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Brain and Language, 2002.
An examination of how the brain functions in order to develop and produce language.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the functions of the three areas of the brain - the fore brain (Prosencephalon), the mid brain or the mesencephalon and the hind brain or the rhombencephalon; and explains how each region within the brain is adapted for a special task. The paper then analyzes the connection with the brain and language development and discusses some conditions such as ?Broca Aphasia?, with which people have the ability to understand language but find it difficult to express themselves.
Introduction
Brain and Language
The Broca?s and Wernicke?s Areas
The Critical Period
The Split Brain Condition
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Our principal way of communication with the world is through language. Language is the medium through which we express our feelings to the outer world. The neural basis of our language and communicating ability is an interesting aspect of study and researchers have unearthed vital information pertaining to the language processing ability of the brain. The whole process of thinking and speaking is a bit complex though it seems rather simple to us. In short we are actually executing all the minor details like jaw movement, construction of the semantics, and the sound generation everything in split second that we fail to recognize the complex task that the brain handles so effectively. Researchers have found out that we produce about one sound every tenth of a second and yet with only an error margin of one sound error per million sounds. [David Caplan] This astounding performance speaks of the power and the capacity of the human brain."
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Multicultural Education in the Early Years, 2002.
This paper examines the importance of multicultural education for the development of language skills in the early years of education.
1,358 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of multiculturalism and its connection to teaching students for whom English is a second language. It examines two main schools of thought. One believes that although schools should recognize the diversity of cultures in our midst, the primary goal of education should be to teach all children to speak English fluently, as soon as possible, and to make sure they are solidly grounded in mainstream American culture. An alternate view is that instructional approaches should support the development of the primary language and understanding of the primary culture rather than acculturation to mainstream culture.
From the Paper
"Over the past few decades, the United States has become a country of markedly more diverse subcultures than ever before. At the same time, educators have grown in their understanding and appreciation of the richness that diversity can bring to the educational environment. In spite of this, little research has gone into the effects of language instruction on the cultural development and understanding of students for whom English is a second language. The value of multicultural education is recognized at all levels of education in our country. Recognition of cultural differences as an enriching fact does exist in preschool. However, some educators concerned with the needs of ?second culture? children believe that culture and language cannot be separated, and that cultural diversity that eliminates the child?s primary language is inherently distorting (Phillips & Crowell, 1999a)."
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The Role of Language in Cultural Identity, 2002.
Discusses the effects on non-dominant cultures of America's gradual move to do away with bilingual education.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The United States is currently going through a period of turmoil regarding whether English should be the only language spoken in the country. The rationale given for insisting that everyone speak English is that 'if people chose to come here, they should learn our language'. This paper examines the effects of this policy on smaller ethnic groups such as the Native American Navajo's who view speaking their native tongue as a kind of spiritual freedom. The paper also looks at the way Yiddish has almost disappeared from the Jewish culture due to this type of integration policy. Other cultures discussed include the Chinese and the Cajuns.
From the Paper
"One other subculture demonstrates the relationship between culture and language. The Chinese have been coming to the United States since the early 1800?s, when they came here to work as agricultural workers or in railway construction. The Chinese come from an ancient and highly accomplished civilization, and their culture contained elements that helped them be successful in their new country. Industry and resourcefulness are highly prized traits in Chinese culture, behavioral traits that tended to aid success in their new land. In addition, they valued the extended family, and so were quick to support and help one another (Author not given). However, the dominant culture inadvertently encouraged the Chinese to maintain their language, and the maintenance of language and requirement that they live together encouraged the maintenance of their culture as well. The motivation for this was racial, but allowed the Chinese-American culture to hold on to cultural traditions and language for several generations while other immigration groups were tending to assimilate."
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Role of Language in Cultural Identity, 2002.
Discusses whether Ebonics should be implemented in the American educational system.
2,143 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
Perhaps more than any other debate in education, the study of language brings up questions of power and identity. How teachers and classmates view the home language of students and their families plays a major role in teachers' expectations and respect for a student's culture, as well as how easily the student will be able to learn and meet long-term educational goals. The paper shows that solving the complex social and economic problems in the U.S. that limit the educational opportunities of African Americans, particularly males, is not an easy task. Still, many educators are introducing new practices targeted specifically to the unique needs of this group. The paper shows that many researchers agree that one of the first steps that must be taken in advancing the educational level of African-American students is to implement Ebonics into inner city curricula. This paper examines the role of Ebonics in cultural identity in an effort to determine whether or not Ebonics should be implemented in classrooms or curricula.
