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Breastfeeding Research, 2008.
A research proposal to study the efficacy of support for breastfeeding.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that new mothers may not be aware of the benefitsof breasfeeding and that it must be promoted as a health activity. The paper then describes a research design that will compare 10 new mothers in a hospital neonatal unit who receive health teaching about breastfeeding and peer support from more experienced mothers to a control group of 10new mothers who receive health teaching only.
Table of Contents:
Statement of the Problem and Purpose
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
Research Question
Hypothesis #1
Sampling Strategy
Data Collection
Research Design
Statistical Analysis
Hypothesis #2
Research Design
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Peer support for new mothers includes individual counseling and support between mothers, the rationale being that social support networks influence decisions and practices. Peer support is cost-effect and can be culturally appropriate and individually designed to promote breastfeeding, and studies demonstrate its effectiveness in the rates of initiation and duration. Pisacane, Grazia and Continisio (2005) conducted a controlled trial to determine how fathers can influence breastfeeding outcomes. The hypothesis was that when fathers prevent and manage breastfeeding problems, the duration of breastfeeding will be prolonged."
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Ethics and Minors, 2008.
This paper looks at a legislative issue and discusses the matter of contraceptives furnished to a minor.
1,608 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the current health care issue which needs to be brought to the attention of legislators and for which nurses need to develop a political action plan is the availability of contraceptive supplies or procedures to minors. The writer points out that many states recognize that parents should have the right to make health care decisions for a minor child but that in certain cases, the minor needs access to confidential services. The writer discusses that under the Title X family planning program instituted in 1970, contraceptive services and other reproductive health care services have been available to all individuals who need them, irrespective of age. Meanwhile, the writer notes that debates over parental consent or notification have been taking place at both the state and federal level, and that states tend to favor parents taking responsibility for the decisions of their minor child.
From the Paper
"On the basis of Greipp's model, the consumer forces driving the policy consist of teenagers who have made the decision to become sexually active as opposed to parents who wish to have the responsibility for their children's choices. In many cases, the consumer includes the entire community which believes that parents need to either make or at least collaborate with their adolescent children about major decisions. Motivators include parents' desires to influence their children regarding the most significant decisions of their lives. Motivators also consist of parental concerns for the current and future physical and psychosocial wellbeing of their children.The ethical principle of beneficence and the moral theory of deontology also can be motivators for both parents and the community as they strive both individually and collectively to fulfill what they perceive as their obligations to their children. "
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Development according to John Bowlby, 2008.
A self-analysis of the writer's development from early childhood through to adulthood, according to John Bowlby's attachment theory.
4,234 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the writer's development according to John Bowlby's attachment theory of child development from 1958. It describes the writer's early life and his relationship with various members of his family. It then looks at his developing life during middle childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Finally, the paper presents a self-analysis of the writer's development.
Table of Contents:
Family Background
Early Years
Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Adulthood
Developmental Assets
Self-Analysis
From the Paper
"In retrospect, it is unusual for me to look over my life story through the present analysis and evaluate myself and my own behaviors. It was interesting for me to relive the moments that have defined my evolution and the arrangement of my family hierarchy. It was certainly in some ways difficult to recall events in an objective manner, as the memory of early youth may be tainted by emotions. There is also the fact that, as a child, I was not able to observe the family dynamics in the same way that an adult might - important events were no doubt shielded from me by my parents and older siblings. However, this phenomenon is universal to children in general. We are all subject to good and bad childhood events, and are made blind to such happenings at the same time. At the same time we all as adults recall past events in the haze of a positive or negative memory - particularly memories of adolescence, which is universally a trying stage of one's life."
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Emotional Child Abuse, 2008.
