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Steroids and Sports, 2006.
This paper examines the use of steroids in sports, while citing several cases in the areas of professional, college and high school athletics across the U.S.
2,133 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issue of steroid use in sports which is not only a problem in the professional circuit, but has crept its way into high schools and colleges across the nation. The writer of this paper focuses on the use of steroids in these areas while examining the various solutions to this growing problem. This writer details the current professional sports climate which does little to help this situation. Kids see athletes as role models and when they see them using steroids, they perceive it as an endorsement. This paper defines steroids as a medicine synthesized to perform like human hormones, mostly testosterone and to a lesser extent human growth hormone. The writer discusses the current punishments for steroid use, which are lenient by expert standards. This paper examines the various efforts to stop the use of steroids in sports. The writer contends that the underlying path to stopping the use of steroids in sports will come when the young athletes are stopped and held accountable for their actions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Why it is Happening
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Currently the punishments for steroid use are lenient by expert standards. A professional baseball player has to be caught four times before anything serious happens to him. The first infraction can get a 10 day suspension, while subsequent uses can get up to a quarter of as season on the bench. This sends the message to young sports enthusiasts that the use of illegal steroids is not that big of an issue.
One of the first things that needs to be done to stop the use of steroids is to change the public perception of winning and the importance of doing so. As long as children and adults are being conditioned that winning at all costs is acceptable steroid use is going to be an issue in sports."
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The Markets and Football, 2006.
A look at market efficiency and the national football league.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the market efficiencies that can be seen in the national football league. In particular, he looks at the wagering systems that are used. He examines a few case studies, and uses these to try and explain how the odds and efficiencies of the markets are determined. He especially relates all of his points to wagering on football games, looking at all of the elements which will add to efficiencies of betting. Further to this, the author looks at the stock market, taking certain examples to emphasize his discussions. In conclusion, the author summarizes the two main theories of market efficiencies, the random walk theory and select strategies.
Table of Contents
Efficiency and Football Wagering
Additional Evidence of Inefficiency
From Bachelier to Bookmakers
From the Paper
"After noting that totals bets tend to attract more attention when two high-scoring teams are playing each other, Paul and Weinbach point out that "rooting for scoring tends to be easier than cheering for a lack of scoring." With these two factors in mind, the authors theorize that bettor psychology may push totals too high, making the "under" a consistently profitable wager. To test this hypothesis, Paul and Weinbach examine the entire sample of NFL totals from 1979 to 2000. And as the table below indicates, the under indeed won with a frequency that calls the efficiency of the totals market into question - particularly in games where the total was significantly higher than average."
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Taekwondo, 2006.
An overview of this Korean form of martial arts and how it assists in the human aging process.
5,030 words (approx. 20.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
Taekwondo is a Korean martial art with a relationship to ancient Korean martial arts, that is also cultural with philosophical underpinnings. Through the practice of a martial art, a person's spiritual and philosophical perspective may also be developed. It is this dual aspect of Taekwondo, and of martial arts in general, that is examined in relation to the human aging process and why, through routine practice of Taekwondo, an individual may also achieve various levels of improved performance, physical and mental, throughout the entire human aging process.
From the Paper
"Taekwondo as a martial art consists of various components that make it attractive to all age groups and all ability levels: it is a group activity-providing socialization skills, it teaches self-defense skills as well as self-awareness skills, it provides an exciting outlet to competitive individuals as a way to measure themselves against other practitioners, and it has a spiritual and philosophical body of knowledge such as meditation, Confucian ideology, as well as a distinct Asian inclination towards Buddhism's ascetic sensibilities."
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The Success of Basketball, 2006.
Examines how NBA athletes have contributed to the success of the game of basketball.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
Once basketball was considered the bastard child in the arena of competitive sports. Today, it is second behind only soccer as the most watched sport in the world. This paper shows that understanding basketball's growing hold on sports enthusiasts begins with an examination of the professionals of the National Basketball Association. The paper examines the popularity of NBA stars such as Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal and how they have contributed to the popularity of basketball around the globe. The paper also discusses the African-American element of basketball.
From the Paper
"In Kobe Bryant, the media created an icon out of a one-dimensional image. Although magazines and commercials made sure everyone was aware of Kobe's bright smile and exceptional basketball abilities, they ignored his flaws as a player and as a person. Fans saw Kobe's flashy drives to the basketball and thunderous dunks but ignored his selfish ball hogging and oftentimes unforgivable turnovers. Kobe's image heralded in a new era of basketball, one that demanded one on one skill and superior athleticism rather than teamwork."
