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Best Practices for Students with Reading Learning Disability, 2009.
This study provides a review of research-based best practices for students diagnosed with a learning disability in reading.
3,940 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 40 sources, APA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that research findings have demonstrated that best practices exist in the instruction of students diagnosed with learning disabilities in reading. This work identifies and reviews those best practices in what is a synthesis of the findings in this area of study.
Outline:
Objective
Significance of Study
Methodology
Introduction
Literature Review
Findings
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Stated as best practice for instructional guidelines are the following:
(1) Before reading: (a) use explicit instruction to preteach unfamiliar important words from the text; (2) have students use mapping techniques, such as Semantic Mapping, to help them think about new word meanings; (c) help students relate new vocabulary to their prior knowledge and experiences.
(2) During reading: (a) have student add new words and concepts to their maps; (b) use content-area word walls as a resource; (c) teach students to use word parts such as prefixes and suffixes to read new words; (d) teach students how to use the context of expository text to figure out word meanings; and (e) expand on word meanings that were defined in the textbook to ensure students' understanding of the new words."
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Sagarra and Alba's 'The Key is in the Keyword', 2009.
Analyzes an article by Nuria Sagarra and Matthew Alba, 'The Key Is in the Keyword: L2 Vocabulary Learning Methods with Beginning Learners of Spanish'.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper conducts a critical review of the work of Nuria Sagarra and Matthew Alba entitled "The Key Is in the Keyword: L2 Vocabulary Learning Methods with Beginning Learners of Spanish" published in the Modern Language Journal in July, 2006. The paper first explains that, in their article, Sagarra and Alba report a study, which investigated three methods of learning vocabulary and their effectiveness among 778 beginning second language (L2) students. After reviewing the article, the paper concludes that the significant finding is that the primary difference between the methods of learning was the result of the type of treatment instead of internal differences in the words used. Based on the article, the paper then applies the findings to the classroom by stating that the most beneficial way for teachers to help their students develop a stable, comprehensive vocabulary is to incorporate keywords into reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Article Review
Cognitive Models and Lexical Processing
Depth Processing
Lexical Processing Enables Deeper Processing at Early Stages
Limitations in Previous Study Findings and Adjustments to Overcome Limitations
Rote Memorization, Semantic Mapping, and Keyword Mnemonics Explained
Associative Models
Comparison of the Three Methods for Vocabulary Learning
Differentiation of Mnemonic and Non-mnemonic Elaboration Techniques
Analysis of Article
From the Paper
"Sagarra and Alba present as well as compare the three methods for learning vocabulary that have been stated including rote memorization, the keyword method and a non-mnemonic technique of semantic mapping. It is related that previous studies have attempted variations of the keyword method for the purpose of identifying the most effective application of this method. One group of studies made an examination of the impact of facilitation on keywords that were experimenter-provided versus those that were learner-generated"
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Language Vs Animal Communication, 2009.
An exploration of the language systems of humans and primates.
1,456 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a literature review on the evolution of language in humans and primates that explores why man is overtly superior to non-Homo sapiens. The paper reveals current findings that have demonstrated that chimpanzees can communicate verbally. The paper proposes a study that will identify brain activities occurring in chimpanzees and localize areas involved in the production of verbal language.
Outline:
Review of Related Literature
Objective of the Proposed Study
Study Design
From the Paper
"Numerous studies have been conducted to further understand the unique ability of man to use language as a tool for communication. Common issues have been attempted to answer by developmental scientists and psychologist with regards to the evolution of language in humans and primates (Pinker and Jackendoff, 2004). One of these issues is to discern which components of language are learned from the environment, and which are innate in man and other species. The influence of one's external surroundings - education system, interaction with others, and ability to pick up a new language system - has been dissected. At the same time, the biological and neurological characteristics of man have been investigated to understand why man is overtly superior to non-Homo sapiens. These characteristics innate in man must be contributory to the development of a highly sophisticated language system."
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The Power of Language, 2009.
A comparison of Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal" and George Orwell's "Politics and the English Language".