This paper focuses on the problem of emotional child abuse, while looking at the issue of child abuse in general.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines child abuse as a whole, as well as emotional child abuse specifically. Different kinds of emotional abuse are examined, as well as the characteristics of the families that are prone to such abuse. In addition, this paper describes the impact that child abuse has on children and on society at large. Finally, potential treatment and prevention is suggested. The writer concludes that emotional abuse is a serious problem that requires society to further study this form of abuse and find more effective methods for its prevention and treatment.
Outline:
Definition of Child Abuse
Different Kinds of Emotional Child Abuse
Identifying Emotional Child Abuse
The Impact of Child Abuse
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One thing that makes child abuse difficult to treat or to prevent is that it is usually a recurring event. Given its prevalence across societal boundaries, it is also apparent that child abuse has few factors that assist in predicting the homes in which it will occur. That is, child abuse is equally prevalent in all economic, ethnic, and racial groups, which makes identification of abusive households difficult. However, domestic violence and child abuse are often paired; it is in such households that emotional abuse is the side effect of spousal physical or emotional abuse. For this reason, it is safe to conclude that parents are often the emotional abusers, which may differentiate emotional abuse somewhat from physical or sexual abuse. However, if a child tells a parent of abuse that has occurred, or if a parent becomes aware of abuse occurring in other environments, then he or she has a legal obligation to report the incident(s) to the proper authorities."
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Obesity in America, 2008.
This paper examines the issues of obesity in America, focusing on the youth.
1,511 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer notes that there can scarcely be any question that obesity is a growing problem among American youth and a growing concern in the United States. Most of all, the simple reality is that there is no clear consensus on what factor contributes more so than any other to the rapid spread of obesity among young Americans. The writer discusses that some scholars favor the idea of physical inactivity as the cause, while others emphasize diet and still others insist that genetics are at play. The writer maintains that the uncertainty or ambiguity around the problem is brought into sharp relief by the fact that all of these factors undoubtedly play a role; we just do not know the precise extent to which each plays a role.
Outline:
Introduction
Obesity is a Growing Concern in the United States
Defining the Issue
Establishing that it is an Open-Ended Problem
Theory One
Theory Two
Theory Three
Discussion and Critical Evaluation of the Evidence
Quality of the Evidence
Conclusion: Solutions, Limitations and Recommendation
From the Paper
"The "Obesity as a Disease" perspective. Many individuals find evidence put forward in defense of this thesis problematic inasmuch as many people who have overweight parents do not become overweight themselves; the converse is also true. The problem with this evidence is also that, with such a strong correlation between physical activity and diet and obesity, there appear to be other factors which merit greater regard from academics. At the same time, the National Institute of Health and the World Health Organization (Edlin, 2004) both recently designated obesity as a disease - even though this designation, as Hwaley's 2006 work attests, has met with scrutiny among scholars who believe that obesity does not fit the criteria for being called a disease."
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"Uncovering Stories of Family Resilience", 2008.
A review of the theoretical basis of the study by Cynthia Lietz, "Uncovering Stories of Family Resilience: A Mixed Methods Study of Resilient Families, Part I."
933 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a recent study by Cynthia Lietz, "Uncovering Stories of Family Resilience: A Mixed Methods Study of Resilient Families, Part I." It outlines her main thesis and highlight the work's theoretical basis. It discusses federal child welfare policies that appear to have influenced her thesis (and concluding statements) and details how the ideas presented in her work can be put toward re-shaping approaches to dealing with at-risk families and children. Lastly, the paper explores how the research conducted by Lietz can assist in reversing a troublesome trend within Washington State.
From the Paper
"As this paper draws to a close, a few things are evident. Firstly, developing within family systems the competencies they need to be flexible and resilient in the midst of a crisis would go a long way towards reducing the lengths of stay for children of color in out-of-home care; it would also reduce the growing trend towards a large foster care population in Washington State (Children's Alliance, 2006). The reason why Lietz's research would be so beneficial is because her work accentuates the need to develop policies that augment existing family strengths; it also encourages counselors to find reason for optimism in the midst of a desperate situation. In any case, giving families new competencies would clearly reduce the need for taking children out of the home or away from their biological parents."
