other hand, Davies et al (1996) show that the wage gaps are smaller among younger age groups, nevertheless, "Women earn between 62% and 65% of what men earn" (Wilson, 2005) and "the gender wage gap is widespread and exists in all occupational categories" (Nelson, 2006)."
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Marxist, Feminist and Liberal Approaches, 2008.
This paper provides a comparison of Marxist, feminist and liberal approaches to social policy in Canada from the First Nations period to the present
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Marxist, liberal, and feminist approaches share a pivotal characteristic in common in that all three are concerned with the needs of the oppressed. However, the writer discusses that although these approaches are similar in certain respects, they are basically quite distinct in their identification of which social and economic needs are to be given priority, their proposed solutions to social problems, and in implementation of solutions. The writer points out that the liberal approach is especially distinct from the other two approaches since the term 'oppressed' does not so adequately fit. This paper focuses on the socioeconomic context and salient issues in New France in order to apply and illustrate those three approaches.
From the Paper
"The Marxist approach would also maintain that the state operates as a means for social control and that it serves he purposes of emerging commercial capitalism. In addition, creating a program of social services may be somewhat empowering but it also oppresses people. Another Marxist criticism of the liberal approach would be that the liberal goals of social security would impose a severe burden on habitants who were already paying a tithe to the Church. As far as the Marxist approach is concerned, the work by religious orders and especially by nuns served to promote and reinforce the class system. Nuns' origins ranged from the nobility to wealthy backgrounds, and class differences were also observed in school programs which conformed to a social hierarchy."
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Same-Sex Marriage, 2008.
A look at the argument against same-sex marriage.
729 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in a modern world, those who argue for or against same sex-marriage often fail to realize that marriage is about creating life. It contends that human beings must protect the creation of life as a natural process, lest the scientists that are developing clones and test tube babies acquire the power to control existence on the earth and how for this reason same-sex marriage cannot be acknowledged as comparable to traditional marriages.
From the Paper
"Leslie supports this philosophy by contending that the purpose behind traditional marriage is primarily for the man and woman to create life (sec. 1). Leslie argues that many people within society today view marriage as a means of finding personal gratification only and that this belief is a minor detail in comparison the reality that married couples have the ability to continue the existence of the human race (sec. 1). By focusing on personal pleasure as the reason for marriage to exist, society is failing to understand the significance of marriage as it pertains to the future of the world and those that will lead it. "
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Feminism Defined, 2008.
The paper examines the articles, "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Angela Miles, Goli Rezai-Rashti and Lisa Byrn Rundle and the article "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal" by Ruth Liste
1,397 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at two articles with the goal of finding a workable definition of feminism. The paper examines "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Miles, Rezai-Rashti and Rundle and "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal" by Lister. The writer concludes with a definition of a feminist.
From the Paper
"At first sight, the two articles, "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists, and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Miles, Rezai-Rashti, and Rundle, and Lister's article "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal," seem to be very different. However, I found that in the course of reading the two articles I was able to make considerable progress towards answering a key question that is of acute importance to me, i.e. "What is feminism?" This might seem like a facile question, but in fact it is not. For it goes to the very heart of why one would choose to be a feminist at all. Unless the term "feminist" has some real meaning in today's world, there would be no point in being a feminist. I am frequently confronted with this question, when friends ask me why I am a feminist."
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Male and Female Cultures, 2008.
This paper looks at the male and female gender as different cultures.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that two cultures that are quite different, but that have historically been compared and contrasted to one another, exist in the male and female genders. The writer notes that females have consistently struggled to be equal partners within the social order, while males have had the freedom to control the lives of those within their families, community and the larger governmental arena. The writer maintains that differences in culture have shaped the beliefs of those within them and constructed a society that supports the ideology that different genders should have different social standings. The writer concludes that regardless of the battles for equality that have taken place throughout history, the female gender is still a culture that is oppressed and that is fighting to be considered as equal partners with their male counterparts in the social order.
From the Paper
"While women's rights improved to some degree, they have never equaled the rights known to men, nor have women been capable of being viewed as complete equals in the social order. At the current time there are more women controlling major companies in the United States and it is believed that the "glass ceiling" that exists for women in business is being removed. Yet, this situation pertains to only some women and the culture of women is continuing to be oppressed in multiple ways. This includes women that have been left as single parent mothers, supporting the household alone; the extensive numbers of women that are forced to exist in poverty because of a lack of opportunities to change their economic standing in the social order; and the minimal representation of women in the government."
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Women in 19th Century America, 2008.
The paper discusses how women were treated as second class citizens in America in the latter half of the 19th century.
1,302 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at how, by 1863, women in the US were beginning to influence the economy due in large part to the Civil War and the shortage of male labor. The paper looks at how many men, however, endorsed the societal norm of the time that a woman's rightful place was in the home. The paper describes how women starting their own businesses found it very hard to secure adequate credit to start and expand their businesses. The paper portrays how even resourceful women were relegated by societal norms to the role of glorified housekeeper.