1,608 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, in his essay "Politics and the English Language", George Orwell focuses on the function of language as a powerful tool that can easily be abused. The paper then examines Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal" that also illustrates how language can be manipulated and abused. The paper explains how Swift's projector proves Orwell's theory that we can manipulate language and, as a result, language becomes a major factor in human thought.
From the Paper
"Language is more than words. Language is a tool that can be used in a variety of ways to achieve a variety of purposes. In his essay, "Politics and the English Language," George Orwell focuses on the function of language, emphasizing that it is a tool by which we can wield much power. He observes that language has been used as a creative tool and a manipulative tool. One of the first premises of Orwell's essay is that language and thought are connected. He writes that an "effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely" (Orwell 317). This influence works both ways. "If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought" (324). This premise is powerful in that it not only suggests that thought can influence language but it emphasizes what we already know - that individuals can be influenced by language."
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Grammar As Power, 2009.
This paper provides an analysis of grammar and writing style, focusing on grammar used in the article 'Meat Is Murder On The Environment' by Daniele Fanelli.
2,741 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
In this paper, Daniele Fanelli's July 18, 2007 article "Meat is Murder on the Environment," which was originally published in NewScientist Environment, is studied, and her use of grammar tested. The writer points out that by combining her ability to use not only correct, but also effective grammar with her innovative writing style, Fanelli has created an excellent persuasive piece. An analysis of Fanelli's words, nouns and noun phrases, verbs, clauses and clause types, grammar of discourse, and professional grammar, provides a comprehensive overview of the article. The writer concludes that by analyzing Fanelli's article, the many implications of grammar on writing style and the understandability of a work have become clear. Grammar is no longer for teachers and elementary school students, but for anyone who wants to make a professional impact.
Outline:
Introduction
Words
Semantic Representation
Form
Grammatical Category
Morphemes and Morphology
Nouns and Noun Phrases
Verbs
Clauses
The Grammar Of Discourse
Professional Contexts/ Conclusion
From the Paper
"Because this article is of a scientific nature, the author leaves many opportunities for students of English to study morphemes and their importance to semantics or meaning. For instance, the first paragraph of the article presents two words that are rather difficult to understand: eutrophication and acidification. The two lexemes are formed using the base words "eutrophic" and "acid," and the bond morpheme "iciation," the meaning of which is roughly, "to make" or "the process of making." Using affixation, or the process by which new words are formed when bound morphemes are added at the beginning or end of a sentence, the two new lexemes came into existence. Not only does this process allow student of the English language to determine how the words were formed, but also what they mean. For instance, knowing the suffixes, or morphemes, of the words allows students to determine that the words must both mean "the making of" or "the process of" something. Pairing the base words "eutrophic" and "acid" with the suffixes will allow must to draw the conclusion that the words mean the process of "making of a chemical consistency" and "making more acidic.""
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Frederick Douglas' Literacy Skills, 2009.
This paper demonstrates how literacy has been used to subjugate certain social classes, specifically the Blacks, throughout the history of America.
3,853 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the major theories of literacy to support the thesis that literacy can be used as a tool to separate and subjugate lower social classes of society. The paper focuses on the story of Frederick Douglas and explains how he learned to read and write. The paper explains how blacks were intentionally denied the tools of literacy that they needed to break free of the stereotypes and social status of inferiority. The paper concludes that Douglas' work is a culturally relevant way of writing history that provides us with a deeper understanding of what it meant to be a slave in early America.
Outline:
Douglas and the Slave's Perspective
Defining the Strategies that Douglas used to Read and Write
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Theories differ on how people learn to read and write. The connection between reading and writing is one of the most debated topics in literary circles. However, the debate over this topic pales to the debate over the relationship between culture and literacy. Major theorists are divided into two groups of thought on this topic. The first argues that literacy is necessary for the advancement of culture and society. The other argues that literacy is independent of society and that they have little influence on each other."
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Body Language, 2009.
A discussion of body language as nonverbal human communication.
1,077 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the features of universal human body language that can be completely unconscious to both the communicator and the recipient. The paper explains the phenomenon of mirroring and describes the nonverbal cues used by dating couples. The paper then shows why learning to interpret nonverbal communication is essential in the professions of sales, policing and nursing.