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The Legend of Jackie Robinson, 2006.
An examination of the life and legend of Jackie Robinson.
2,343 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the life of Jackie Robinson, not just as a baseball player, but as a hero to many Americans. The author looks at Robinson as the man who broke the color barrier in baseball, a man who demonstrated amazing courage in becoming baseball's first African-American player. The paper examines and highlights how Robinson always seemed to overcome prejudice in every phase of his life from his education to his stint in the army and to his playing in the major baseball leagues. The paper looks at how a baseball player like Robinson affected the history of the American nation and the civil rights movement. In conclusion the author reiterates Robinson as one of the greatest role models and heroes of the twentieth century. He states that without his bravery, in the eyes of racial injustice, African-Americans may have very well been still riding on the back of the bus.
From the Paper
"Robinson soon came to the attention of the Brooklyn Dodgers Branch Rickey who was trying to compete with the Yankees and Giants for New York fans. Rickey decided, in order to win, the team needed help regardless of a player's race. The Dodger's played Negro league teams in exhibition games and he realized there was many talented players being wasted. He did face opposition. Upon hearing of Rickey's intention to sign a Black player several of the owners including Connie Mack, Girffith, McKinney, and Breadon started calling him "Branch you're gonna kill baseball bringing that nigger into baseball now" (Frommer, P. 112). Rickey ignored their pleas and enlisted the help of Professor Dodson in the best way to go about desegregating baseball."
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Courageous or Not?, 2006.
An examination of the life of Kyle Maynard, born a congenital amputee.
1,466 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the life of Kyle Maynard who was born a congenital amputee. The author looks at the courage that Maynard faced despite adversity at every stage. Maynard did not let the fact that he was different from other kids get in the way of his sporting achievements and he became a top wrestler. The author relates many aspects of Maynard's life as a definition of courage as he sees it. In particular he looks at how Maynard forced himself to play football as a child and wrestled despite the glaring differences to other children. The author clearly believes that Maynard is not a disabled man because disabled people have limitations that prevent them from completing routine functions, but Maynard does not fail to complete anything. He believes that Maynard is an innovator. A man that has found the courage to face fear, and develop new ways to accomplish the same challenges as any other person, with his own unique approach. The author concludes with his belief that Maynard is the epitome of what courage stands for.
From the Paper
"Kyle is courageous, but not because he participated in football and wrestling. Thousands of people play sports every year. Certainly there is inherent pressure, but that alone does not make one courageous. What makes Kyle courageous is that he played both sports in the face of cynicism from outside forces. Despite his obvious and glaring physical shortcomings, he went out and performed at a high level. That despite the fact that he could not walk, run or throw, he played football, a sport that cherishes those very abilities. That in the face of a seventeen match losing streak, he found his way to the mat for that eighteenth match, and somewhere inside himself overcame his disability, to prove that in fact he had no disability."
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Japanese Culture Influenced by Sport, 2006.
An examination of the influence American sport has on Japanese culture.
1,082 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the similarities between Sumo wrestling, martial arts and baseball. The writer notes that one of the influences on the Japanese culture is in connection with cheering. The writer details similarities and differences between Japanese and American sports events. The writer explains that the Japanese, who are usually more staid than Americans, cheer quite boisterously at sports events. In conclusion the writer states that American sports have influenced Japanese culture in all areas, including in the business culture, which is seen in the use of brand promotions at sports events.
From the Paper
"One example of the way American sports has influenced Japanese social forms is the way Japanese fans participate in cheering. The Japanese are generally courteous and take care not to embarrass a person before a group. They are especially polite when greeting strangers, and are slow to express their feelings to outsiders. However, none of these customs are evident in cheering at a sports event. "As such, the game here is slower paced and more strategic in Japan than its American forerunner. Also, Japanese teams revolve around their managers, who put their players through rigorous practice routines and spend a lot of time on the field during games in strategy sessions. Finally, baseball in Japan is more of a collective enterprise, and players don't receive the same attention and adulation that their colleagues in the United States enjoy."
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Warm Up and Cool Down for Aerobics, 2006.
A survey of exercises needed before and after aerobic workouts.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the need for warm up and cool down exercises to surround an aerobic workout, identifying the potential health hazards if these exercises are not done. The paper itemizes several exercises within a routine that are needed prior to a workout. The paper concludes that a similar routine should be followed for cooling down after a workout, but that the stretches may be more vigorous since the muscles are already warmed up.
