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Irish Settlement in the United States and Canada, 2008.
A comparison of the historical nature of Irish migrant settlement in the United States and Canada.
2,322 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and compares Irish migrant settlement in the United States and Canada in the nineteenth century. It looks at the traditional historical models for these respective settlements and suggests that they have tended to emphasize the urban nature of the American settlement and the rural nature of the Canadian one. The paper concludes, however, that the settlement patterns of the Irish immigrants are far more complex than these models suggest. The paper then analyzes and discusses these points.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Historical Tradition
Historical Debate and Dissent
The Value of Comparative Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In this comparative analysis of the settlement patterns of Irish immigrants in Canada and the United States, we have seen the importance of a detailed understanding of the historical debate. In both countries, it seems that the settlement patterns of the Irish immigrants followed precedents established by existing immigrant populations as the Irish settlement patterns and living conditions mirrored the often rural communities in which they settled. Thus, as historians agree, it is very difficult to generalize for Irish Canadians as a whole in this regard. Given that the United States was more urbanized than Canada, the Irish immigrants in this environment were likewise more urbanized, but not more so than other immigrant groups at this time. Indeed, their settlement patterns and living conditions - often hard, and working class, in the poorer areas of cities - seemed to mirror that of other immigrants in the United States in a similar way to the Irish immigrants' settlement patterns in Canada reflecting the communities in which they lived."
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Urban Pollution in Beijing and Toronto, 2008.
This paper compares the urban pollution problems of Toronto and Beijing by evaluating the consequences of different environmental forms and how each city is addressing this pollution.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Beijing is very much a heavy industrial city dominated by fuel and material processing facilities with a high population density although signs of western-style suburbanization are appearing. The author points out that Toronto, which is cleaner and less dependent upon massive industrial works, is well-known for carefully weighing the implications of various urban design proposals upon local communities and has a less dense population; however, this city has the problem of more local vehicles causing far too much greenhouse emission. The paper stresses that China is not doing its part to combat global warming. The paper concludes that Beijing's infrastructure pales alongside Toronto's because its mass as a global "mega-city" makes it difficult for city planners to construct a city capable of comfortably accommodating its population.
From the Paper
"At this juncture, it is appropriate to look more closely at Toronto in terms of its urban build form and in terms of commonplace life-style activities in the city that have some environmental impact. Unsurprisingly, the habitation density in the outer part of the city is much lesser than it is within the interior. The buildings are more widely-spaced and more diminutive in height; there are also many plazas and these plazas tend to have small retail stores within their embrace that accommodate almost all of the needs of a local inhabitant. Finally, there is plenty of "green space" in this area."
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Mega-cities and Air Pollution, 2008.
This paper compares Toronto and Seoul's solutions to their problems of air pollution.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Toronto and Seoul, South Korea and their air pollution problems as a result of growth and development in their respective countries. The paper explains that the main source of air pollution is cars and trucks. The paper also discusses how Toronto has emphasized public transit as a solution, while the government of Seoul has emphasized new technologies and the development of new methods of public transportation.
Outline:
Introduction
Toronto
Seoul
From the Paper
"The city of Toronto, with a population of 2.4 million people, lies at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area; an urban region with a total population of 4.6 million people. When environmental scientists and geographers discuss environmental questions for Toronto it is often necessary to take into consideration the megacity as a whole for issues of pollution and environmental impact are felt region-wide in such a sprawling urban environment. Indeed, as was noted in the urban cross-section that was conducted which compared and contrasted two urban forms in Toronto, the phenomenon of urban sprawl is a primary characteristic of the urban forms in Toronto. Moreover, transportation infrastructures were identified as key determinants of the urban forms in both the northern Toronto and downtown core areas, with the primary difference being the increased role of public transit in the downtown core."
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Nathan Phillips Square Research Proposal, 2008.