Outline:
Introduction
Universal Human Body Language
Mirroring Behavior and the Importance of Postures and Body Position
From the Paper
"Like other animals, human beings have evolved patterns of body language to help them communicate with others. Because we rely so heavily on verbal communication, we tend not to notice it as consciously as spoken language except in more extreme circumstances such as fear or outright aggression. Nevertheless, human body language and other forms of nonverbal communication patterns provide considerable amounts of information about others (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005)."
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Cultural Barriers, 2009.
This paper discusses cultural and language barriers within the area of marketing.
1,089 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that social networking through such sites as MySpace and Facebook has become a popular and spreading interest in the United States. Such online contexts for community and group orientation and networking have originated in the U.S. and have generated remarkable success and innovative application there. The writer looks at how language barriers and cultural differences affect marketing efforts in different countries. The writer discusses that China is a market context where challenges are specific and dominant due both to the dramatic distinction between the Chinese language and Romantic or Latin-based tongues and due to China's isolated and distinctly defined cultural nature. The writer then discusses an approach to introducing a product like the iPod to Egypt, a country that is somewhat modernized but still characterized by many of the cultural distinctions of its region.
From the Paper
"In both of these, we consider that there is a real and difficult obstruction for organizations seeking to establish a meaningful identity.
"In consideration of the example of Foster's beer, for one, we are given a narrative detailing a long and difficult process by which the Australian beer distributor was eventually able to penetrate the market. For Foster's, one of the biggest problems was its prior strategic dependence on its name and Australian identity, which are easily and charmingly conveyed in advertisement in America. In a non-English speaking market, this is a harder association to draw. "
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Semantics and Linguistics, 2009.
This paper explores the manner in which meanings and expressions are altered when removed from the printed page.
864 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that language is a complex symbiosis of verbal and nonverbal cues used to convey information within and across cultures. The writer then discusses that the needs for economy, for familiarity and for personal expression have together had the effect of enabling individuals to achieve a diversity of meanings and linguistic expressive tendencies within the context of a shared communication framework such as a language or dialect. Next, the writer presents an exploration of the way in which meanings and expressions may change when they are removed from the printed page. The writer concludes that factors such as context, the nature of the relationship between the conversant partners and general social conventions within a culture play a determinant role in the way that individuals choose both the information they disclose and the manner in which they disclose it.
From the Paper
"This speaks to our instinctual use and comprehension of words which are created by the processes of blending and clipping. Word economy is a common trait of informal linguistic communication and even the word choice more commonly used in the business setting today, where there is a high premium on conciseness but linguistic decisions that are simultaneously comprehensible to a common denominator of recipients.
"This suggests much about the way that we appear to almost naturally understand such words. Their adoption as a natural consequence of the desires inherent in the process of human communication illustrates that they are not necessarily spontaneously produced on a whim by one inflective user. Rather, we may more accurately understand that such terms are reflective of some inherent need within the language. Whether the need is to express a new range of ideas within the concise context of a single word, as seems often to motivate blending or to convey information about one's self by suggesting through word choice a certain loose, off-the-cuff informality, it is clear that there are both conscious and unconscious forces at play in our choice of word economy."
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Non-elected Rulers, 2009.
A look at the etymology of the words king, tyrant, sultan and rajah.
1,177 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper closely examines the words 'king' and tyrant' that were used for a ruler in European countries as well as 'sultan' and 'rajah' that were the names used in Turkey and Asian countries. The paper shows how although the four words all mean a non-elected ruler, each word has different origins and has undergone different semantic changes.
From the Paper
"For thousands years ago, there had always been non-elected rulers of peoples throughout the world. Even in today, kings and queens still exist and rule in some countries such as the United Kingdom, Spain and Sweden. These monarchs symbolize the countries' glorious history where nobility and being "blue-blooded" were icons of superiority. Although today's kings and queens hardly have any power over their nations except for few Arab and Asian countries, most rulers throughout history had undeniable power over their people and the vestiges of ancient civilizations reflect that power (ex. the Tomb of Pharaoh). The rulers were sometimes thought to be gods or to have powers only gods may have. In different regions, cultures and times, the names used for the concept "rulers" vary and their meanings differ slightly. Further, the words used to describe those rulers experienced different semantic changes. King, tyrant, sultan and rajah are examples of these."
