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Theories of Child Maltreatment, 2008.
An analysis and comparison of the ecology theory and social learning theory as they apply to child maltreatment.
2,638 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the ecology theory and social learning theory as they apply to child maltreatment. The paper develops a concept of how each theory applies to the origins and maintenance of child maltreatment. It then goes on to discuss each theory in critical analysis and in application to child maltreatment. The paper also provides a comparison and contrast of the two theories and discusses the evidence that detracts from each theory.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Origins and Maintenance of Child Maltreatment
Theory Critical Analysis
Theory Application to Child Maltreatment
Comparison and Contrast
Summary of Empirical Evidence
From the Paper
"Most empirical evidence supporting both social learning theory and ecology theory as they apply to child maltreatment are relatively contemporary to the development of the base theories themselves. It is safe to say that some research provided sustainable theory correlation while other research challenged the basic tenants and broad concepts of the theory. (Bornstein, 1995) For the most part it has been concluded by empirical research in the present and recent past that there are far more factors involved in the presence or absence of child maltreatment that was previously believed and that biology and environment (social and physical) play an important role. It would not be surprising to me if the concepts associated with ecology theory were applied anew to social concerns relating to child maltreatment as such a trend is likely to elicit new understandings and possibilities for research and prevention. The basic tenant of the empirical evidence of the present is that there is no magic, single answer to why some maltreat their children and even against all odds some do not. The pressures of society, play a significant role in child maltreatment as do many other core and nominal factors, such as previous maltreatment and or ignorance to appropriate care."
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Youth Unemployment in Canada, 2008.
This paper explores the problem of youth unemployment in Canada.
4,114 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the literature on the state of youth unemployment in Canada today and in recent years. The paper analyzes the extent of the problem and considers how large a concern the present level of youth unemployment should pose for government policy. The paper explains why the youth unemployment problem in Canada would not appear to be of particular concern at the present time.
Outline:
History of the Youth Unemployment Problem
The Extent of the Problem at the Present Time
Factors Contributing to Youth Unemployment
Transition from Youth
Canada's Position Relative to Other OECD Countries
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Youth unemployment has been recognised as a problem in Canada for a number of years. In this context, youth is typically defined as those in the labour force aged between 15 and 24 years inclusive. It is critical to clarify the youth unemployment situation facing Canada at this point in time if appropriate government actions to tackle the problem are to be determined. If the extent of the problem is under-estimated it is possible that nothing will be done. If the extent of the problem is over-estimated it is possible that too much will be done and heavy-handed policies that cause other problems will replace more sensible ones. This may then lead to problems which in themselves further exacerbate the existing employment problems."
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Play Therapy and Trauma, 2008.
An analysis of the use of play therapy as a tool for developing trust between the therapist and the child trauma survivor.
3,443 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how childhood trauma is one of the most likely reasons why an individual child and his or her parents, might seek therapy. It discusses whether there is empirical evidence to suggest that play therapy can be an effective tool for the development of trust between children who have experienced trauma and the therapist.
Outline:
Introduction
Definitions and Significance of Trauma
Definition of Play Therapy
Search Strategies
Review of Literature and Evidence Evaluation
Methodology
Findings of Research
Limitations
Discussion
Implications
From the Paper
"For children trauma can be anything that disturbs the ability of the child to trust his or her environment, the people both known and unknown in life and the standard set of expectations for events and occurrences now and in the future. Children who have experienced trauma, be it personal or witnessed must develop a whole new set of coping mechanisms to both reestablish trust for their surroundings and for people they come in contact with. As, trust development is a whole goal of self preservation and learning in childhood, and for those at risk a hard won victory of mind over matter, trust often becomes the central issue for recovery. "
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The Cultivation Theory, 2008.
This paper explores whether the cultivation theory can be used in a socially beneficial way.
6,322 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 28 sources, APA, AU$ 191.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the cultivation theory that if a person plays too many games with acts of violence in them, he will be more prone to committing violent acts. The paper relates that much of the publicity surrounding this theory focuses on the negative aspects of the media. The paper then explores how the cultivation theory can be used to produce positive effects and examines how role models can be portrayed in a positive manner to bring about societal change for the better.
Outline:
Part I: Understanding Cultivation Theory
Part II: Massive Multi-Player Online Games and Cultivation Theory
From the Paper
"Television plays an integral role in US society, perhaps more so than in other countries. To understand the significant role that television plays, one must first take a step back in time, to the days before almost every household in America owned a television. Before television, people told each other stories. Grandparents told stories to children and neighbors told stories about the happenings of the world to each other. Information was passed by word of mouth. Long before television, there was the written word, such as newspapers, and later radio. However, not everyone had access to them. Not everyone could read, particularly in rural areas. Those who had access to newspapers and radio passed on the stories to others through word of mouth."