A research proposal regarding the re-design and renovation of Nathan Phillips Square of Toronto's City Hall.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper represents a proposal for research concerning issues to be addressed in the current re-design process for Nathan Phillips Square, the setting for Toronto's City Hall and an iconic work of modern urban architecture. The paper points out that this redesign process is in response to a consensus that has been reached by city politicians and leading civic officials that the existing design of the square was not only flawed in its multiple revisions over time since the original construction, but also no longer reflects the urban vision of 21st century Toronto. The paper concludes that qualitative research methods used to gain insights into the views of neighbours of the space towards the redesign project would be invaluable in determining who would be likely users of the space, how should it operate within the Toronto community, and the most important design elements of the project.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methods
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is clear that in carrying out this research into the redesign of Nathan Phillips Square it would be necessary to consult with a diverse range of stakeholders. One major insight from the literature review is that often one research method is inadequate to fully explore all of the issues involved in a project as complex and politically and socially sensitive as the redesign of Toronto's icon Nathan Phillips Square. Three methods would be particularly effective given the nature of the project: ethnographic/participant analysis, qualitative interviewing, and focus groups."
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Canadian Black Immigrants and Inequality, 2008.
This paper discusses black immigrants, Canadian immigration policy
and the related inequality.
1,976 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that the patterns of immigration by blacks, and especially black women, over this century demonstrate discriminatory and preventive measures by the Canadian government. The paper relates that this pattern is best understood through the structural functional perspective because immigration policy is designed to ensure that Canadian society is of a certain type. The writer explains that the Canadian government permits certain quotas of immigrants into the country at specific times for labor needs. However, it also carefully controls immigration and prevents family formation. This paper argues that the intention of the Canadian government is and always has been to ensure that blacks and people of color would never be a dominant group and have access to power in the country.
From the Paper
"Immigration policy provided a means to cope with labour shortages while it also defined what is meant by a suitable permanent citizen. That definition was determined by race, ethnicity, class, and also by gender. Black women from the Caribbean were in the worst position. Black workers received half the pay for performing the same work as whites. For domestic workers, conditions went beyond discrimination since they had to endure intolerable conditions of no free time, unpaid overtime, and had to live in. The live-in requirement guaranteed that the women could not form families."
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Inequality and Immigration, 2008.
A discussion of the ways that inequality can be seen in immigration in Canada.
2,289 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper argue that inequality today can be seen represented primarily in immigration, that has been exploited for the purposes of the elite of society. The paper provides a theoretical exploration of inequality and then explores how inequality manifests itself in terms of immigration in Canada. It demonstrates how this manifestation of inequality serves the purposes of the powerful, usually leaders of business and various industries, in Canadian society as a means of controlling and dividing the labor market.
From the Paper
"This insight is important, as it allows us to understand the critical importance of vulnerability in the role of the immigrants in western economies. From this point of view, it is of critical importance that immigrants are both politically and economically vulnerable and dependent, for this ensures the docility of the immigrant labor force, as well as its potential to be used against indigenous labour in countries such as Canada. Through this process of "divide and rule" business interests influence the direction of government policies in areas such as the recognition of academic qualifications from non-Western sources. By the denial of recognition of these qualifications, business leaders ensure that the immigrant work force will remain docile and vulnerable to the influence of business for as long as possible. While we may acknowledge that immigrant entrepreneurs often succeed despite these barriers, this success does not deny the reality of the barriers themselves, and how they are used to foster inequality and the vulnerability of the immigrant work force in countries such as Canada."
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The Institutionalization of Inequality, 2008.
This paper looks at migratory labor and citizenship in industrialized democracies.
2,352 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This essay argues the thesis that citizenship in western industrialized democracies such as Canada is based upon the institutionalization of inequality whereby migrant labour is sought to meet the labor reproduction needs of industry and business and citizenship rights are restricted to limit any demands these groups may make on state revenues and businesses. From this perspective, the writer maintains that inequality in terms of migration - whether on the grounds of race, gender or ethnicity - must be understood in how it serves the larger corporate interests of Canadian business and society.
Outline:
Introduction
Immigration as an Engine of the Economy
Structural Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity and Gender
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus, the labour force of Canada was not biologically reproducing itself on a generational basis by the later decades of the twentieth century. In order to meet this shortfall, the Government of Canada resorted to immigration to supply a labour force to meet the demands of the Canadian economy. These demands are complex, for the Labour Force Reproduction model indicates that the economy needs a labour supply not only in terms of production but also to consume the goods produced. As a result, in the years in which the Canadian fertility rates were declining, after 1956 the Canadian immigration levels were increasing. From 1954 to 1992 Canada accepted 5.7 million immigrants. These immigrants fulfilled a wide number of economic roles in Canadian society, from contributing as business class immigrants and supplying entrepreneurial investment funds, to those who work in the commercial and corporate sectors. In addition, we must not forget the significant numbers of immigrants who worked as unpaid labour - often women - and so subsidized the paid labour force in Canada."