From the Paper
"By implementing Ebonics into school curriculums, teachers are fine-tuning the learning process towards the unique needs of African American students, rather than drilling them on the proper use of grammar and dialect. For example, teachers could use mini-lessons according to the dialect learning needs that students demonstrate. If the students agree that Standard English is appropriate for classroom interaction and for writing, lessons like these would help students reach their language development goals."
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Bilingual First Language Acquisition, 2002.
An examination of early language development theory for potential bilingual children.
7,808 words (approx. 31.2 pages), 35 sources, MLA, AU$ 274.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the criteria for measuring early language development, the concepts associated with ascertaining a child?s developmental progress, the research supporting the prevailing theories and the significant findings inherent in credible research in these areas. It discusses how all over the globe young children seem to effortlessly acquire two or more languages at one time, while some uphold the belief that children who are exposed to multiple languages too early may experience developmental language delays and/or confusion. It evaluates how scientific research has attempted to examine whether young bilinguals can ascertain that they are acquiring two separate and distinct languages early on.
Outline
Introduction
Research and Analysis
Bilingual Paradox
Bilingual Deficit Hypothesis
Unitary Language System Hypothesis
Bilingual Advantage Hypothesis
Differentiated Language System Hypothesis
Vocabulary Development
The MacArthur CDI
Linguistic Milestones
Lexical Identifiers
Neutrals
Translation Equivalents
Interlocutor Sensitivity
Language Choice
Codemixing
Parental Discourse Strategies
Early Constraints
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The line of thought that resembles popular opinion about whether or not children should be raised bilingual from birth is called the ?Bilingual Paradox?. It is a paradox because there are conflicting contemporary theories about whether or not it is the preferred method of introducing two languages. While much research shows that, by several measures, children who are exposed to two languages simultaneously between the ages of zero and three achieve major milestones within the same timeframe and with similar results as monolinguals, the contemporary line of thought has been to teach a child one language early on, reserving the introduction of a second language for the later school years. The thinking associated with the latter opinion is that introducing two languages early on will confuse the child, or that the child will be disadvantaged in mastery of one or both languages. There are, however, steps parents can take early on based on proven research to give their child an advantage in learning language skills. Methodologies, tools, timing mechanisms and support strategies have been developed through testing and observation that aids children in successful and timely language development, specifically in the adoption of multiple languages."
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Military Jargon in Modern English, 2002.
How military jargon and slang has impacted the modern English language.
1,487 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the origins of military jargon and measures the influence of military jargon and slang on the English language. It shows how the conquesting armies of the colonial British government adopted many phrases, words and slang which have made their way into everyday spoken English. It compares how British soldiers and American soldiers, when interacting in the World Wars, transfered military slang between each other.
From the Paper
"The English language has been going through the evolution process for hundreds of years. A number of words that were not recognized a few hundred years back are now commonly used. English has been continuously changing for centuries because of several reasons. Influence of other societies and cultures on English is the primary reason for this continuous change. Moreover, several military adventures conducted by the British Empire, which led to the expansion of the United Kingdom to almost one fourth of the earth?s surface, also significantly influenced the English language. During these military operations, several English soldiers were exposed to some new cultures and societies. As a result of the influence from other cultures, they started using jargons and slang in their conversation, which were primarily adopted from several foreign languages. Similarly, American soldiers also adopted some jargons and slang during the Wars fought by American Army. "
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The Importance of Communicating, 2002.
This paper examines the art of communicating in the business world.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This is a paper that researches the different forms of business communication, including the transmission of ideas and messages over great distances. The author discusses the role of both verbal and non-verbal communication in the workplace, including body language and how different interpretations of language can lead to misunderstandings in the business world. The tone one uses, either verbally or electronically is an intricate piece of the business puzzle and can make or break any deal. The author also details the importance of communicating clearly and concisely in the global world of business where often different dialects can cause unnecessary confusion.
From the Paper
"Upon hearing this, the employee may interpret this to mean he/she is not working hard enough and get upset. This is a misconception of non-verbal messages. As a result of this, people need to watch not only the words and phrases they use, but also the tone of their voice. An employee should consider the tone of their message, whether depending on who they are speaking to and when. Tone is present in all communication activities. Ultimately, the tone of a message is a reflection of the speaker and it does affect how the listener will perceive the message. Tone can sometimes be difficult to consider when it is presented over a technological medium. Unarguably, however, tone can be presented via writing an e-mail message, over the phone, or through a video conference. It is still possible to express tone while using a form of technology."
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Patriotism and the Word "Country", 2002.