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Juvenile Death Penalty, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the juvenile death penalty stemmed from laws in certain states that allowed juveniles to be tried as adults for certain crimes. In March of 2005, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty for those who were tried as adults for crimes committed when they were under 18 was cruel and unusual punishment. The development of the juvenile death penalty and the decision to declare it unconstitutional has been a topic of controversy that reached global proportions. The writer examines the development, ramifications and circumstances that led to the abolishment of the juvenile death penalty in the United States. The writer supports the thesis that the Supreme Court decision to ban the death penalty for juveniles is in alignment with Constitutional law and supports this decision.
Outline:
Legal History and Context of the Juvenile Death Penalty
Recent legal History
The Demographic Myth
Political Ramifications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These executions did not happen in the early history of the United States, but occurred in modern times.
"Execution of males for the commission of crimes involving intolerable suffering of another are considered socially acceptable. However, the death penalty for certain other demographic groups has been considered questionable. In older times, the execution of women, juveniles, and others were not considered any different from those of a male. However, times have changed and society now questions the practice of executing the mentally retarded, women, and juveniles. The rules of changed and so must the laws of the land. The laws of the land are meant to serve society, rather than society serving the system."
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Adolescent Substance Abuse, 2008.
A research paper discussing the breadth and prevalence of adolescent substance abuse.
9,571 words (approx. 38.3 pages), 48 sources, MLA, AU$ 254.95
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Abstract
In this research, the writer provides a general overview of adolescent substance abuse, followed by a discussion of some of the more salient societal implications involved. A description of the statistics concerning adolescent substance abuse and its incidence among various groups is followed by a discussion of social identity theory, group affiliation and their respective influence on adolescent substance abuse patterns. An analysis of some of the more common types of substances currently abused by American adolescents is then followed by a discussion of the various factors that have been shown to contribute to adolescent substance abuse behaviors as well as some behaviors that have been shown to mediate such risk.
Outline:
Introduction
General Overview
Types of Substances Typically Abused by Adolescents
Marijuana Use among Adolescents
Statistics/Incidence of Adolescent Substance Abuse
Societal Implications
Treatment Programs for Adolescent Substance Abuse, Including Effectiveness or Lack Thereof
Introduction
Family-Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
12-Step Programs
Motivational Interviewing
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Parents and other adult caregivers therefore stand out as the primary factors that can either contribute to the incidence of adolescent substance abuse or help encourage young people to avoid such behaviors. Parents can also influence adolescent substance abuse indirectly through their impact on peer group selection. Therefore, the relational patterns that exist within the family and peer group systems appear to represent an important consideration in the development of efficacious treatment protocols for adolescent substance abuse.
"Unfortunately, many young people come from homes where adult substance abuse is a matter of course, and it would appear reasonable to assert that such adults have little incentive or the resources they need to provide their children with the guidance they need during this formative period in their lives. Moreover, there was a distinct downward spiral quality to these behaviors that make early interventions absolutely critical because the more young people engage in such behaviors, the harder it is to effect change, not to mention the increased risk these young people run of becoming yet another grim statistic related to adolescent substance abuse in the United States today."
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Improving Students' Literacy Skills, 2008.
An analysis of four literacy methods and strategies in order to determine which is the most effective.
5,075 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 165.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the effectiveness of different teaching methods for middle school and high school students. It takes a look at the traditional textbook-based, passive method of instruction. It then introduces four new methods: the experimental method, the concept mapping method, the ABC method of questioning, and the question answer relationship (QAR) method. The paper's primary experimental hypothesis is that a traditional, textbook-based, passive method of instruction is less effective then all four literacy methods tested. Its secondary hypothesis is that all four literacy methods are less successful without an element of hands-on direct involvement with practical learning materials integrated into the lesson. The paper concludes that future avenues of research should include studies designed to identify which of the four literacy methods represent the optimal combination of hands-on active participation lesson materials with instructional elements.
Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Hypothesis
Experimental Method
Class Discussions and Discussion Maps
Concept Mapping
ABC Method of Questioning
QAR Method
The Use of Visuals
Identifying Limitations of Literacy Strategies
Analyzing the Application of the Active Instructional Approach
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Discussions are useful for teachers in evaluating students' ideas and building excitement for science. Discussions offer windows into students' thinking, provide students who struggle in reading and writing with a chance to participate more actively in class, and create situations where students can express their ideas differently than in traditional school tasks. Discussions allow students to use their own vocabulary to express their understanding and their peers' ideas to drive their intellectual and academic work of understanding scientific phenomena. Many times learning science is focused on learning content-specific terms and not on understanding and explaining phenomena. Discussions engage students in thinking about their personal experiences and schema and reconciling these ideas with new learning. This process is challenging, but peer collaboration is highly effective. Finally, sense-making discussions are fundamentally scientific because they open a forum that allows all students' ideas to be heard, and for these ideas to be evaluated, connected to their personal experiences of phenomena, and compared with scientific explanations of such phenomena. For example, during a discussion about the heart, the students came to the conclusion that the heart is important because it pumps blood. This led to a question about how the heart pumps blood. During this discussion, I took notes so that later experiments and projects could respond to the questions that my students were asking. The students worked together to generate ideas and understanding and collaboratively generated a question that could deepen their understanding."
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Marketing to Children, 2008.
This paper explores the significant effects of marketing to children.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the evolution of marketing to children and its growth over the past decades. The paper examines its pros and cons but claims that the benefits are far outweighed by the damage this marketing has. The paper explains how children are easily influenced by marketing, with their impressionable minds hardly a match for the technology, personnel, and dollars that are dedicated to sell them goods. The paper concludes that children are paying the price in the form of illness, pain and even death.
From the Paper
"On any given day in America, children play on colorful sliding boards, swings and other amusements, clutching colorful round balloons given to them by a friendly face- that of a clown in a brightly colored costume that they have seen many times before on their own television sets in the comfort of their own homes. Meanwhile, their parents readily open their wallets to purchase hamburgers, soft drinks and more for the children to quickly gobble up before running back to join their friends at play. While this may seem like some sort of a scene from a movie or what one can find at their local circus, it is actually the setting at any on of thousands of fast food restaurants across the United States."
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Alcohol Use, 2008.
Looks at the diminution in alcohol use in the U.S. and Europe.
2,740 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the decrease in the use of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. and Europe is because alcoholic beverages, which once had a status as almost indispensable diet items, today are commodities of discretionary consumption. The paper relates that this shift was affected by several factors, including demographic changes, economic shifts, new social pressures, a growing health consciousness and direct action of the temperance movement. The paper also relates that teenage drinking is still a problem since young people are not given norms by which to judge their own behavior and thus emulate what they see in the adult world without the social anchor to do so responsibly.
From the Paper
"The Canadian market is more like the American market than it is the European. For the beer industry today, based on reports from the advertising undertaken by different companies, the primary target market in North America as a whole consists of men and younger adults. This fact also explains the emphasis on youth in certain television ads, often with images of people in their twenties in singles bars, at parties, and in locales such as the beach, a swimming pool, a barbecue, or similar site."
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Children and Habits, Tastes and Consumption, 2008.
This paper researches what control or agency children have in the construction of their own habits, tastes and consumption, focusing in particular on the United Kingdom.
5,042 words (approx. 20.2 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 165.95
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Abstract
Many of the same forces that are driving globalization are also fueling new interest in what childhood developmental differences exist among different countries in an effort to better understand how these differences may affect interpersonal relationships and social patterns in increasingly multicultural societies. While it is reasonable to assume that children all over the world share many of the same wants, needs and desires, it is also reasonable to assume that there are some fundamental differences that exist concerning what control or agency these children have in the construction of their own habits, tastes and consumption patterns as well. To identify these differences and determine their impact on modern societies, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature with a specific focus on the United Kingdom as well as an examination of these issues as they relate to other countries in North America, Europe and Southeast Asia as well. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Cultural Influences of the Development of Individual Habits, Tastes and Consumption Patterns
Implications for Control or Agency of Children's Tastes and Habits.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In their book, 'The Politics of Consumption, Daunton and Hilton' (2001) report that consumption patterns that involve children have been the source of increasing attention in recent years: 'The status of individual goods has inspired particular moral critiques. Goods have been criticized for undermining control of the self such as alcohol, tobacco and other narcotics. Goods themselves may be morally acceptable, but the way in which they are produced, by non-free or sweated labour, may be the cause of moral and political complaint. And goods have been criticized when consumed by particular sections of the community, such as by children or by those who have inspired 'moral panics'' (p. 3). According to these authors, 'Within the modern state, the history of consumer politics and citizenship can be better understood as the history of the rights and duties which societies and individuals attach to consumption' (Daunton & Hilton, 2001, p. 13). Indeed, globalization is being driven by such consumption patterns and it is reasonable to assert that as children in the emerging nations of the world gain access to the material goods enjoyed by their counterparts in more affluent societies, their perceptions of what is good and bad will be swayed as well. As these authors put it, 'It is not so much a history of how consumer rights have been constructed and incorporated into state-sanctioned notions of citizenship, but a history of how rights and duties, the central pillars of liberal citizenship, have been constantly redefined in their relationship to consumption' (Daunton & Hilton, 2001, p. 13)."