From the Paper
"One has to only look at the Declaration of Sentiments issued at the end of The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 for historical proof that women were treated as second class citizens in America in the latter half of the 19th century.1 If women were in fact treated legally, politically and socially as men's equals, there would have been no convention, no one hundred and fifty plus year feminist movement in America. Women may well have made only limited progress in the subsequent half century in elevating their status, but there is ample evidence that it was not for lack of trying."
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Gendered Cultural Identity, 2007.
This paper is a personal narration of a female student living in Canada, which explores the author's gendered cultural identify and relates it to anthropological and sociological theory.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper expresses the belief that a gendered, cultural identity narration plays a useful role in finding or defining one's own identity with the caveat that identity is constantly evolving and being dynamically recreated. The author uses the falsity of the assumption that "all Canadians are peaceable" as an example of a ludicrous theory that a particular trait can represent the culture of an entire nation of people. The paper discuses the author's different experiences of being a woman and notes that economic discrimination against women in Canada is far more subtle than in Third World countries because women have the protection of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The paper relates that, growing up in a Third World country as a white, where she was assumed to be 'Westernized', resulted in experiences unlike Black and Chicana feminists. The paper includes quotations.
From the Paper
"As I have had the experience of being both a Third-World feminist and a First-World feminist, am I now a Third-World feminist or a First-World feminist? Narayan states that she chooses to call herself a Third-World feminist because many of her formative experiences took place in this context. This seems to me to be a valid point of view. While I cannot reduce my identity to simply "Third-World feminist," I can certainly see that many of my experiences growing up moulding me into a feminist - and perhaps more of a committed feminist than I might otherwise have been, ..."
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Gender Differences, 2008.
A look at differences in gender based on the evaluation
of two popular magazines.
1,242 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how although there are magazines that try to appeal to both sex audiences, most aim at one side or the other. It examine the differences between "Mens Life: What Matters to Men" and "Ladies Home Journal" magazines and explores how each portray the opposite sex as well as gender.
From the Paper
"Both magazines are tasteful magazines that appeal equally to the intended audience of males and females from the age range of late twenties to early fifties. The Mens Life magazine focus is mainly on the career of the man and financial stability. Ladies Home Journal focuses on the family aspects of women and managing the home life with their career. The difference between the focus of both is very much seated in the gender roles that are expected of both sexes. Males are expected to be the breadwinner and contribute the majority of the financial means to the family."
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Homosexuality and Roman Catholic Youth, 2008.
This paper reviews an article by Fr Robert Mattingly SJ entitled 'Gay Adolescents in Catholic Schools - Avoiding the Topic Won't Make It Go Away' printed in "Momentum".
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Fr. R. Mattingly, in his 2004 article in "Momentum", stresses that sex scandals within the Roman Catholic Church have forced attention on matters of sexuality that the Church has rarely wished to discuss beyond firm moralizing positions. The author points out that, although the Church still discusses homosexual acts as sinful, Mattingly reminds the reader of the stronger discussion of how all human beings are created in the image of God. The paper relates that, rather than criticizing homosexuality or failing to discuss it, the Church school community should ensure that gay students receive the inclusion and support they need. The author stresses that Mattingly also feels strongly that Roman Catholic schools should be sure that students can discuss matters of sexuality, homosexuality and heterosexuality.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Hazards of Ignoring Homosexuality
Whose Child is it Anyway?
A Positive Environment and Acceptance
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Accordingly to Mattingly, teachers and other adults must understand what happens when a homosexual youth is not included, not understood or denounced in different ways. When gay students are not given proper support they will experience self-destructive emotions and engage in self-destructive behaviors as what seems a usual set of results. He refers to social scientific research to explain that 40 percent or more of homeless youths in the United States are homosexuals, many of them engaged in substance abuse or confirmed addicts, and that many become HIV positive."
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Family Life in Pakistan, 2008.
An analysis of the roles of various members of a Pakistani family and the importance of the family unit.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance and the set up of the family unit in Pakistan. It discusses the role of the biradari within the family and looks at the way that marriages are arranged and celebrated. It then considers the importance of sons within the family unit and describes the treatment of women in Pakistani families in the past and during the present times.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
The Role of Families in Pakistan
Marriage in Pakistan
Treatment of Women in Pakistan
From the Paper
"The role of the family is important in Pakistan because it is the basic organization in Pakistan. Families often consist of grandparents, parents, siblings, and other relatives who all live in one house with the focus on the male kin or biradari (Pakistan Tradition Kinship 2006). The importance of the family life is seen in how the biradari celebrate different life events including births, deaths, and major holidays. The importance of the biradari cannot be understated because it offers poor family members loans and even provides a dowry for poorer families (Pakistan Traditional Kinship 2006). When parents cannot provide for the family, often the biradari steps in to help different parts of the family. In Pakistan, the elderly are respected and children are considered gifts from God (Family Life 2006). This is especially true of male children. Sons are considered important because they will provide for their mothers, while females are considered a liability and their innocence must be protected (Pakistan Traditional Kinship 2006). When studying the country of Pakistan, it is important to consider the role of marriage and its value to the people."
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