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Television Violence and Children, 2008.
This paper looks at the impact of television violence on aggression in children.
1,681 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that children learn from television that the easiest way to resolve personal problems and conflicts with others is through violence. There seems to be a clear connection between increasing violence in schools and society generally, and the content of television programs. The writer states that it also appears that the majority of parents do not believe that this continual exposure to violence is harmful to their children's development. The writer then points out that there is a significant increase in children's tendencies to aggression as a result of TV violence, which is demonstrated by social psychology research, the very strong evidence of longitudinal studies relating to children's aggression, and evidence from other types of research. The writer concludes that parents and concerned citizens need place pressure on the mass media to produce responsible programming.
Outline:
Introduction
Social Learning
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Violence is increasing in schools and colleges all across North America, and our whole society is accepting of violence. Children learn rapidly because they absorb information but lack the ability to discriminate between the messages that they are receiving. As Tulloch maintains, many forms of violence such as police violence depicted on TV are complicated social dilemmas. The existence of these problems does not indicate the society's attitude to violence but instead demands moral judgment and understanding of social meanings. Children obviously do not have the maturity to place this violence in context. Children learn from TV programs that the simplest way to resolve a dispute is through using fists or guns. However, messages about violence are received through a process. Based on the social cognitive model, aggressive behavior is preceded by a number of steps of information processing."
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The Heelstick Method of Testing in Neonates, 2008.
A review of a published paper titled "Longitudinal Comparison of Preterm Pain Responses to Repeated Heelsticks" by J.C.Evans et al.
902 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper comments on an article presented on the evaluation method of testing pain in neonates. The paper "Longitudinal Comparison of Preterm Pain Responses to Repeated Heelsticks" by J.C.Evans et al, concludes that babies above a certain age after conception experience pain in a way that younger, earlier babies don't.
Outline:
Introduction
Are the essential components presented?
Is the problem stated with adequate background?
Is there justification for the study?
Is the problem researchable?
Variables
Conceptual framework
Literature review
What Type of Study was used?
Does the Research Design Fit?
Sample and Setting
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It was difficult to tell if the study was oriented towards the use of a specific type of heel-stick method (the QuickHeel device) or heel-sticks in general. It was clear that there had been a lot of previous study of infant pain with the old, lancet-style heel stick. The authors admitted that this can skew the results. It sounds from the paper as though the old 'slice and bleed' method caused a good deal more trauma."
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Corporal Punishment and Children, 2008.
A discussion on whether the corporal punishment of children should be permitted in some instances.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that corporal punishment is positive and effective if it is done within the context of the home - and done sparingly; when corporal punishment is carried out in the school, however, there is mounting evidence that this leads to abuse and to serious long-term damage to the child involved. Understandably, because of the controversial and complex nature of this topic, both sides of the debate - those who support corporal punishment and those who are roundly opposed to it - are also looked at. The paper also attempts to show, through a literature review, that it is evident that responsible physical discipline by responsible parents can work.
From the Paper
"To start with, critics of corporal punishment often point to the fact that corporal punishment within the school is directly related to later criminal behavior. Frazier writes in a provocative 1990 study that the homicide rates in American jurisdictions where both corporal punishment by teachers and capital punishment by the state are permitted are substantially higher (996-997). Simply put, Frazier's essential argument is that states with higher levels of state or government-sponsored violence seem to implicitly, maybe explicitly, encourage young people to use violence to assert themselves or to resolve disputes. This finding is problematic, however, as proponents of corporal punishment will quickly point out. "
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The Construction of Childhood and the Child, 2008.
An analysis of the construction of childhood and of the child within historical and cultural contexts.
1,257 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the theoretical constructions of the child and of childhood have both changed significantly over time. In particular, It looks at a brief short story, "The Orange-Man, or the Honest Boy and the Thief," by Maria Edgeworth, penned in the late eighteenth century, that captures the optimism many elites felt about the prospects of children being molded into good citizens through instruction rather than through fear and recrimination.