An analysis of the word "country" and its use in John F. Kennedy's 1961 inaugural address.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the deeper meaning behind the use of the word "country" in JFK's famous quote, "Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country." It provides the definition as given in Webster's Dictionary, and discusses the strong connection between 'country' and 'patriotism'. Kennedy's intentions in choosing this word are explored.
From the Paper
"Certainly, the use of the word country has an interesting role in the narrative of JFK's speech. Prior to the speech, America had been through a difficult and tumultuous period, and his use of the word country was important in the context of that narrative. The word country helped evoke the feeling that the United States was indeed a unified and true land, and that recent events only played a part in its much larger, and noble history."
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The Importance of Reading and Writing Skills, 2002.
A study of the teacher's role in encouraging and ensuring student's acquisition of competent reading and writing skills.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper is aimed at educators of middle and high schools. The paper discusses the importance of effectively combining reading and writing instruction with content instruction. The writer compares educational methods of the 1950's to those of today, stating the obvious improvements today. This paper emphasizes the responsibility of all teachers to understand how they can enhance and help develop their students? reading and writing skills.
From the Paper
"Learning to read and write are complementary skills. While in the younger years, writing depends on reading skills, by middle and high school, they are complementary skills: reading is necessary to do writing assignments, while writing about what has read increases comprehension of the reading materials. For this reason, separating reading and writing instruction from content areas is arbitrary and will eventually interfere with the students? progress in those content areas."
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Traditional Methods of Language Teaching, 2002.
A discussion of the ten traditional methods of language teaching.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses ten traditional methods of language teaching in detail, describing the principles of each and how they help both teachers and students to teach, understand, learn, and practice all the skills they learn through these approaches.
From the Paper
"Grammar Translation Method
This method involves the learner to spend a lot of time in understanding the language structure. Though both listening as well as speaking suffer because of it. However, grammar and vocabulary are being stressed throughout the teaching method.
The grammar translation method has been derived from traditional approaches to the teaching of Latin and Greek in the nineteenth century (Selected Lesson Plans). It was originally used to teach 'dead' languages as well as literatures for instance Latin and Greek, and was accounted for its heavy bias towards written work to the virtual leaving out of oral production. However, its main features are as follow (Kitao):
-A careful analysis of the target written language, particularly its grammar.
-The Grammar rules are presented and learned clearly
-From bilingual word lists, vocabulary is learned
-A paramount use of translation exercises
-The medium of instruction is mother tongue
-Less or no attention is paid to speaking and listening skills."
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Immersion Approach, 2002.
A look at the advantages and disadvantages of the immersion approach to teaching English as a second language.
3,160 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper first introduces this method of teaching English to minority groups in the United States. It then looks at debates among academic about the effectiveness of this method and whether traditional bilingual methods of teaching are preferred. The writer explains the unique characteristics of this method and the advantages thereof to minority groups. It explains how the immersion approach is also used in Canada and compares this to the United States. It finally presents three various models of immersion approach teaching.
From the Paper
"Immersion approach is being widely used today in American schools for the purpose of teaching English to children of minority communities. It has been noticed that because of traditional bilingual educational methods, children whose first language was not English were unable to acquire proficiency in English language. This dismal performance of bilingual education resulted in the adoption of immersion program which was designed by Canadian educators in 1960s. The program has now turned into a political issue as some quarters feel it is rather imperialistic an approach. But the success of this method has left many critics speechless but still it is important to implement immersion in such a manner that children would become not only proficient in English but would also be able to read and write in their native language."
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Cochlear Implants, 2002.
A definition of cochlear implants and the effect such implants have on childhood development.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper defines a cochlear implant as a device which converts sound waves into electric signals and thus allows the hearing impaired to hear at a greater level than a hearing aid provides. The paper discusses the effects that cochlear implants have on childhood development, focusing on children from one to four years of age. The paper explores the issues of speech recognition/language, academic concerns, social ramifications and family relationships.
From the Paper
"The University of Michigan performed the largest study ever on Cochlear implants and released the findings in January of last year. Researchers found that children who are implanted with cochlears before the age of four are able to achieve high levels of speech recognition and language skills. Dr. Paul Kileny establishes that research shows ?a significant difference in speech recognition between those who got their implants between the ages of 2 and 4 years, during the critical language development period, and those who received them later.? He concluded that people who receive the implant early in life get the greatest benefits."
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Chomskian Linguistics, 2002.
