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Police Policies, 2008.
An overview of various issues concerning different police policies in question and answer form.
2,697 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses a series of five questions proposed that range from police policies on domestic violence to police corruption. The first question concerns domestic violence and the police of mandatory arrest of the accused abuser. A weighing of the benefits and detriments of such a policy are explored. The second question concerns the role of law enforcement in the war on terror. The modern approaches of policing and how they conform to terror prevention are explored. The third question explores the theories of police corruption. Actions are proposed as to how to run a police department devoid of corruption. The forth question concerns the Miami-Dade Employee Identification System and its aim of preventing police abuse. The successes and failures of the system are discussed. The final question concerns the introduction of technology into the modern police department. The pros and cons of such technologies are also explored.
From the Paper
"The policy of community based policing, where the police department reaches out to the local community through increased personal relationships with its members has been a gaining popularity over the past 20 years. (Henderson, Miller, Ortiz, Sugie p.1) Community policing has been proven effective to increase public safety through the strengthened ties between the community and the police department. It is intuitive that the more familiar an officer is with the community that they police, the more likely it is that the community will cooperate with the officer in police matters, and the less likely a misunderstanding will occur. "
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Crime in New Jersey and in the United States, 2007.
An examination of the prison system and crime in New Jersey and in the United States.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the activities of state authorities in relation to crime in New Jersey and in the United States. The paper explains that in recent years crime rates in New Jersey have dropped significantly, but the prison population, and its costs, have increased and the key reason is that New Jersey (like many other jurisdictions) uses incarceration to address drug problems. The paper points out that there are alternatives to full-scale incarceration that would save the state of New Jersey substantial sums which are now being spent on maintaining a prison system that is built to guard New Jersey from a threat that does not exist.
Outline:
Introduction
Part I: Recent Crime Statistics
Part II: Recent Legislation
Part III: Victims Assistance Programs
Part IV: Correctional Options
Part V: Three Strikes Laws
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are two criminal justice systems in the United States: the state system and the federal system. When a person commits a crime, it may be a crime against the laws of the United States; it may be a crime against the laws of the state in which the crime occurs. Violations of the criminal laws of the United States ("federal crimes") are prosecuted by the United States through the U.S. Attorney in each state. Violations of the laws of a given state are prosecuted by the various officials of the state. While the two systems work cooperatively, they do not course over."
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White-Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper analyzes the rise of white-collar crime within the United States in light of John Maynard Keynes' and Adam Smith's free market systems.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of white-collar crime in relation to the free market global economy, which has played a large role in increasing corporate crimes. The paper looks closely at the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes that explain free market abuses. The paper concludes that although Keynesian regulatory theories provide a strong groundwork for a justice and rights based system of rules to control and balance free market economies, the lack of government enforcement through the private sector allows corporate criminals to go unpunished.
From the Paper
"The central issue of Adam Smith's "hidden hand" economics in the free market economy is the growing failure of the U.S. government to regulate the way that banking has been practiced in global markets. One example of this was the problem of the Savings and Loan Crisis, which often deregulated banking institutions, causing problematic ethical issues through justice based theories of fair and balanced market behaviors. In this case, the government did not enforce restrictions on competitive measures for commercial banks for the greater benefit of the banking industry."
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Presents for Police, 2008.
This paper reviews an article by Tom Bailey "Top Local Cops Don't See Freebies as Problem", which discusses the practice of granting gratuities to law enforcement officials.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper examines an article from the Memphis,Tennessee "Commercial Appeal" that discusses the ethics behind the issuing of gratuities to police officers. The paper looks at the attitudes of those who favor discounts and other "perks" for officers and those who argue against such privileges. The paper is of the opinion that public monies should be set aside towards paying police officers the salaries they deserve.
From the Paper
"Without question, the acceptance of gratuities by police officers has been a matter of growing concern in recent years - although a case can certainly be made that the specter of police corruption has always been a hot topic for discussion among policy-makers and among the general public. A recent article appearing in the Memphis, Tennessee's, Commercial Appeal, begins by noting an incident wherein a police deputy was offered (and presumably took) a hefty discount after eating at a local Memphis restaurant. The rationale behind the practice of granting gratuities, apparently, is that local businesses, eateries and stores are more than happy to give officers "a little extra" if it means that they will be more likely to patronize a particular establishment with all of the accoutrements (gun, badge and radio) of their trade."
