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Senior Citizens as a Vulnerable Population, 2008.
A review of the treatment and specific needs of senior citizens and the elderly.
1,504 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the physical, mental and social factors that make the elderly a vulnerable segment of society. The paper also discusses various issues affecting this age group such as discrimination and specific nursing needs and then describes certain measures that can be taken to assist the elderly. The paper concludes that the quality of life of senior citizens will depend on unique legislation to protect their needs, employment without fear of retribution and discrimination, as well as health care systems that can meet their needs.
From the Paper
"According to Carstensen, "Longetivity is the largely unexpected consequences of improvements in general living conditions. Genetically speaking, we are no smarter or heartier than our relatives were 10,000 years ago" (2007, p. 42). Nonetheless, more and more elderly and senior citizens in our society choose to remain active vital members of the community. Unfortunately, older Americans are still viewed as incompetent and frail, due solely to their age, which can lead to age discrimination. This discrimination is not only unjust, but can lead to physical and mental health problems for senior citizens as well. The cross-national Ageism Survey found that "84 percent of Americans more than 60 years old report one or more incidents of ageism, including insulting jokes, disrespect, patronizing behavior and assumptions pertaining to frailty or ailments (citing e.g., Palmore 2004; see also Kassau 1977; Kimmel 1988; Byron, Mong, & Roscigno, 2007). Furthermore, older workers have self-reported that they have faced age discrimination in 12,271 cases, with "2,181 verified cases wherein probable cause determinations were reached or favorable settlements for the charging party were brokered by a neutral party."
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The Elderly and Health, 2008.
This paper discusses access to health care for the older adult.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that access to health care has been listed as one of the leading health indicators in the United States for numerous reasons. Yet, in relation to the aging population of the country, access to care is a primary concern because there are multiple factors that are affecting it at the current time. The writer points out that the nursing shortage that is now challenging health care systems to alter their practices has created a situation in which health care facilities do not have a sufficiently trained staff to meet the demands of the public. When the health care needs of baby boomers are considered with specialized care, the number of trained nurses is even smaller, as is the number of trained physicians in the field of geriatrics. The writer maintains that the only manner of addressing this issue is to develop programs that will entice medical professionals into the field and create working conditions that will prompt nurses to remain in the health care system.
Outline:
Nursing and Physician Shortage
Rising Cost of Health Care
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However, this legislation only demands that the patient be treated until he or she is stable and then may be released without further care. Nevertheless, when it is geriatric related care that is required for the elderly individual, emergency room care is not available and the patient cannot be treated sufficiently.
"Furthermore, while most elderly will sign up for Medicare in the country, Medicare is not a blanket insurance policy that will cover all health care conditions or treatments that are recommended by physicians. This leaves millions of baby boomers in the position of attempting to suffer through age related illness and disease without health care assistance because their access to care is significantly decreased due to lack of coverage. When it is further considered that a large portion of baby boomers will be living off of nothing but their social security payments on a monthly basis, the ability of this generation to afford specialized healthcare services negatively impacts their access to care."
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Elder Care Resources, 2008.
This paper discusses the necessity to adapt to the increasing elderly population in order to meet specialized health care needs of geriatric individuals.
961 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines salient features and issues regarding care of geriatric individuals in the context of working family members. It is the contention of this paper that, through bringing attention to the need for employees to both meet the needs of their elderly family members and employers, some of the difficulties encountered as a result of lost job opportunities, productivity and benefits can be avoided or at least alleviated. The writer concludes that an elder care program can, nonetheless, benefit both employer in terms of employee retention and investment, and employee in terms of uninterrupted income, personal, professional and organizational advancement, this new market can possibly lead to better uniformity in providing for elder care.
From the Paper
"As the elderly are experiencing an increase in life expectancy, dying is no longer a swift and uncomplicated transition. The salient natural course of most elderly patients is that of exacerbations and a semblance of normalcy, where death may come in the form of a coup de grace type insult or a disease exacerbation that is never fully recovered from. From the perspective of the aged, it is not merely enough to reach a chronological age and a sense of maturity; it is more important that independence in the form of being able to perform activities of daily living, having one's cognitive faculties intact, being able to be looked upon with status in society.