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Canada's Hockey Culture, 2008.
This paper examines the role of the media in Canada's hockey culture.
1,482 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates how the media has constructed hockey along class and along ethno-linguistic lines. The paper looks at how hockey has been aggressively associated with violence and primitiveness and how these features have therefore been associated with working-class Canadians. The paper shows how hockey culture in Canada is an illustration of the tensions and preoccupations of Canadian society as a whole.
From the Paper
"The most obvious thing that springs to mind is that the media in Canada has enjoyed - if "enjoyed" is the right word - a curious relationship with the game of hockey. For one thing, ancient accounts of the game when it was first pushing its way into the commercial mainstream of Canadian society at the turn of the twentieth century seem to reveal a "chattering classes" that was acutely conscious of class divides. Specifically, newspaper accounts of the old International Hockey League that briefly survived from 1904 to 1907 suggest that the violence of the sport was rooted in its close association with working-class Canadians who played the professional game and who supported the professional game in large numbers (Mason & Duquette, 2004)."
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Tsunami Club Critique, 2008.
A critique of the Tsunami Club's physical exercise program with recommendations for improvements.
1,756 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques a program of the Tsunami Club, which specializes in karate, Japanese judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu for children aged 3-17 of both sexes. The paper focuses on this club because of its comprehensive programs involving judo that has been developed coast to coast and because the children's entire physical activity centers on them. The paper describes the program and concludes with recommendations for its improvement. a copy of an advertisement for the Tsunami Club is appended to the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction/Description
Program Critique
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Judo can be used effectively with children who have emotional, developmental and behavioral problems because they learn the power of concentration. The program should be expanded over the Toronto area as a teaching strategy for such children. Mannion (5) states that "the kicks, stances, punches and grappling of martial arts are a good way for children with behavioral problems to channel their aggression". At the same time, judo is not about the external so that teachers need to ensure that students are internalizing the lessons."
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The Toronto Drug Treatment Court, 2008.
This paper is an extensive discussion of the Toronto drug treatment court (DTC), a successful adult drug diversion program.
4,615 words (approx. 18.5 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Toronto drug treatment court (DTC), a diversion program, has been a response to a Canadian normative criminal justice system that does not approach the underlying problem of addiction. The author points out that diversion programs, such as DTCs, are ways to interrupt the continuum of incarceration now associated with offenses created by the drug culture. The paper relates that the conventional criminal justice system offers little or nothing to counteract addiction beyond a possible referral to a treatment center, which usually brings no results. The author underscored that the Toronto DTC has a 4% recidivism rate as compared to a 45% recidivism rate of persons charged with drug-related offenses who do not pursue treatment diversion. The paper states that the cost-benefit analysis underscores the savings to the taxpayer.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Toronto Drug Treatment Court
Suitable Offenders
Making an Honest Effort
The Rights of the Offender
Benefits
Challenges to Expanding Drug Diversion Programs
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"The Toronto Drug Treatment Court is located in the Old City Hall complex as is thought to be Canada's busiest court house, a place to be experienced for its many mainly poor Canadians to appear, its old fashioned premises and the main venue of the city's Aboriginal Diversion (Gladue) Court. On two visits to Drug Treatment Court, it was observed that the atmosphere is civil and collaborative. Judges spoke in a direct humane manner to offenders unlike what was observed in other criminal court settings. Support workers from agencies and volunteer groups, including former graduates of the Court, were present."