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Subjectivism and Objectivism in Criminal Liability, 2008.
An analysis of how subjectivism and objectivism applies to various criminal cases.
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophies of subjectivism and objectivism as they apply to criminal liability. It begins by defining each philosophy. It then presents examples of past cases and discusses how subjectivism or objectivism applies to them. The paper also looks at the history of British common law and how subjectivism and objectivism came into play in determining guilt or innocence.
From the Paper
"The objective standard is now changing to the subjective. In the case of B. v. the Director of Public Prosecutions (2000) 1 All ER 833, is a recent example of the shift. In B. the defendant is 15 year old boy accused of incitement of a child under 14 to gross indecency. The young man was sitting on a bus next to a 13 year old girl, he repeatedly requested that she perform sexual acts with him, and she refused all of his advances. The original intent of the legislation would make this a strict liability crime, where the mere commission of the offense would incur criminal liability, actus reus. Using the previous standard for specific intent crimes established in Morgan, a reasonable standard would be applied to determine criminal liability of the boy. With the decision in B. the court now has established an objective standard. Lord Steyn in his opinion stated, "There has been a general shift in from objectivism to subjectivism in the branch of the law."
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Violence in the Media and the Effect on Children and Adolescents, 2006.
An examination of the relationship between exposure to violent television and video games and the development of aggression in children and adolescents.
2,878 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the amount and types of violence children and adolescents are exposed to, and whether there is a relationship between this exposure and the development of aggression in children and adolescents. The paper explains that thousands of research studies have demonstrated that exposure to violent television and video games tends to lead to the development of aggression in some children and adolescents, however there is no simple causal relationship, i.e. we cannot say for sure that exposure to such violence will lead to aggressive behavior. The paper notes that multiple variables have an impact, such as age and gender of the child, and level of mediation done by parents, and that different media have different effects. In conclusion, the paper shows that research has established that exposure to television and video game violence can lead to the development of aggression in children and adolescents and such exposure tends to desensitize them to violence, and dis-inhibit them from committing acts of violence.
From the Paper
"Violence on television is the most commonly experienced exposure to violence in the lives of most children. While it is common knowledge that there is a great deal of violence on television, it is important to bear in mind that there are many different kinds of violence on television. For example, some shows feature human actors, acting out brutally violent acts, such as murder, rape and torture. While these may not be intended for young children, the reality is that many such children have access to them. At the other extreme, even cartoons usually portray at least some violence. Often this is extreme violence, such as pianos dropping on heads. However, the characters usually do not bleed or die, and they are in any event clearly fictional, so one might expect that the impact is not as great as graphic violence with human actors."
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Community Notification Laws, 2008.
This paper looks at the use of community notification laws.
861 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that keeping children safe from sexual predators today includes the use of community notification laws to inform the public when sex offenders move into a neighborhood or region. The writer points out that these laws may include direct notification of people in a neighborhood or more general notification by posting names and addresses on a website accessible by all. The writer argues that such laws can help reduce the incidence of sexual abuse of children by putting parents on notice so they can take greater care, though such an approach is not a panacea and will not completely eliminate the threat, only reduce it. The writer concludes that community notification creates an opportunity for parents to become more informed and to exercise greater caution regarding the safety of their children.
Outline:
Introduction
The Argument
The Approach
Another Provision
Problem of Notification
Efficacy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This sort of response has been extended to other violent felons as well, with more and more communities fighting the placement of parolees in their area and seeking laws involving everything from notification to the right to refuse entry to a released offender to enhanced incarceration beyond the original sentence. Local groups across the country are trying to block former convicts from settling in their communities and are pressing their state assemblies for tougher detention laws and parole conditions. As a result, more and more states are enacting laws that put the interests of the community before the rights of ex prisoners. The most vociferous demands are for notification laws to alert citizens when a sex offender is about to be released into their community. At this time, many states require that local police be notified when a release is imminent, and now the New Jersey law calls for authorities to notify community members as well. In the U.S. Congress, members approved a provision which requires certain offenders to check in with police every 90 days for the rest of their lives. The New Jersey proposal only requires police to notify neighbors, schools, churches, youth groups and the media within 45 days of an ex offender's moving into a neighborhood."
