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"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", 2004.
An analysis of Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" and its influence on postmodern art.
2,918 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Thomas Kuhn's famous work, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions," in an attempt to trace the connections between the theory of scientific paradigm creation and shift and the development of modern and postmodern thinking in the arts. This particularly refers to Kuhn's influence on post-structural philosophy and language theory. The paper traces some of these connections and indicates to what extent Kuhn's major work has been influential and connected to the modern artistic and linguistic movements. The paper contends that, in order to show the linkage clearly between Kuhn's theories and modern art, his work cannot be understood outside of the broader historical context in which it was written.
From the Paper
"What Kuhn hypothesized in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was that scientific thought and theory did not progress in a consecutive linear fashion. New concepts or theoretical paradigms came about in a non-sequential and sudden fashion and were not coterminous or even necessarily theoretically related to the previous scientific paradigm. The following is a very simplistic outline of his theory but it encompasses the central tenets and aspects that made his work so influential. Firstly, science had been based on presumptions of certainty and objective infallibility. The central concept that characterized classical science was that it was a normative and sequential progression of knowledge and understanding of reality."
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Speeches, 2004.
A comparison of two of the most famous speeches in history, Thomas Jefferson?s ?Declaration of Independence? and Martin Luther King?s ?I Have a Dream?.
858 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two famous speeches in the United States calling for freedom: Thomas Jefferson's ?Declaration of Independence? and Martin Luther King?s ?I Have a Dream?. The paper compares the two speeches from a structural point of view and describes the differing content. The paper explains the different audiences targeted by each speech.
From the Paper
"The intended audience affected how each man wrote his statement. Jefferson used elaborately structured language, because his message was to the upper class and royalty of England. For instance, his opening sentence starts, ?When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another ...?. This sentence contains seventy-one words. By comparison, King?s audience was the entire United States. His opening sentence is only seventeen words and immediately refers to the main issue directly by mentioning the Emancipation Proclamation. Jefferson?s speech continues with complex vocabulary and extremely long sentences, while King? speech is almost like poetry in some places, creating clear images and using language that is easy to understand and to listen to. This is why we call it the ?I have a dream? speech. That simple sentence resonates in the speech and communicates his intent very clearly."
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Bilingual Education, 2004.
An analysis of the controversy over the concept and practice of bilingual education.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversy surrounding bilingual education. The paper explores the stance taken by politicians on this issue and contends that, since the issue is within the educational system and within the schools themselves, it only makes sense that the solution will be found there and not in the halls of state or federal government. The paper presents the opinions of those who support bilingual education and of those who oppose it.
From the Paper
"The controversy over the concept and practice of bilingual education is hardly new. Although most people trace the beginnings of the debate to the 1970?s Supreme Court finding that non-native English speakers (particularly new immigrants), were not receiving the equal education guaranteed them by the law (CPJ, 1997), the debate has actually long been a part of United States History. Interestingly, however, most American voters have little knowledge about the long history of bilingual education, and instead somehow imagine that the best and only ?logical? way to immerse new immigrant students into the ?mainstream? is to immediately place them in an all English setting. Although this is the view of many, it is particularly telling that large numbers of politicians and political parties jump on the bilingual bandwagon-either for or against, seemingly pointing to a larger issue of the importance of ?assimilation? that has nothing to do with academic success."
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Mathematics Instruction in English in Bilingual Classrooms, 2005.
Research proposal for examining the effects of mathematics instruction in English in bilingual classrooms.
2,211 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a research project that would examine the effectiveness of English instruction of mathematics on Second Grade ELL (English language learners) students as compared to the effectiveness of instruction in their native language. The proposal is in response to the controversy surrounding the issue of how best to teach mathematics to children from non-English-speaking backgrounds, since it has been found that the best way for children to learn to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences is by making a connection between mathematics and their everyday lives. The paper examines whether ELL students should be taught how to make this connection in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or whether they should be immersed in English as early as possible. The paper includes an annotated bibliography and an observation checklist of lessons taught in class.
Introduction
Setting
Problem/Issue
Research Question
Hypothesis
Methodology
Subjects
Instrumentation
Significance of the Study
From the Paper
"Mathematics is a powerful tool for interpreting the world. Research has shown that for children to learn how to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences, mathematics must be connected to their lives. Such connections help students to make sense of mathematics and view it as relevant. There has, however, been controversy with regard to children from non-English backgrounds and the best ways to get them to make those connections. Questions are raised regarding how to instruct these children who are referred to as English language learners (ELL?s). Should they initially be taught in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or should they be immersed in English as early as possible."
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"Mother Tongue", 2004.