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Gender Segregation in the Canadian Workplace, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of labor segregation in Canada in the 20th century, looking at various related articles.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer refers to papers that help to explain gender segregation in the Canadian workplace in the 20th century and subsequent developments including the Canadian Labor Movement's gradual attention to women and developments seeing women more often in unionized environments that lessened gender divisions. The writer notes that all of the articles are helpful to an understanding of topics broader than matters of labor and women for they allow glimpses of a Canadian society and culture quite transformed. The writer maintains that each paper should probably be read with consideration of all that the Canadian state did not provide to generic citizens or workers, imagining the orientations of workers, and employers, to what was acceptable or desirable, and possible, in a post-colonial economy of much alteration between the turn of the 20th century and the turn of the 21st century.
Outline:
Introduction
Graham S. Low on Clerical Work, 1901-1931
Craig Heron, Changes to 1945 and Beyond
Into the Present - a Reflection
From the Paper
"Women were associated with family roles, first and foremost and as was true for another generation, those able to pursue professions usually did not marry. The under-reported women doctors graduated by several Ontario universities after the 1880s, for instance, chose their vocations ahead of family life, a convention then respected. Low's clerical workers of the business sector did not expect or particularly want advancement, but learnable jobs providing income and some security so as to maintain their household roles, too."
"By the end of World War I, women attended business colleges where they learned stenography. Low's article is of a kind focused on women's labour in relation to capitalism, of course, so unless a reader is curious, there can be no wider awareness of women who were performing differently in the public sphere, not the least of which were more than 4,000 Canadian military nurses serving on the Western Front and in the Middle East through the course of World War II. Of course, Low's point is to indicate how women became expected as office workers of particular kind, low paid and without advancement. Their situations were common but by no means general from 1901 to 1931."
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ESI and Climate Change, 2008.
This paper discusses the World Economic Forum's environmental sustainability index (ESI) model as a response to climate change.
2,105 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer explains that the environmental sustainability index or ESI is a valuable tool that allows markets and countries to determine where they need to commit additional resources in order to affect positive change and where they are being successful at reducing climate changing activities. The writer notes that Canada has enacted extensive environmental legislation before and, because of its inclusion in the ESI rankings as a regular high-scoring participant, holds this legislation up as a model for other countries to follow. The writer concludes that perhaps one of the greatest uses of the ESI is as a measure or predictor for democratic effectiveness or reform in developing countries because where one sits on the ESI and the given ranking can be used to make certain assumptions about economic status, economic growth, and political reform or need thereof as they relate to direct and indirect impacts on climate change.
Outline:
The World Economic Forum
The ESI
Factors Within the ESI
A Working Model
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Strict adherence to this readily verifiable and repeatable methodology ensures that the figures can be taken at face value without the burden of compiling an independent data set. The rationale for inclusion in the ESI study as discussed above is based on three selected criteria: country size, variable coverage, and indicator coverage. Additionally, when greater cross-referencing is needed to substantiate data or outcomes, predetermined denominators are utilized to facilitate comparisons."
"The leading indicators that are measured in the ESI are separated into five components which together contain twenty-one measured indicators that each relate in some fashion to Parker and Blodgett's lens paradigm."
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NAFTA: Economic Exploitation, 2008.
An argument that the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) enables economic exploitation through its free trade policies.
1,232 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the controversy over whether NAFTA has had a negative economic impact on Canada, the United States and Mexico. The paper examines the position of those who support this agreement but argues in favor of critics that have blamed NAFTA for job losses, domestic industrial production declines, agriculture market instability and numerous related economic problems such as the outflow of professionals from Canada and Mexico to the United States. The paper strongly believes that NAFTA has had a negative impact on most North Americans and has benefited only the wealthy and the business elite.
From the Paper
"The past thirteen years have demonstrated that the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement has generated endless debate over whether NAFTA has had a negative impact on Canada, the United States, and Mexico in terms of jobs, the environment, industry, agriculture, and investments. Many critics justifiably blame NAFTA for this wide range of interrelated problems across North America, for it has inflicted economic, political, social, and cultural harm throughout the entire continent since its passage in 1994."
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Homelessness in Vancouver's East Side, 2008.
A proposal suggesting ways to reduce homelessness in Vancouver's east side.
3,070 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 144.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on homelessness and poverty in the east side of downtown Vancouver, which comprises the poorest postal code in Canada, and suggests ways to combat these problems. The paper states that the area is renowned for drug addiction, homelessness and prostitution, and is also the home of the highest HIV infection concentration in North America. The paper adds that despite such poverty, crime and disease, the east side of downtown continues to grow in size and population. To conclude, the paper suggests that increasing low-cost housing is a possible solution, which will require that the government inject a large sum of money into the project.