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Social Learning Theory: Application to School Shootings and Violence, 2007.
An examination of social learning theory focusing on the case of Luke Woodham and the murders that occurred in Mississippi in October of 1998.
3,667 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 164.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses school shootings in America, focusing on the case of Luke Woodham and his violent acts in October of 1998. The paper explains that this case is used as an example of criminal acts that are conducted by children and the case is examined through social learning theory. The paper explores the foundations of social learning theory and arguments against this theory in relation to school shootings are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper examines how social learning theory can be used as a predictor of school violence and then discusses the prevention techniques that have been offered and that must be implemented in order to address the issue. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the criminal justice system and society as whole it is evident that the only answer to school shootings and violence is to begin to work together in a manner that allows for preventative measures to be taken and for children to once again have faith that the adults who are supposed to protect them will and that the world that is supposed to be supportive of them will function to accomplish that mission.
Outline:
Abstract
Etiology
Prediction and Prevention
Recommended Criminal Justice Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of Woodham and the murders that occurred in Mississippi, it is evident that the conditions described through social learning theory existed and that these conditions contributed to the actions taken by the juvenile. For example, early in his life Woodham became engrossed in the philosophy used by Hitler. It was not difficult for Woodham to witness the results of Hitler's philosophies, as those results are consistently present in the social order as a matter of social history. Woodham was capable of retaining these events because they were constantly reinforced through exposure to the ideas discussed in relation to Hitler through the people that he knew and the studies that he personally conducted."
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Police Corruption, 2006.
An examination of corruption in the police department.
964 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the several theories of police corruption. It explains that the integrity of the criminal justice system is built on a foundation of faith and that public trust is paramount, and corruption by one or two "bad apples" is nearly as destructive to the system as pervasive corruption. The paper discusses the measures that can be taken to restore and preserve the public trust in the police department, and the system at large. The paper concludes that the reliance upon the rule of law to keep society functioning requires the guardians of the system to be of the highest integrity and corruption among those sworn to protect the public diminish the system.
From the Paper
"Thus, the "rotten-apple" theory is comforting, there are only a few corrupt individuals spoiling it for all of those that are good and honest. Fortunately, this comfortable construct is reality, public opinion polls support the notion that police officers are persons of integrity, and can be depended upon to protect the citizenry from the criminal element. When the public is made aware of corruption in the police department through the media, the stories often revolve around one or two officers, or a small group of officers. Rarely do the stories relate to a systemic problem of widespread corruption. However, with each of these incidents a need for reform is put forward with a degree of urgency more compatible with a department run like an organized crime syndicate rather than measures need to be taken to prevent a few more apples from rotting."
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Corrections Administration, 2008.
This paper explores the considerations involved in corrections administration in the United States.
1,815 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper identifies and addresses the key issues pertaining to effective corrections administration. These issues are identified in respect to their historical context and the outcomes that are achieved when policy and practice are implemented and maintained within the correctional facility.
Outline:
Introduction
Changing Organizational Dynamics
Duties of the Administrator
Popular Leadership Models
From the Paper
"Winterdyk (2004) suggests that the foremost consideration in the adult correctional institution is the recognition by administrators and policymakers that many distinctive and seemingly separate areas of the institution are in fact directly connected. He writes that "it is generally accepted that in order to examine anything related to criminal justice in a comparative context, a historical perspective is also required since the phenomenal being studied [...] have developed and evolved under unique economic, political, and social structures" (p. 2). However, he continues to note that a new trend in "comparative issues analysis" has begun, wherein it is increasingly evident that areas of the correctional system are in fact heavily interconnected (p. 6 - 7). This indicates that a broader, more effective study of organizational dynamics within the correctional institution can be accomplished through integration of themes and information that has been acquired in these other domains."
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"Three Strikes" Laws, 2008.
This paper discusses the criticism of the "three strikes" criminal laws.
712 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the view of proponents of 'three strikes' laws, who argue that incarcerating repeat criminals reduces crime. The paper questions the deterrence of these laws and looks at critics who maintain that they actually increase violence, are a financial burden and are discriminatory. The paper discuses the lack of consistency in the legislation and implementation of these laws among states as well as the crippling of judicial and prosecutorial discretion.