From the Paper
"Warm-ups should precede a work out for at least ten minutes. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the entire body is adequately warmed up, rather than focusing only on the large muscles that athletes most often anticipate using. For example, an athlete should pay special attention to loosening up his neck. Carelessness with neck exercises can be much worse than with other exercises. Therefore, it is important to use smooth and controlled motions on this part of the body at all times and there should be no jerking or bouncing. The exercises are simple, though; they simply involve moving the neck forward and backward, side to side, and turning the head from left to right. Twenty to thirty repetitions of each movement are adequate to warm up."
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Anabolic Steroids: The Sports Controversy, 2006.
An examination of anabolic steroids and their abuse in professional sports.
1,586 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the history of anabolic steroids and explains how they affect the body. It reviews potential dangers in steroid use and abuse, both physical and mental, and attempts to gauge the extent of abuse. The paper reviews players' attitudes to steroid use in professional sports and recounts several incidents where players were caught using steroids. In conclusion, the paper finds that only education of athletes and potential athletes - adolescents - will reduce the demand for, and eventually the abuse of, steroids in sports.
Table of Contents:
Statement of Controversy
Discussion
Implications
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"In addition to the physical side effects, the use of anabolic steroids also causes psychological side effects. The drugs become extremely addictive and damaging to the mind. They can cause violent episodes, and become so psychologically addicting that users are unable to recognize the negative side effects. Additionally, research has shown that steroids sometimes cause psychotic side effects, which have been nicknamed as "roid mania." The symptoms include wildly aggressive and combative behavior, depression, listlessness, and delusions during and after performance. For example, athletes who use steroids have been shown to attempt to continue the competition after the end of a game. Steroids mentally destroy the brain and the ability to reason. Overall the usage of steroids is extremely damaging to the human body."
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The Silent Epidemic: Athletes and Drug Use, 2006.
A study of drug use, particularly performance enhancers, by athletes in America.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ethical issues and consequences of the increase of drug use among athletes. From Olympians to baseball home-run hitters, the paper looks at who is using -- and why. The author also discusses testing and fines (or other punishment from governing bodies). The paper concludes with a discussion about the ramification of drug use in professional and high level amateur sports, and its influence on society, particularly on impressionable youth athletes.
From the Paper
"Athletes have always been contemptuous of sport's attempts to regulate drug use, but they tended to keep their mouths shut. Most resented the upper hand that testing gave management, but they were too afraid of being caught, punished, and embarrassed to speak up unless they were squeaky clean, retired or busted. The line between what is effective and legal and what is effective and illegal is diminishing. It is not clear anymore because the people who are making these illegal and controversial substances are getting good and they are finding ways to dim the line. By all accounts, athletes and coaches are becoming much more aggressive and skillful in using drugs ranging from sodium bicarbonate, which keeps muscles from tiring, to patches soaked with synthetic testosterone to build muscles. Having to resort to such extreme measures to win represents the egocentric nature commonly found in athletes today."
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NFL In Hawaii, 2006.
The writer of this in-depth paper asks and answers: Would Hawaii be a good home for a national football league team?
5,525 words (approx. 22.1 pages), 30 sources, APA, AU$ 162.95
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Abstract
This detailed and extensively researched paper compares and determines the demographics of Hawaii to other sports locales in the U.S. while focusing on the intangibles that could affect the viability of an NFL franchise in Hawaii.
Topics covered in this report include:
Introduction
Hawaiian Demographic Comparisons
Interpreting the Numbers
History of Sports in Hawaii
Why NFL Football?
Popular Opinion
Making The NFL Work In Hawaii
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The NFL collective bargaining agreement is formatted to level the playing field between the larger and smaller market teams. Revenue sharing is the process of redistributing funds from the higher income teams to the lower income teams. It is done in hopes that equal means, will mean equal results, and a competitive league. Currently in the NFL, teams share certain incomes that are generated in an equal fashion throughout the 32 Teams in the league."
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African-American Athletes, 2006.
This paper discusses the history of African-American athletes, the myths and features many individual athletes.
6,730 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 185.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, before World War II, Black athletes were restricted from all professional competition because white athletes' fears of losing to Black athletes was masked by fabrications such as African-Americans were subhuman with their strength coming from their jungle ancestry rather than intelligent and hard work: This myth continues today. The author points out that Black athletes face enormous obstacles when opting for managing, coaching or executive positions in sports. The paper relates that, although some may claim that lower class African-Americans now are more interested in crime than athletics, the exceptional Black athletes, such as Tiger Woods and Vanessa Williams, are examples for young Black Americans that there can be much more in their futures than jail cells or graves.