A review of Amy Tan's essay, "Mother Tongue," discussing the English language.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the essay, "Mother Tongue," by Amy Tan. The paper describes how the author uses rhetorical strategies to make her argument, while critiquing cultural standards. The paper states that Amy Tan writes of the different forms of English she uses in her life and illustrates the myriad ways that people express themselves, depending on their audience and their needs.
From the Paper
"Throughout Amy Tan's essay, she compares the English she uses everyday, to the English she uses with family and close friends. She uses the English she has learned as a tool to express the stilted English that makes up her cultural memories and the words of her mother. She writes, "But to me, my mother's English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. It's my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, full of observation and imagery. That was the language that helped shape the way I saw things, expressed things, made sense of the world" (Tan). Therefore, some of Tan's earliest memories include memories of her mother's stilted English, which is both comforting and cultural to her. She knows her mother's education and ideas are not stilted, but also recognizes that her limited way of speaking might make her appear "limited" or less than perfect to other listeners."
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Bilingual Education Methods, 2005.
An examination of five methods in education used to teach bilingual language skills.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines five methods of bilingual education methods. These are the audiolingual method, the Total Physical Response method (sometimes referred to in the literature as TPR), the Silent Way Method, the natural approach method, and the Soviet-inspired ?Suggestopedia? method. The writer explains that each of these has been relatively influential in various parts of the world, and many successful bilingual programs today use derivatives of one of these methods or draw elements from each to compose spin-off styles.
From the Paper
"Once upon a time, perhaps, the art of teaching was relatively strait-forward. Each teacher used their own style, or that which had been handed down to them by those they learned from. While certainly a certain degree of theory has always been involved in teaching (after all, the so-called Socratic method of teaching was debated centuries before the birth of Christ, and is still cropping up as a controversial pedagogy), it was not until very recently that a great deal of academic attention was turned not just to the subject matter in schools, but to the way in which they were taught. Even so, the methodology of teaching second languages, as a separate study from general pedagogy, is even more recent. ?The designer methods emerged in the 1970's, a period of great enlightenment as many would describe.? (Brown, 1994) According to Jack Richards (2001), ?The method concept in teaching -- the notion of a systematic set of teaching practices based on a particular theory of language and language learning -- is a powerful one, and the quest for better methods was a preoccupation of many teachers and applied linguists throughout the twentieth century.? "
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Egyptian and Mayan Writing, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of Egyptian and Mayan writing.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Egyptian language is one of the first languages to be put into written form by using hieroglyphics, a system that used symbolic pictures. The author points out that the ancient writing systems of Mesoamerica can be traced back to the cliff paintings by North American Indians in the desert Southwest. These are known as petroglyphs because they are written on stone. The paper relates that the Mayan languages were lost due to the European invasions, and early Egyptian writing was absorbed into Coptic and replaced by Arabic.
Table of Contents
Egyptian Writing
Mesoamerica (MAYA)
Development of scripts. Egyptian
Development of Scripts. Mayan
Why Are Those Two Written Languages Not in Use Anymore?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Recently, Egyptian writing dating to 3,300 B.C. has been discovered. A German archaeologist has claimed that he has found what could be the earliest known human writing - records of linen and oil deliveries made about 5,300 years ago during the reign of a King named Scorpion in Southern Egypt. The discovery throws open for debate a widely held belief among historians that the first people to write were the Sumerians of the Mesopotamian civilization sometime before 3,000 B.C.."
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Communication Skills, 2004.
A discussion on the importance of having effective communication skills in business.
1,321 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at gender-based differences in effective business communication. The writer points out that, just as men and women have different characteristics in other areas, so too is this evident in how they communicate in the workplace, not only in the words they use, but how they express those words. The paper also looks at the difference between good and poor communication skills in general.
From the Paper
"Persuasive speech, especially, requires the ability to listen actively to opposing positions with a degree of intellectual flexibility that enables the speaker to synthesize a follow-up position capable of being integrated into an intellectually valid counterargument (Ehrlich, 1993). In this regard, anticipation of possible counterpoints is crucial to success, since the only alternative for the unprepared speaker is the choice between a potentially damaging off-the-cuff, spontaneous response and continuing with a scripted argument that has already been effectively challenged."
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Sociolinguistics, 2004.
A review of two articles on the spread of the English language and its historical and current uses.
3,128 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two articles, both purporting to deal with the issues of the globalization of English. It looks at how Alastair Pennycook, author of ?Images of the Self: Our Marvellous Tongue?, has a much more benevolent attitude toward the globalization of English than does Edwin Thumboo, whose scholarly article, ?Closed and Open Attitudes to Globalised English: notes on issues?, was published in 2003.