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Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors and Awareness, 2008.
A research proposal analyzing the awareness, causes and prevention options of type 2 diabetes in middle school children in Bergen County.
2,008 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relatively new syndrome - juvenile type 2 diabetes. It describes the etiology, incidence and epidemiology of the disease. The paper then presents a research proposal analyzing the prevalence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes among a sample of middle school children in Bergen County. It specifically looks at the awareness of type 2 diabetes in children in Bergen County, its causes and how it can be prevented.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Insulin Resistance: Etiology
Incidence and Epidemiology
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Secondary Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Literature Review
Study Design
Data Collection
Theoretical basis of the study
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Those who contract diabetes in childhood are more likely to contract coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular diseases in their adult lives (Baker, 2007). This disease's newfound prevalence has resulted in a name, cardiometabolic syndrome, which is gaining currency in new reports. A more recent study which followed up the results of the Sinha study found that early identification of cardiometabolic risks in children could result in earlier and more aggressive interventions to prevent progression to full-blown diabetes (Velasquez-Mieyer, 2007). Eisenmann et al found a relationship between "fatness and fitness" and insulin sensitivity amongst 7- to 9-year old children (Eisenmann, 2007). The study differentiated between obese and fit subjects, and found that those who were unfit (i.e. did not exercise often or enough) and obese had the worst fasting insulin results, while those who were in the 'normal' group had the best results. In the fat-fit groups, the values were intermediate. The authors concluded that exercise, with and without obesity, reduce chances of developing insulin resistance. A recent study published in JAMA demonstrated the effects of a weight management and exercise program on overweight children (Savoye, 2007). This randomized controlled trial followed 209 overweight children, aged 8 to 16 years of age. 135 participants completed a 6 month study, while 119 (53%) completed a 12-month study. Although the researchers established three arms (control, exercise and diet), they had to discontinue enrollment in the diet arm due to 'a high dropout rate.' The study measured reductions in BMI and concomitant insulin resistance, but the weight loss failure is indicative of the difficulty in changing eating behaviors amongst pre-teens and teens."
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Theories of Female Development, 2008.
This paper looks at adolescent female development and cultural norms through the character, Jess, in the movie "Bend it Like Beckham".
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
In most Western cultures, for both males and females, adolescence is a time of intense questioning. It is a developmental stage often characterized by acts of rebellion and defiance of parental dictates and values. However, the relatively uncritical acceptance of this struggle is particular to Western culture, and there is often less tolerance of this in other ethnic contexts. This paper analyzes the movie "Bend it Like Beckham" (2002); specifically the character of Jess, a Sikh girl living in London. Her parents expect obedience while English culture dictates rebellion is essential for children to develop an autonomous identity from their family. This paper also looks at an additional source of conflict that arises from Jess' passion and talent in the male dominated sport of football (soccer). As her mother strives to prepare her for marriage, Jess only wants to play football. But Jess' conflict extends even to English society which suggests that girls use sexuality as a means of rebellion. This paper shows how, despite all of the conflict, Jess actually defines conventional Western norms of femininity in her football prowess, as well as her parent's notions of decorous and obedient feminine behavior.
From the Paper
"Culturally, soccer is a central part of English life. For many young men, becoming like the cultural sports icon David Beckham, or at least aspiring to football prowess is an important part of their personal development. Football is an integrated part of the environment, the ritual of going to games, and participating in games. Jess embraces this ideal, despite her gender and despite the fact that this sport is not indigenous to her East Asian culture. She also finds romance with a non-Indian man. True, Jess cannot 'be' like Beckham in terms of her social and physical ideal exactly, but she can mimic his excellence on the field."
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Media and Children, 2008.
A look at the positive and negative effects of media on children and families.
1,248 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper examines research from the 1990s and later years and shows how children and youth are both positively and negatively affected by today's media. The paper is of the opinion that it is critically important for parents and caretakers to monitor not only the quality but also the quantity of the media children are exposed to.