Table of Contents
History
History Makers
Althea Gibson
Jackie Robinson
Jesse Owens
Willie O'Ree
Prominent Contemporary Sports People
Media Portrayal
Current Perceptions and Issues
From the Paper
"Denise Meridith (2001) touches upon the same issue in her article featuring Venus Williams. Her behavior, appearance and style of play are seen as threatening by some. Assertiveness and confidence are viewed as "arrogance" in a black woman. And similarly reference is made to her physical strength rather than skill or intelligence resulting in her success. This is media-promoted as somehow not being "feminine" enough. Meridith makes a derogatory remark comparing the skeletal Ally MacBeal to the muscular Williams, saying that it is healthier to strive for muscles than for bones in one's appearance. However, the media promotes thin as beautiful. Also, the sexy Anna Kornikova is not as powerful or successful in her play as the Williams sisters, but the media focusses on her achievements, because she is the epitomy of feminine beauty."
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Howard Cosell, 2006.
A review of the life and legacy of sportscaster Howard Cosell.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the life and career of the famous American sportscaster Howard Cosell. The paper begins with Cosell's early years, as an American Jewish boy growing up under the shadow of the Holocaust. The author then traces Cosell's meteoric career and discusses his death in 1995. The paper provides posthumous testimony from famous athletes about Cosell and provides an assessment of the man's impact on American sports and culture. The author writes that Cosell's greatest contribution was perhaps his outspoken views on racism, citing his defense of Muhammed Ali's conscious objector status during the War in Vietnam.
From the Paper
"Cosell's family had their own aspirations for him. They wanted him to be a lawyer. He started out by "studying English literature and graduating Phi Beta Kappa from New York University" (Shapiro) He moved on from there to get his law degree from New York University. While there, he edited the schools law review publication and was then admitted to the New York State bar in 1941 at the truly remarkable age of 23."
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Sports Heroes: Then and Now, 2006.
This paper examines how the public and media perception of celebrity athletes has changed over the years.
1,878 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how major league athletes enjoy a life filled with adoring fans, and also looks at the many benefits of being a celebrity figure. The writer of this paper discusses how from the 1960s to the present, the media has changed its style of reporting about athletes and celebrities. This paper also probes the term "bad press" and describes how the media deliberately sets out to disperse negative information about an athlete which can and has ruined careers.
From the Paper
"This attitude has changed drastically over last two decades and now the media will run a news story of a sport's heroes evils with as much gusto as they run the good stories of the sport's heroes. Americans today are different in the way they view the once legendary heroes of sports. They are not held with as much awe as they once were by their fans, though the fans are enthusiastic about their teams. Sports in general has lost a lot of the magic it once had in the 60's and times before that, but this is a signs of changing times."
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Eating Disorders in Sports, 2006.
A discussion of eating disorders among athletes whose sports focus on appearance and leanness of the body.
2,945 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the two types of eating disorders - bulimia and anorexia - and how they are prevalent in sports. The author references various health and psychology articles, which examine the reasons behind it and the signs to be aware of. The author shows how eating disorders are common among both male and female athletes and how the pressure to win can create an environment for an eating disorder to develop.
From the Paper
"There appears to be a greater incidence in eating disorders among athletes than in the general population, especially in certain types of sports. The evidence is strong that athletes, especially young women and girls, are especially vulnerable to developing eating disorders. Other factors such as personality, self-esteem, parental involvement, societal expectations, whether the sport focuses on weight and appearance also play a role."
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Women and Sport, 2006.
A study of the reformation of legislation for women in the sports arena.
3,676 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses women's rights in general and gives a more detailed study of the history of society's general reaction to women's involvement in sport. It continues to discuss reformations made to legislation, namely Title IX and the effect on sportswomen. The author also explores the far-reaching effects of advertising and the recent evolution of women in sport.
From the Paper
"However, women's stature in sports has grown. For instance, in 1966, the first women who ran the Boston Marathon finished more than thirty minutes behind the top male finishers, although today, that time difference has shrunk to fifteen minutes. We now expect women to be high-performing athletes, not just trailblazers. In the 1990's, soccer attracted more women players, and the attendance at the 1999 Women's World Cup topped that of the 1998 Men's World Cup. In 1997, the U.S. Women's National Basketball Association made its debut, while in Canada women's rugby became suddenly popular, with an estimated 46,000 players. The yachting world was revolutionized when Dawn Riley became the first woman in the 148-year history of the America's Cup to manage her own yacht-racing syndicate."
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