"A fear of losing one's independence permanently with an acute disease presentation or an accident such as a fall, along with a sense of mortality constantly shadows the elderly patient. "
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Home Healthcare, 2008.
This paper discusses the home healthcare industry in the U.S. market.
1,631 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the vast majority of home healthcare industry consumers consist of the sick and the elderly, with Medicare/Medicaid programs comprising a significant percentage of the payment revenues. The paper looks at a specific competitor, the Heritage Homecare Agency located in Florida and discusses the results of a survey of home healthcare patients. The paper concludes that home healthcare is seen as one of the most promising alternative healthcare programs that might result in an overall cost reduction for healthcare services and delivery over the next several years.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Industry Analysis
Overview
Case Study
Home Healthcare Patient Survey
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The home healthcare industry in the United States (U.S.) is receiving a great deal of interest recently because of the ever increasing costs of healthcare in general which is leading many healthcare constituents, both industry competitors and consumers, to seek alternatives. The home healthcare industry in the U.S. is valued at approximately $40b annually and has some 20k unique industry competitors that focus primarily on 2 target patient markets: the elderly and the sick (Buckley & Van Giezen, 2004). Furthermore, the industry itself is not dominated by a few large companies as many other segments of the healthcare industry are. In this sense, the home healthcare industry is highly fragmented in nature because the 50 largest companies hold less that 24% of the total market share (Geisler, Krabbendam & Schuring, 2003)."
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Canadian Retirement Pensions, 2008.
This paper looks at the Canada Pension Plan and Old Age Security pension that are relevant for Canadian workers.
829 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at why the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Old Age Security pension were brought into existence and explores additional, pertinent acts at the provincial level. The paper then discusses how retirees can ensure they receive CPP/employee benefits and concludes by looking at how the federal acts impact other, provincial acts. The paper highlights the importance of understanding the pension process in Canada and its dynamics.
From the Paper
"To begin with, the Canada Pension Plan and the Old Age Security Pension were both established because it was evident by the early war years that something needed to be done to assist the elderly in their declining years; in particular, these men and women simply did not have enough money to ensure themselves a comfortable, or even adequate, standard of living after retirement. With that in mind, 1951 saw section 94A added to the British North American Act (now the Constitution Act, 1867). The new addition stated that the federal government could enact laws pertaining to old age pensions along as the legislation did not affect laws administered in the provinces. One year later, courtesy the new powers granted under section 94A, the universal Old Age Security Program was put into place, but only for Canadians aged 70 and above."
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The Graying Inmate: An Accelerating Crisis, 2008.
An examination of the aging prison population in America.
3,425 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the troubling phenomenon of an aging prison population in America. The paper looks at the threats posed by chronic ailments common to old age as well as the shortcomings of the current system when it comes to assisting the elderly. The paper further explains that chief among these shortcomings is the lack of a universal, national program or curriculum for meeting the needs of prisoners above the age of 50. The paper also examines some different options available to policy-makers eager to improve the situation. The paper then suggests that far from being mutually exclusive, many of these programs can serve as individual parts of a multi-pronged assault on the problem of the geriatric within the prison system of the United States. In conclusion, the paper shows that strong diagnostic and predictive capabilities, an on-going treatment program that reaches beyond release, recreational activities, and universal standards are all things that, working in tandem with specialized geriatric units, can save lives and make American prisons more humane.
From the Paper
"The American population is growing steadily older - literally year by year. This phenomenon has obvious and very serious implications for the nation's social welfare policies, but it also does not bode well for the United States prison system insofar as a graying prison population means the diversion of more and more scarce resources towards tending to the elderly individuals (or those individuals in late middle age) who happen to be behind bars. What the next several pages intend to show is that, while far from perfect in its response, the United States prison system is belatedly taking steps to assist those over 50 who are being held in our country's incarceration facilities; now what the US penal system needs to do is to work towards a universal geriatric prisoner care policy that will involve all states and hold all states rigidly accountable if they deviate from that policy."