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Racism and Language, 2009.
Compares Robert B. Moore's article "Racism in the English Language" with Anne Ishii's article "English as a Second Language".
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 0 sources, APA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the link made between language and racism in Robert B. Moore's article "Racism in the English Language" with the link made in Anne Ishii's article "English as a Second Language". The paper relates that Moore's article demonstrates that racism is so deeply rooted in culture that it can be easily identifiable upon the analysis of a few linguistic structures whereas for Ishii, the main problem is one of perception: Once the mainstream culture adopts a self-centered perception of the other cultures, racism begins to infiltrate into its structure. In other words, according to Ishii, English is in itself employed as an emblem of the 'mainstream civilization' and the other cultures are 'different' simply because they speak English with an accent or make frequent confusions about words and expressions.
From the Paper
"If perceived from the inside of the Japanese culture, the European heritage would certainly seem extremely exotic or different. Thus, the main problem is that of perception: once the mainstream culture adopts a self-centered perception of the other cultures, racism begins to infiltrate into its structure. Ishii establishes her argument on a critique of the film 'Memoirs of a Geisha.' The paper pertinently observes that the film is literally unintelligible since it proposes absurdly to use a Chinese cast which speaks in deliberately erroneous English."
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The Societal and Educational Effects of Dialects, 2009.
An examination of the societal and educational effects of dialects such as the Ebonics of African Americans.
2,063 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the "Ebonics" of African Americans as a viable alternative dialect. It looks at the nature of dialect in general and its effects on social status and perceived levels of education, talent and achievement. The paper shows the importance of the study of Ebonics as it is a true expression of African-American pride, values and history.
From the Paper
"The struggle to understand and recognize Ebonics represents, first and foremost, the need to understand the effects of the dialect on African-Americans and their place in American society. Various aspects of African-American English have been traced to West African patterns of speech, among these the use phrases like "you still in slavery," where the verb "to be" is conspicuously absent from the sentence. In fact such phrasing has been taken as a sign that African-Americans continue to occupy a place in American society similar to that which they occupied in the days of slavery. Nevertheless, the social stigma attached to the use of such speech patterns, even in early childhood, has been taken by others as a legitimate attempt to help young African-Americans to advance in the larger majority White society. Opponents of Ebonics claim that the dialect is hardly African at all, and represents nothing more or less than "poor language habits." By claiming a false African origin for the dialect, supporters are merely attempting to get around the dialect's deficiencies by resorting to assertions of Black pride. In other words, any move to de-legitimize such speech patterns is tantamount to disparaging African-American history and culture, another example of the relegation of African-American cultural norms to the very bottom of the social scale."
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Sources of Strange Words, 2008.
An investigation into the origins of the 'F' word.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the origin of the 'F' word, how the word came to be and how it is used today in American culture. The paper discusses that there are various legends and claims regarding the origin of the 'F' word and while some claim that the word was derived from the language of the Vikings, others claim that the word was derived from an acronym. This paper explores that various sources that make claim to possess knowledge of the origin of the 'F' word.
Outline:
Objective
introduction
Urban Legends And Myths Of The 'F' Word
The French Claim To Origin Of The 'F' Word
Random House Historical Dictionary Of American Slang
Indo-European Root 'Peuk'
North-Sea Germanic Areal Form
In Depth-Analysis
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"Because of this, English archers would taunt the French by raising their middle fingers and exclaiming that they could still 'pluck yew' hence the four-letter word." (Wilton, 2004) According to Wilton, this specific legend was a pun and Wilton states: "It is doubtful that whoever came up with this howler meant for it to be taken seriously. But this joke has gained urban legend status thanks to the internet." Wilton relates that four letter words, such as the 'F' word."
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Language and Cognition, 2008.
An exploration of studies on the relationship between language and cognition in young children.