A review of chapter 13 of the book "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" by Daniel Dennett, on the evolution of language.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes chapter 13 of Daniel Dennett's book "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" which speaks on the evolution of language. The paper discusses how the book presents a lengthy discussion of many opposing arguments to language creation based on Darwin?s theory of evolution. The paper shows how Dennett particularly focuses on Noam Chomsky?s refutation of the existence or involvement of Darwinism ideas on language creation. Dennett?s position asserts that language has evolved because of the many processes organisms, particularly human beings, had experienced. - based on Darwin?s popular ?natural selection process.?
From the Paper
"After Dennett has presented his position in the first part of the chapter, he shifted the book?s discussion to the opposing arguments of philosophers and scientists about the creation of language. Dennett particularly focused on Noam Chomsky?s ideas and theories on how language was created. The main argument presented by Noam Chomsky against the Darwinian theory-based evolution of language is that ?? language didn?t really evolve but just rather suddenly arrived, an inexplicable gift, at best a by-product of the enlargement of the human brain.? Chomsky presented his argument based on the ?adaptations? that the human brain had undergone, later developing what Chomsky termed as ?specialized organ? solely functioning to facilitate language and its processes. Chomskian Linguistics centers on ?language learning?, or the learning of language through a set of rules already set in human minds. This set of rules came from the ?specialized organ? of language faculty Chomsky has formulated, and is labeled as the ?Universal Grammar.? "
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The Three Paradigms of Spelling Instruction, 2002.
This research paper uses Taylor-Heald?s article on ?Three Paradigms of Spelling Instruction in Grades 3 to 6? as a basis for identifying each of the methods.
2,065 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
The following paper describes each method in the article by Taylor-Heald, where three paradigms are identified as the traditional, the transitional and the student-oriented. Each of these paradigms is a model for teaching children the basic and fundamental concept of spelling. This paper examines how each method is utilized and also discusses Taylor-Heald's view on each of the methods. After looking at each of the methods separately, the writer examines, briefly, the major differences between the methods. It then discusses the implications of each of the methods, including how each method is used and the benefits of each method. This also includes looking at various other research studies that offer perspectives on the teaching of spelling. Finally the paper concludes by showing how the student-oriented approach does appear to be the most promising approach, just as Taylor-Heald suggests.
From the Paper
?The traditional paradigm, as the name suggests, is the main method of instruction that has been used in the American school system to teach spelling and also to teach the basics of language. The method is based on students being taught vocabulary in the form of words that do not relate to each other. These words are random and have no relationship to each other, or to anything else being taught to the students. The teacher gives these words to the students, with the students expected to memorize them and the students are tested on this at the end of the week.This approach assumes that students know nothing at the beginning and that all information must be given to them. This includes the idea that children have no knowledge of words, sounds or language.?
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Theory of Universal Pragmatics, 2002.
The following paper examines and critically analyzes Jorgen Habermas? theory of universal pragmatics.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the study of general and universal aspects of language with specific reference to Jorgen Habermas? rules for using and understanding language rationally. The goal of universal pragmatics is to identify and reconstruct conditions of possible understanding. The advantages and disadvantages of Habermas? ?Universal Pragmatics? are discussed. It is of the writer?s opinion that Habermas' emphasis on systematization and organization at times forces linguistic phenomena into pre-established categories, which leaves little room for nuances, details or humanly necessary embellishments.
From the Paper
?This concept when adequately applied extends across the boundaries of culture and language, e.g. two Englishmen would use the same formulations to communicate in English, as would two Frenchmen?in French.? In this seminal work, in the book, ?Communication and Evolution of Society,? Habermas provides a simple construct for ideal communication (Habermas 1979). Throughout ?What is Universal Pragmatics?? he maintains that all the complexities of sentence structures and their utterances are successfully communicated if an original intent is adhered to. Habermas maintains, that each form of communication, direct and otherwise, is to reach understanding. Such a pure communication is only possible if it is conducted?in a nutshell?clearly and honestly.?
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Getting People on the Same Page in Communication, 2002.
This paper presents a discussion regarding the importance of teaching English to non-English speaking people for the purpose of conflict resolution.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
Just how important teaching English to non-English speaking people is discussed in this paper. The author argues that for the sake of resolving conflicts, it is very important. The author uses several examples of common conflicts in which the understanding of the English language would have made communication much easier.
From the Paper
"The most important reason that there needs to be a universal language for conflict resolution is that without one, people are left to make assumptions which can be dangerous. Assumptions about what someone meant or how things were interpreted can cause the conflict to deepen. Even with an interpreter there is no guarantee that the translation will be smooth or exact. Teaching English to non-English speaking residents will remove the middle person and allow those in conflict to resolve their own issues(Pean, 1999). "
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