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Palliative Care for the Elderly, 2008.
A look at caring for the geriatric patient with particular chronic disorders.
1,317 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at cancer and pain treatment, congestive heart failure, stroke treatment and the need for palliative care. The paper discusses how geriatric nursing care requires more than ensuring the patient is kept comfortable. The paper also reveals that there are are significant differences in the morbidity, mortality and quality of life for patients suffering from the most common afflictions of the elderly, when proper staff attention is paid to both the symptoms and the treatments for these diseases.
From the Paper
"The geriatric patient with cancer can be divided into two types: those who are suffering long-term, chronic cancers, such as prostate, liver and benign tumors. The other class is those who are at end-stage disease. Since many patients suffer from chronic cancers which can allow survival for a number of years, the healthcare professional must deal with both the symptoms of the disease, and be concerned about indications that need to be treated medically (Sarwal, 2003)."
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Case Study: Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), 2008.
A case study, which uses rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) in treating the elderly.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT). The author presents the case of client, David Youngblood, a 65-year-old retired, recently widowed, white male, who has no support network. The paper relates that the client has stated that he has guilt feelings of surviving his wife and that he has had thoughts of suicide.The paper concludes that REBT, the most assertive form of treatment, is needed because it can identify irrational thoughts and can encompass numerous therapeutic techniques.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of the Client
Theoretical Approach
Interventions
Multicultural/Diversity Sensitivity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The elderly population of the United States is increasing by vast proportions due to the baby boomer generation, which will create the largest elderly generation the country has ever known. As part of this vast social group, Mr. Youngblood has developed his own ideas about his life and the responses that he should have to life based on ideas that are specific to this population. It is apparent that these ideas have likely come from many sources and that they have evolved over the life span."
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Middle Age Women in the Workforce, 2008.
A commentary on the reasons why so many women, particularly in their mature years are seeking employment today.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper is an observation analysis as to why we find women in the workforce today. The paper explains the reasons for this phenomena and continues by highlighting how effectiveness and usefulness alters with the progression of age. The paper utilizes a specific example and follows the work cycle as this person increases in age.
Outline:
Introduction
Findings/observations
Critical analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Dolly has worked at the same restaurant for 18 years. Her shift use to be 6-11pm, but she no longer feels comfortable driving home so late so Dolly asked for her shift to be 4-9pm. Dolly also no longer is able to work 5 nights a week like she did for 12 years. Her back became arthritic and the pain of working 5 shifts is too much for her to handle--she asked to be cut down to 4, then 3 and just yesterday she asked for only 2 shifts a week. The other girls she was hired with are still physically able to work their 5 shifts, but have cut back along with Dolly for other reasons such as babysitting grandchildren, no longer need the money, no longer need the social aspect, managers are too young and inexperienced and etc. Physically they are all fine, but a car accident Dolly had in her mid-twenties has caused arthritis in her joints and swelling to some discs in her back between her shoulder blades. Dolly still needs the money--her husband died 8 years ago of a fatal heart attack and financially they were not prepared."
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Nursing Interview, 2008.
An analysis of an interview with the author's aging client.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the author's interview with an aging client, called Mrs. S. The main part of the analysis focuses on the section of the interview where Mrs. S mentions her arthritis and the dialogue that followed. The author relates that, during the interview, she discovered, that Mrs. S has another chronic condition, diabetes, but is coping well with both illnesses. The author further relates that the purpose of the interview, in this case, was to learn about a client and she learned that this client has not only lived a full life but is also maintaining her quality of life.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis of Interpersonal Skills and Communication Style
Strengths in the Interview
Challenges in the Interview
Use of Self during the Interview
Learning Goals
Summary
From the Paper
"Jourdain (2004) discusses four communication styles, the first of which is the sanguine or expressive and spirited style of communication. That style would best describe my own approach. I made use of encouraging words and phrases such as 'um hum' and 'I understand'. I was careful to remain nonjudgmental and to try to have empathy by placing myself in her position. I tried to guide the interview but was careful not to control the responses offered by Mrs. S."