From the Paper
"Pennycook contends that the tremendous reach of English gave rise to an increase in the study of the language (1998). It seems a fatuous contention. Naturally, anything that is widely spread will be encountered by more people and likely studied by them. But he had a reason; he was leading up to his extensive, if sometimes rambling, discussion of the ways in which the culture of the English and the cultures their language encountered carried influence back and forth. Indeed, he goes to far as to posit that the studies of English that had become so prevalent were not engendered by the English themselves, but rather have their origins in the colonial context rather than in what is often assumed to be their provenance in Britain itself (1998 p. 131)."
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Tex-Mex, 2004.
An examination of the colloquial dialect known as 'Tex-Mex' in the southern United States.
1,621 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the article by Gloria Anzaldua, ?How to Tame a Wild Tongue?. It shows how this article explores the essence of Chicano culture in America through an analysis of language. The author speaks about gender, race, and identity as functions of language. It focuses on Tex-Mex, which is described as a language of rebellion, both against standard Spanish and standard English.
From the Paper
"The reason why using more than one language at a time can be so important for immigrants or children of immigrants is that it enables us to preserve our cultural heritage while at the same time fitting into the dominant culture. Anzald?a talks about assimilation as a negative act, but in many ways assimilation can be positive, as long as people make an effort to maintain some of their customs and their language. One of the reasons why Anzald?a is proud of Tex-Mex ?Spanglish? is because it reminds her of who she is. She remembers when she first discovered Chicano literature. ?When I saw poetry written in Tex-Mex for the first time, a feeling of pure joy flashed through me. I felt like we really existed as a people,? (29). The formation of Chicano culture happened largely through the use of language. ?Something momentous happened to the Chicano soul?we became aware of our reality and acquired a name and a language (Chicano Spanish) that reflected that reality,? (33)."
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"Mother Tongue", 2004.
An examination of Amy Tan's "Mother Tongue".
1,569 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the way that Amy Tan defines and identifies different language groups within the English and Chinese languages. It explains how a child born to Chinese-speaking parents and growing up in the United States develops a dialect of her own.
From the Paper
"A few of Amy Tan?s ?different Englishes? won?t be found in dictionaries. Their lexicons are unique, singular, individually tailored by Tan for each moment and each situation. They aren?t ?official? like Oxford English or Webster?s English, although she might speak those too. Amy?s Englishes are her Englishes. She created them, she owns them, and she alone employs them. Her mother tongue is one of them. Neither a dialect of Chinese nor of English, Tan?s mother tongue literally stems from her mom?s mouth. It is her mother?s means of communication in an English-speaking society. But Tan?s mother tongue is more than ?broken English.? In fact, Tan balks at that phrase: ?It has always bothered me that I can think of no other way to describe it other than ?broken,? as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, or lacked a certain wholeness and soundness,? (404)."
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U.S. Army Military Lingo, 2004.
This paper is a linguistic analysis within the sphere of phonetics and phrenology of U.S. Army military lingo.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, within the military, new words are often created out of a need for efficiency and clarity. The author points out that acronyms, truncated words, different words, nicknames, radio terminology, and obscenities play a key role in U.S. Army lingo. The paper includes examples of truncated words, such as 'Medevac', which stands for medical evacuation; 'comms check' for a communication check; 'mando study' or 'mando' is mandatory study; 'reclass' stands for reclassify; 'ammo' for ammunition; and a 'warno' is a warning order, which tells you that something is coming up.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Army Lingo: Acronyms, Truncated Words, Different Words, Nicknames, and Radio Terminology
The Phonetic Alphabet
Phonetic Numbers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The list of truncated words in the U.S. Army is seemingly endless. Army personnel eat chow at the chow hall. The phrase "cherry pickers" refers to an exercise that resembles picking cherries, while a bird is a helicopter. A lifer is a career military man (usually derogatory), while falling out is the term for falling behind in a run. Rocking out is totally failing a course. If you are lucky, you will just roll back, or get recycled, which is repeating a course of study. Ruck up means to put on your ruck sack and gear. ?Hooah!? is similar to saying ?Go Braves,? however it is so versatile that it can be used to show excitement, say ?yes?, or say that?s ?cool,? or that?s ?inspiring.? The term barracks refers to dorms."
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Hip Hop Music and BEV, 2004.
A dissertation that addresses the evolution of speech patterns that have developed from black music during the past half-century, focusing on hip-hop music.