Outline:
Introduction
The Effects of Media on Children
Research in the 1990s
Research in the 2000s
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work of St. Peters, Huston, Wright, and Eakins (1991) reports a longitudinal study of children's television use that found that children tend to watch adult programs in the presence of their parents and child programs without their parents present. Negative reactions are noted in the study of Cantor and Hoffner (1990) in a study of 163 children between the ages of five and nine years of age which states that children were noted to have experienced more fear when they believed that a threat televised on television was a local threat."
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Childhood Obesity, 2008.
This paper explores various policy options to combat childhood obesity.
4,532 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the alarming increase in obesity among younger children and adolescents. The paper looks at studies that show how there is no medical "quick-fix" solution to this problem and that a more intensive and wide-ranging solution is needed. The paper considers several policy options to deal with the problem and concludes with policy recommendations.
Outline:
Problem Identification and Overview
Background
Policy Goals and Options
Evaluation of Policy Options
Recommended Solution and Summary
From the Paper
"The problem of obesity has become an increasingly serious concern for medical and healthcare authorities in recent years. The rate of obesity in developed countries like the United States has shown an alarming growth in the last decade and this has concomitant implications for healthcare professionals, including the nursing profession. The seriousness of the issue at stake is underlined by many experts in the field; for example, the claim that obesity is "... poised to become the nations leading health problem and No. 1 killer" and is "already the cause of 400,000 deaths a year...or 45 per hour..." (Hearne. S. et al, 2004)"
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Adolescent Substance Abuse, 2008.
An analysis of the breadth and prevalence of adolescent substance abuse.
5,537 words (approx. 22.1 pages), 60 sources, APA, AU$ 175.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a general overview of adolescent substance abuse, including the types of substances typically abused by adolescents. These substances include tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and inhalants. A description of the statistics and incidence concerning adolescent substance abuse among various groups is presented, followed by a discussion of some of the more salient societal implications involved.
Outline:
Introduction
General Overview
Types of Substances Typically Abused by Adolescents
Marijuana Use Among Adolescents
Statistics/Incidence of Adolescent Substance Abuse
Societal Implications
From the Paper
"While many of the studies to date have focused on age of onset, heavy episodic consumption and trend over time, there remains a paucity of research concerning specific variables that can predict why some adolescents progress from light experimentation (drinking outside the home on several occasions, but always fewer than five drinks per occasion) to heavier episodic-type drinking (five or more drinks per occasion) (Gonzalez et al., 2004). To this end, these authors used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which they describe as "a large, national, longitudinal survey of approximately 18,000 adolescents in Grade 7 through 12--we identified a population of adolescent who, as reported at a baseline assessment, had drunk alcohol outside their homes but had not engaged in heavy episodic drinking" (Gonzalez et al., 2004, p. 494). These same adolescents were reinterviewed a year later and data from these interviews were then used as a basis for identifying specific variables that can be reasonably associated with the transition to heavy episodic drinking (Gonzalez et al., 2004). "
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Child Abuse and the Catholic Church, 2008.
This research study specifically examines the sexual abuse of Latino children in the United States perpetrated by priests and clergy members of the Roman Catholic Church.
31,770 words (approx. 127.1 pages), 63 sources, APA, AU$ 323.95
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Abstract
This paper reveals that the Roman Catholic Church intentionally and negligently covered up the sexual abuse of children by members of the clergy between the years of 1945 and 2003. The author stresses that, because the majority of the Latino population in the United States are members of the Catholic Church, this problem is exacerbated in Latino children. The American Psychological Association and other supporting agencies are faced with a crisis in providing effective mental health treatment for the Latino American population. The paper reviews effective methods for assessment, diagnoses and treatment of this unique population and reviews the recent literature accessing information of the experts in this field and the agencies that provide mental health services to the Latino population. Includes figures.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Healthcare Factors Impacting Latino Immigrant Children
Overview of the Catholic Church Legal System
Response of the Church to Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse
Secrecy in the Roman Catholic Church Surrounding Child Sexual Abuse
Legal Issues Arising to Debate
The Latino Victim of Child Sexual Abuse by Clergy
Mental Health Care Service Delivery to Latinos
Summary of Literature Reviewed
Development of Plan: Provision of Effective Mental Health Care
Services to Latino Population in the United States
From the Paper
"This research study has related that it is not practical, nor is it advisable, to attempt to have a family member interpret due to limitations that exist in the effectiveness of this use of an interpreter, specifically due to role reversal when the child is interpreting for the parent and due to cultural issues that may limit or null the interpretations provided by a family member interpreting between the clinician and client. It is important that the client feel warmly welcomed to the service providers clinic and that staff members are attentive to the needs of the Latino client and their family."
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