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Orem's Model of Self-Care within Nursing, 2008.
A literature analysis of Orem's model of self-care as it relates to nursing in the elderly.
1,384 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and discusses Orem's model of self-care in nursing. The paper identifies the issues related to increased autonomy for patients in respect to identifying and promoting their own health care needs, while also also ensuring that the patient receives care from health care professionals, family and friends when needed. The paper analyzes current research on this topic.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Summarization of Literature
Positive Factors Relating to Nursing Practice
Negative Factors Relating to Nursing Practice
Personal Perspectives towards Orem's Model of Self-Care and Long-Term Nursing Care
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Orem's model of self-care promotes specific health goals that increase the autonomy and the self-care of the patient. Not all patients can benefit from all aspects of this model, but most patients are likely to achieve a greater degree of control over how and to what extent their health care needs are met. The model shows substantial positive outcomes as a component of health care, as it promotes improved diagnosis, improved communication between the health care provider and the patient, and reliance on others to supplement the patient's health care needs when specific outcomes cannot be met by the patient alone."
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The Elderly and the Theory of Planned Behavior, 2008.
A review of a journal article that modeled the theory of planned behavior and used an experiment related exercise to show the facets of the theory.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of the article "Does the theory of planned behavior elements mediate the relationship between perceived constraints and intention to participate in physical activities? A study among older individuals" by A. Konstantinos, B. Vasilis, and T. Charalampos. The paper focuses on how the article effectively uses qualitative research to understand a particular aspect of human development within an empirical human development study. The paper also attempts to determine whether the article was conducted within the necessary specific criteria for qualitative research. The paper concludes that the article seems to have followed the necessary specific requirements, although certain elements remain somewhat questionable.
From the Paper
"The results of the model showed that given the facets of the TPB, participants' behavior and attitude towards exercise was significantly correlated with the actual amount of exercise undertaken. The predictive aspect of the TPB was also validated by the participants who were contacted after the initial study. Overall, this conclusion was validated by triangulating the data, since the human development experiment was to test a very well known theory - theory of planned behavior, and the authors validated this result with other known experiments and the original empirical construct. The literature review conducted was comprehensive and gave a clear picture of what this particular article was adding to the literature, however, the necessary use of different sources, methods, and investigations was rather comprehensive."
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Caring for the Elderly, 2008.
This paper identifies the issues in palliative care for geriatric patients.
1,407 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces the topic of palliative care for geriatric patients by explaining that the purpose of bringing attention to common problems in elderly patients is to avoid or alleviate some of the difficulties encountered prior to the final transition from life. The paper looks at elderly patients' propensity for being undiagnosed, misdiagnosed or under-treated in the areas of pain, confusion, satiety and anorexia, and gastrointestinal distress. The paper addresses the psychosocial issues of fears and depression and notes the importance of support systems to ease transition from life to death.
Outline:
Introduction
Altered Presentation of Health Problems
Psychosocial Issues
From the Paper
"The geriatric population is gradually becoming the largest single demographic group worldwide. Ironically, efforts to address their special health care needs, especially with regard to palliative care, continues to progress at a slow pace to such a point that the present crop of health care professionals will be unable to adapt quickly enough to meet geriatrics' specialized needs (Besdine, Boult, Brangman, Coleman, Fried, Gerety et al, 2005; Swiss Academy of Medicine, 2004). The National Institute of Health (NIH, 2004) has reiterated this and the assessment that end-of-life care is particularly incoherent regarding its development and establishment as a science and have yet to develop consistent use of validated measures and explore further new interventions. The primary objective of this acute care nurse practitioner content development manuscript is to concisely consolidate salient features and issues regarding common clinical presentations of geriatric patients for use in a clinical setting. While this may drastically contrast from the approaches to palliative care, it is the contention of this paper that, through bringing attention these common manifestations in elderly patients, some of the difficulties encountered prior to the final transition from life can be avoided or at least alleviated."