6,700 words (approx. 26.8 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 184.95
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Abstract
The phenomenon of hip hop has spawned a new way of dressing, acting, and speaking adopted by black young people, as well as an increasing number of young whites, especially males. Hip hop and its music and speech patterns, known as hip hop or rap or gangsta rap, has moved out of the ghettos and into suburban, middle-class neighborhoods, especially among the young males in those neighborhoods. This paper questions whether it is a bona fide language type, such as Black English Vernacular (BEV), in and of itself, or whether it is a dialect of BEV. Also investigated are the vectors by which this speech might have crossed the color divide and why. Finally, how hip hop/rap/gangsta came to be and what it owes to previous black dialects, as well as to African and West Indian influences, are considered. What emerges is a constantly changing dialect that appeals to the same populations that generally cause language change, the lower classes, which start it, and the middle classes, which carry it upward.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction: Statement of Problem
Review of the Literature and Research Questions
Language of the Black Diaspora
Other Cultural Factors
Black English Vernacular Dialects: Africans via the West Indies
Use of ?Downmarket? Speech among Britons, White and Black
Is Estuary English Equivalent to BEV Dialects?
Lowest Common Denominator?
Hip-hop Language and Women
Women as Primary Musicians/Speakers of BEV Dialects
Other Voices
Methodology and Results
Appendix
From the Paper
"Kopano argues, in essence, that in their defiant states, both bebop and rap (hip-hop) artists create a rhetoric that is creative in the verbal and nonverbal mode. Both obviously include, either by contribution or adoption, other lifestyle factors, such as clothing choices. And, by extension, the dialect of Black English each one has engendered is likewise dispersed throughout the Black community, and adopted, at least in some ways, by the White community, particularly by the White males who are arguably attracted to the inherent subversive/aggressive message contained in it."
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Teaching Reading, 2004.
Discusses the different processes of learning to read with first and second-language students.
2,751 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
Reading is a critical component of second-language learning. Although the research on second-language reading has been going on for decades, the findings are not communicated to the ESL (English Second Language) teacher at the secondary level. ESL teachers are left on their own to understand how to teach ESL reading, to follow the swings of the pedagogical pendulum without understanding the principles, or to follow trends in primary-language reading without considering differences between primary and secondary reading practices. This dissertation examines the most recent research-based instructional and reading processes for both primary and secondary language students. The study examines the difference between primary language instructional theory and practice and second-language learner instructional theory and practice.
From the Paper
"Vocabulary development is also a vital part of the ?learning to read English? process. It is very important to understand that ESL students may not have life experiences that contribute to English vocabulary meanings. This makes it difficult for an ESL student when approaching an unknown word and trying to sound it out. The ESL student determines if the word makes sense based on his or her understanding of the word. If a student does not know the meaning of the word, there is no way to check if the word fits, or to make meaning from the sentence. Vocabulary development is also a primary determinant of reading comprehension. Readers cannot understand the content of what they are reading unless they understand the meaning of the majority of words in the text."
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Male and Female Non-Verbal Communication, 2004.
A discussion of the ways men and women interact with each other without using speech.
1,438 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how nonverbal communication differs between the genders. This paper focuses on examining three forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions, eye gazes, and the ability to "decode" the individual meanings behind these gestures. The paper also looks at how men and women use and interpret these gestures differently. The last part of this paper looks at the reasons behind the gender differences in nonverbal communication, focusing on the different socialization of men and women. In this part, the paper also makes recommendations regarding the implications of these gendered forms of nonverbal communication for daily interactions.
From the Paper
"In their seminal work on facial movements, Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen argued that there are six basic human emotions -- fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise. Furthermore, the researchers argued that these emotions are expressed through universal facial gestures, using the same facial-muscle movements. People from different parts of the world use the same facial expressions, regardless of culture. However, later studies found significant differences in the degrees of expressiveness in the faces of male and female subjects."
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Yiddish, 2004.
A study of the Yiddish language and its use today.
1,813 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the Yiddish language, which originated in Eastern Europe and was brought to the Western World towards the end of the 19th century. The writer includes a history of the language and shows which Yiddish words have become common used words in the English language today. Finally, the paper offers some data collected by a study at Columbia University about the dialect.
From the Paper
"The Yiddish dialect is commonly used in the American language. There are dozens of Yiddish words that have been assimilated into American slang speak. Yiddish has impacted American culture in a variety of ways. Yiddish culture, drama and writing influenced the American theatre scene and a large body of literary works through the early 1900s. It was in fact greatly popularized during this period of time, and many Yiddish playwrights and poets were well known and respected within the United States. However of late the press suggested that Yiddish is steadily declining within the United States, to the point of virtual extinction."
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