2,769 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper explores various studies that attempt to determine how children learn to speak and shows how in many cases, the rudiments of language development are started early, even in the first few months after birth. The paper notes that such studies are of interest to educators and parents, as well as those who are working toward the betterment of illnesses such as autism. The paper points out that although much has been learned about the interrelationship of language and behavior, much will not be determined until the study of the brain becomes more advanced.
From the Paper
"How do children learn to speak? For decades, psychologists, anthropologists, philsophers and linguists have debated this question. The cognitive theory of learning, first theorized by Piaget in the mid-1950s concerns the development stages when babies and children acquire new ways of mentally representing information. Since then, a wide variety of different and competing ideas of this relationship have been proposed, which continue to stimulate a large body of research. Although the results of these studies have brought researchers closer to the "truths" behind language development, it will not be until the construct and activity of the brain is thoroughy understood that the final answers concerning language will be known."
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Conversation Analysis, 2008.
This paper looks at the theory of conversation analysis, which analyzes and identifies the different denotations, implications, backgrounds and perspectives of the discussions that take place within a community or an institution.
4,376 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 26 sources, APA, AU$ 149.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that discussions and their evaluations that take place are simultaneously significant for a society to identify and solve any problem or deficits that they are facing. The writer points out that conversation analysis is one of the ways that was initiated 3 decades ago to analyze discussions. It is considered the most popular offshoot of the field of discourse analysis. The writer discusses that since its birth, the concept of conversation analysis has proven to be a popular overall tool especially when dealing with social and communal issues. The writer studies conversation analysis focusing on this concept within a call center. The writer concludes that the main elements for conversation analysis within a call centre revolve around the potential evaluations at the micro and macro grounds of an interaction, the management of taking turns, the management of the entire design of the interaction, the concept and use of adjacency pairs, the preference management structure and the supervision or management of expressions.
Outline:
Introduction
Conversation Analysis
Conversation Analysis: Practical Groundwork
Conversation Analysis within a Call Centre
Facets of Conversational Exchanges within a Corporate Call Centre
Conversation Analysis and Related Criticism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The link between the two forms of researches that conversation analysts have focused on: ordinary conversation and institutional talk is of hierarchical nature. One of the two, the ordinary conversation, because of its existence from the initiation of conversation analysis takes the higher place on the ladder of hierarchy. Furthermore, the ordinary conversation format is far more experienced and has been far more researched then the institutional talk format because of its nature to include both the individuals' outlook as well as the community's outlook. The format of institutional talk, which includes the schools, media, courts, etc., is comparatively a newer concept and hence has been more popular for the recent researchers; this is also why it has been going through far more shared modifications in recent years."
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Foreign Language Instruction in the US, 2008.
A research proposal for identifying opportunities for improvement in foreign language educational services for school children.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This research proposal paper discusses the reasons why English language acquisition and acculturation may not be high priorities for foreign language speakers in the United States. The paper specifically aims to identify opportunities for improvement in foreign language educational services among foreign-born children enrolled in elementary (not including kindergarten) and secondary schools in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Information on the Data
Data Analysis Statistical Design
Appendix
From the Paper
"According to U.S. Census data from 2000, the total number of foreign-born children enrolled in elementary (not including kindergarten) and secondary schools in the United States was around two-and-a-half million (Ernst-Slavit, Moore & Maloney, 2002). When students that were born in the United States to foreign-born parents are included in this total, the figure actually increases to more than 12 million students. According to Ernst-Slavit and his colleagues (2002), "Although not all students from these figures would be ESL students, a significant portion of them are likely to be. These figures also suggest the imminent reality that all teachers, at some point during their careers, will have in their classrooms at least one student for whom English is a second language" (p. 116). Indeed, in many parts of the country such as Texas and New Mexico, a majority of the students may be ESL students (Waters, 2007). According to this author, "Few trends have changed the demographics of U.S. elementary and secondary schools as dramatically as the record-high immigration of the past dozen years. Students who are learning English for the first time, better known as English language learners, make up a greater proportion of the K-12 population than ever before" Waters, 2007, p. 34)."
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