Outline:
Problem
Background
Alternative Courses of Action
Recommended Course of Action
From the Paper
"Another problem involves the trickiness of the welfare program and difficulty in obtaining eligibility. In 2001, it was found that 15% of the street homeless were not on welfare. By early 2004, this number increased to 50%; shockingly, the number rose to 75% by summer 2004 (City of Vancouver, cited in Raisetherates.org). If Vancouver's street population were eligible for welfare, at least they would have a chance of using money to pay for rent and move indoors. However, eligibility for welfare has been tightened and many who were once eligible for welfare no longer are."
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Raising Payroll for In-House Training, 2008.
This paper looks at a company in Canada and argues the importance of in-house training for the company's future.
1,737 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses a unionized company that involves a range of blue, pink and white collar workers. The writer argues that instead of the usual .25 to 1% of payroll given for training, it is necessary to make a .75% increase. Members of the board of directors will understand this hope of the human mesources department when made aware of a few facts shaping the request. The writer notes that all the facts pertain to trends in Canadian industry and in the overall economy that have been in place for about one decade. The writer maintains that spending more on training means a win-win situation that can benefit the company for years to come. If it is possible to retain the workers needed for the future one can avoid the expense of looking for new help, later. The writer concludes that there will be new enthusiasm and curiosity as to what workers can improve or what they learn that they can do. All of these factors make it most desirable to devote some payroll funding now to in-house training.
Outline:
Introduction
Training in Canada
Labour Quality
In the Light of Other Investment
Last Remarks
References
From the Paper
"Only a fraction of employers give support for training. As we all know, many employers then complain when they cannot find the skilled labour they need when forced to search for new staff. Often, they must compete with various companies for the same skill sets. Also, they must do this during a crisis of business or need for high productivity. They end up spending far too much on the changed labour bill because they have not planned ahead. It is wiser to look at this kind of situation as a failure of forward planning, rather than as a blow received by a business. As board members will agree, private sector organizations often succeed by avoiding what might go wrong. Spending on training in the present makes sense, if one looks ahead and imagines a business failure, not due to a lack of orders, but due to inability to fill orders quickly. As business tends to 'move' very quickly in the economy of the day, a client is more apt to just go on to the next supplier that can produce what is needed by a given time."
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Reduction of Gun Violence in Toronto, 2008.
This paper discusses social action versus stricter gun laws towards the reduction of gun violence in Toronto.
2,345 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that gun violence in Toronto seems to have grown as a matter of public concern in recent years in response to a number of highly publicized incidents of gun violence. One of the most commonly proposed solutions to this problem is stricter gun laws. However, the writer points out that many have argued that stricter gun laws in isolation could not remedy this problem. This essay examines this issue with reference to the source of the weapons, systemic racism and class and social factors that contribute to Toronto's gun problem. The thesis is argued that stricter gun control laws/policies will not reduce gun violence in Toronto unless the above three factors are also addressed. Beginning with a description of the nature of the problem itself, this paper shows how there needs to be a multi-pronged effort at federal, provincial and municipal levels to address the underlying root causes that fuel gun violence in Toronto.
Outline:
Introduction
Gun Violence in Toronto - The Myth and the Reality
The Sources of Guns in Toronto
Gun Violence and Systemic Racism in Toronto
Social and Class Support
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In dealing with the question of gun violence in Toronto it is first necessary to define the parameters of the problem. To do this we must attempt to distinguish between the myths and the reality of gun violence in Toronto.
"The current concern with gun violence in Toronto stems from 2005 when 58 people were slain by firearms in Toronto, out of a total of 84 murders in the city that year. The concern with the violent use of firearms stems not only from the perception - as these numbers would suggest - that guns are increasingly used in acts of violence in Toronto, but that the profile of gun violence has also changed. The media designated the summer of 2005 as Toronto's "Summer of the Gun" and the year concluded with a Boxing Day gun fight between rival gangs near the crowded Yonge and Dundas intersection that killed 19 year old female bystander, and injured six others."
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