From the Paper
"The construction of childhood and of the child has certainly changed over time. Harry Hendrick writes that children prior to the late seventeenth century were universally - more or less - perceived as being the inheritors of original sin; after about that point, perhaps because of the influential work of John Locke, the notion began to emerge that children were really "blank slates" who could be molded into either something good or something ill. In "The Orange-Man, or the Honest Boy and the Thief" we are confronted with a didactic tale in which a boy who is honest is lavishly rewarded by a grateful orange-man with (unsurprisingly) oranges while a thieving boy receives nothing for his trouble (Edgeworth, 165). "
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Impact of TV Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the impact of TV violence on society and, in particular, on children.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that children learn very rapidly and they are exposed to many scenes of violence on television each day. The writer points out that it is amazing that the majority of parents do not perceive this violence to be destructive for their children's development. Children especially are at a stage in their development where they learn so quickly that they absorb information. They learn from television that the easiest way to solve disputes is through the use of fists or guns. The writer maintains that the problem is that many people do not believe that a clear and definite link exists between children's aggressive behavior and the violence they so regularly observe being depicted on television. The writer concludes that research, especially in the form of longitudinal studies, shows the clear-cut connection between TV violence and children's behavior.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of Need
Project Description
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The best studies that have been conducted since 1972 are longitudinal studies related to TV violence and its impact on the attitudes and behavior of children and adolescents. Other studies have consisted of cross sectional and field studies and, together, researchers have made use of all three types in a triangulation strategy to determine the effects of media violence on children. The most convincing studies also are discussed and evaluated by Centerwall, and these researchers also report the findings of professional groups such as the American Medical Association and the American Psychological Association. Basically, all of these studies found that physical aggression among children is significantly increased as a result of exposure to violence in television. Other studies reveal a clear link between TV viewing at a young age and later juvenile delinquency and crime."
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Media and Aggression in Children, 2008.
An analysis of the effect and impact of violence in the mass media on children and adolescents.
2,346 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how violence in the mass media affects us and what its impacts and influences are. In particular, it looks at how we are responding to the massive amounts of violence portrayed in mass media. The paper argues that television, movie and video game violence significantly increases aggressiveness and violent behavior in children, which may in later life manifest into aggressive and violent behavior in adults.
From the Paper
"The numerous research carried out in the last 40 years overwhelmingly point out that children's exposure to violence in the mass media and in video and computer games can have short-term as well as lifelong consequences. Furthermore, there are two additional effects that occur as a result of exposure to media violence. First, there is the effect of desensitization towards violence, both real and in the media. Second, there is a fear effect, an apprehension about becoming a victim of violence. Violence in the media has, "from either a modeling approach or a cognitive approach, a high likelihood of being emulated" (Donnerstein & Smith, ????, p.40). However, how the violence is portrayed as well as the age of the viewer are important factors that determine whether the violence will increase or decrease the likelihood of aggression and aggressive behaviour. The solution to the problem of media violence lies in legal remedies through governmental legislation, in education and in media-initiated interventions."
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Peer Relationships, 2008.
This paper analyzes the peer relationships of Vittorio Innocente in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints" and of Paddy Clarke in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha".
2,084 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the peer relations of Vitto, the protagonist in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints", are marred by bullying, recrimination and the threat of violence. The paper then looks at the friends of Paddy, the protagonist in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha", are both a stand-in for something his home life cannot provide and a relatively good source of solace and replenishment when things grow tense. The paper shows how these children are classic examples of embattled youngsters trying to find a refuge or safe-house in an inhospitable world.