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Fall Prevention in the Elderly, 2008.
A literature review discussing the use of restraints to prevent falls in elderly patients in nursing homes.
1,209 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of physical or chemical restraints as a preventive measure against falls in elderly patients. It analyzes the literature which implies that restraints do not decrease the incidence of falls and questions whether restraints should still be used to prevent falls in elderly patients in nursing homes. The paper then provides some recommendations to the problem.
Table of Contents:
Problem
Background of the Problem
Scope
Evidence Based on Literature
Recommendations
Strategies for Integration
From the Paper
"A decrease in mental status, with or without psychoactive drug use, and a perceived risk for falls was associated with subsequent restraint use, reiterating the need for patient assessment and treating the underlying condition rather than relying on restraints. Pharmacological assessment of psychotropic drugs, cardiovascular and neurological assessment of nursing home residents should be carried out in at-risk patients for falls (Lyons, 2004, Recommendation A). At-risk patients with a pertinent history for the above should be reviewed and acted upon accordingly and avoidance of restraint use due to the increased risk of falls and injuries (Lyons, 2004; Park, Hsiao-Chen Tang & Ledford, 2005, Recommendation A)."
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Short-Term Memory and Aging, 2008.
A discussion of the possible causes for short-term memory loss in old age.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses short-term memory loss among the elderly. The paper points out that the habit of viewing difficulties of short-term memory loss as normal in aging is countered by knowledge of the phenomenon as a frequent indication of changes in other memory functions. The paper mentions current models, which address short-term memory in relation to brain connectivity, such that impaired short-term memory may be read as a sign for other alterations in memory or brain function that are more significant. The paper looks into a variety of causes in order to gain a better conceptualization of a condition that is a frequent symptom, rather than a disorder all its own. The paper concludes that symptoms involving cognition and memory indicate something, and are not reducible to old models of steady decline, especially mental decline, in old age.
From the Paper
"An aging North American population and much research attention given to Alzheimer's and dementia have produced considerable knowledge of help in understanding other conditions of brain function including mental and nervous disorder. Grady, Furey Et Al (2001) examined altered brain connectivity and the decline of short-term memory of a sample of Alzheimer's patients and a normal control group. Alzheimer's disorder is increasing defined as a syndrome of dysfunctional connectivity within the brain whose most apparent indication is often much impaired short-term memory. Given the technology available to neurologists and neuro-psychiatrists of today, much more is understood of what happens to the memory of the Alzheimer's patient in addition to knowledge allowing us to know more of the normal or aging person who does not present the condition. Delays in cognitive processing due to Alzheimer's changes affect other aspects of memory. For instance, impairment in the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of means the patient cannot recognize a once familiar face, or the face of a caregiver or other individual that is seen daily."
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Plan of Care for an Elderly Patient, 2008.
An assessment of an elderly patient suffering from constipation, incontinence, and urinary tract infection, and a proposed plan of care.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 28.95
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Abstract
This case study analyzes the health problems of an elderly patient that mainly involve constipation, incontinence, and urinary tract infection. The paper points out that these problems are very common among people over 65 years of age. The study proposes that the patient be provided with a program of good nutrition and health teaching by qualified nursing staff. The program will also require regular check-ups. The paper concludes that the successful implementation of this program should help to eliminate the patient's problems.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis of Data
Assessment
Plan of Care
Nursing Orders
Implementation
Evaluation
From the Paper
"For older adults, if the food plan is going to meet nutritional needs, it must account for changes related to aging (Collis, 2002). Joan must receive enough calories per day to meet her needs for protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. Because of the presence of the pressure sore, Joan needs protein to allow the sore to heal. Protein also is needed to build and maintain muscle and tissues (Collins, 2002). Because of such serious problems with constipation, Joan most especially needs a high amount of fibre in her diet. She can obtain fibre from such foods as bran products, raw fruits, prunes, and whole grain breads and cereals (Kozier, et. al., 2000)."
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