From the Paper
"In the opening pages of Ricci's arresting 1990 novel, we are made aware of the fact that Vittorio Innocente is an intelligent but rather rebellious and indolent boy who would rather be out of class sharing "smokes" with his friend, Fabrizio, then engaging in the burdensome task of acquiring an education (Ricci, 3). We also learn that "Vitto" has been born into fairly privileged circumstances; to wit, his mother is the daughter of the town mayor (Ricci, 11). Thus, the willful young man who lies at the center of the story is blessed with a measure of social standing that not all children his age are fortunate enough to enjoy. It may also be said that Vitto is spoiled, not by the standards of a North American, perhaps, but certainly spoiled by the standards of his community."
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Impacts of Media Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the impact of violence in the media on children.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mass media plays an important role in our every day lives. The writer then discusses that since violence is a 'staple' in movies and computer games and on television the question of how one responds to the massive amounts of violence portrayed in mass media is of great concern. The writer notes that there seems to be a consensus amongst scientists that violence on television and video games can increase aggression both in children and adults, although there is a minority of researchers who point out the limitations of the research conducted. The writer maintains that most research has shown that children's exposure to violence in the mass media can have short-term as well as lifelong consequences. The writer concludes that the violence shown in the media can be learned and copied especially by children, but how that violence is portrayed is also very important.
From the Paper
"Studies have shown that children as well as adults by repeatedly and often watching violence on television may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of the victims and others in general. This can make them emotionally desensitized towards violence in real life, and may decrease the likelihood that as they get older they will assist a real victim when violent crime occurs. Research done in this area has shown that people watching violent scenes on TV have relatively intense physiological responses at the beginning; with repeated exposure these are reduced.
"Viewing violence and television can also cause fear. This feeds a perception that the world is a violent and mean place, which can increase fear of becoming a victim of violence."
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Does It Take a Village to Raise a Child?, 2008.
Evaluates the ancient African proverb "It takes a whole village to raise a child", used in the context of youth development.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the proverb ---"It takes a whole village to raise a child" --- advocates that the upbringing of a child depends not only on the family but also on the whole community. The author presents arguments for and against this statement and concludes that, with it takes the family, then the community, and finally the whole world to raise a child.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Yes, It Takes A Village...
No, It Does Not Take A Village...
Villages outside the US
The Family and the Village
It Takes a Child...
The Global Village
From the Paper
"Nowhere are the two opposing views of childrearing as evident as in Germany. Today's middle-aged generation from the former East Germany were institutionally raised typical of communist societies. Their peers who grew up in the West were raised in a very family-oriented setting by stay-at-home moms. The result is a clash of childrearing philosophies."
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Hispanic Parenting, 2008.
A review of the literature on the Hispanic community and the unique parenting conflicts it faces in a new culture.
2,083 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
Through a review of relevant literature, this paper discusses how parenting guidelines are particularly beneficial to members of immigrant communities, as these communities face the unenviable task of maintaining old and beloved family traditions while simultaneously borrowing and adapting the methods and practices of the new culture. In particular, the paper examines the immigrant Hispanic community in the US and attempts to prove that a setting down of concrete parenting techniques (communication, conflict resolution, and the like) will benefit this community enormously and help alleviate the tension that arises when two cultures meet. The articles and books reviewed are arranged thematically.
Outline:
Summary of Research Problem, Purpose and Thesis
General Books and Studies on Parental Discipline
Books and Studies on Hispanic Parenting Issues and Techniques
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This compilation of articles (all authored by prominent social scientists) attempts to arrive at an understanding of the mammoth topic of Hispanic psychology. Some of the topics are irrelevant to the thesis, but the studies in part one are crucial, as they (like Vasquez' study) study the process of Hispanic acculturation. Buriel and Rueschenberg's "Mexican American Family Functioning and Acculturation: A Family Systems Perspective" is particularly useful here, as the article, through a series of case studies, analyzes the internal structure of the Mexican family and its interactions with the new culture. Like Vasquez, the two authors conclude that success at acculturation is directly related to the functioning of the Hispanic family. "
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