From the Paper
"Americans perceive crime as a threat, although statistically violent crime has declined in recent years. (Pfeffer) Responding, many states have adopted "three strikes" laws, based on the idea that a small class of repeat offenders commits the majority of crimes. (Beres & Griffith, 1998; Pfeffer) Proponents of such laws argue that incarcerating "career" criminals reduces crime. Critics call these laws a sloppy response to the problem, only mildly deterrent, and are a financial burden. (Pfeffer)"
"California's was the first "three strikes" law, requiring that criminals with prior felonies be gotten off the street, sentenced to longer prison terms, 25 years to life even if the third crime was a non-violent felony, so that even minor crimes can lead to a life sentence. (Pfeffer)"
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Martin Scorsese's "Gangs of New York", 2006.
An examination of how Martin Scorsese's film "Gangs of New York", can be seen as an elegy for an earlier, "pastoral", version of America.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper looks ar Martin Scorsese's "Gangs of New York" and discusses a number of themes which emerge therein. It explains that Martin Scorsese's "Gangs of New York" is a elegy which tells of the passing of an age of innocence and the emergence of a new epoch in America which will be characterized by violence, upheaval and - ultimately - by breathtaking industrial and technological innovation. The paper discusses how the film illustrates the pull of atavistic collectivity against the counter-tug of individuality. The writer argues that the film's most dramatic and impressive feature lies in its exposition of the dangers of the gang mentality. The writer concludes that "Gangs of New York" is perhaps not Scorsese's best work, but the motion picture will endure simply because it probes the dark psychology of gang life with a vividness that is unforgettable.
From the Paper
"Suffice it to say, the elegiac overtones are accentuated by the terrific human loss and waste which typify the film - a rather brutal cinematic tour de force which may not be suitable for many audiences. Additionally, the elegiac components of the film are brought into sharp relief by the desire on the part of the main protagonist, Amsterdam Vallon (played passably well by Leonardo Di Caprio), to avenge the savage murder of his father (Scorsese, Gangs of New York). The tragedy at the heart of all of this is that what appears to be a passably bright, charming young man with a promising future ahead of him is now being marred by events from the long-ago past which compel him to rush forward to seek vengeance; in that sense, the film echoes some of the tropes found in Shakespeare's Hamlet - as Nev Pierce of the British Broadcasting Corporation points out (para.5)."
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Judges and the Media, 2008.
This paper looks at the relationship between the decision of judges and the media.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the issue of judicial discretion in relation to the media has long been a source of debate. The writer points out that judges that have the power to allow media in the courtroom also have the power of impacting society, defendants' lives and the manner in which society views the judicial system. These factors are both positive and negative elements in regard to the issue; however, they also lead to one critical conclusion. The writer maintains that when one person has the ultimate authority to adversely impact anyone in society simply because he or she chooses to do so, that person has gained too much control over his or her community. This is because the determining factor in the decision is not weighed by law, nor is it guided by measured personal ethical standards - it is simply made based on an individual opinion. The writer argues that in the United States personal opinions may be allowed, but at no time should they be supported in arbitrarily harming others.
From the Paper
"Pattenden suggests, however, the when judges have the discretion of allowing media into the courtroom for reporting or television coverage there is a risk that may be too significant to overlook. This risk is that through the media coverage the defendant may be condemned before the trial is ever concluded. This is because the media has the ability not only to broadcast images to the public of the trial, but to create commentary on the proceedings as well. That commentary may not ultimately have an affect on the verdict, but it may lead to the public's determination of guilt or innocence of a person. Regardless of the verdict, therefore, that person may be subject to public scrutiny long after the trial has ended, and despite the innocence that has been determined by the jury. When the judge has the sole power to determine whether or not the media should be allowed in a trial that judge is then creating a situation for a secondary trial to exist between the defendant and the public. And it is a trial that may never end."
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Armed Robbery Laws, 2006.
An analysis of the suggestion to increase sentencing for the offense of armed robbery.
1,256 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines if the recommendation toward altering sentencing laws for the offense of armed robbery is valid. It explains that this recommendation is viewed as a means of providing a stronger deterrence to the crime of armed robbery, as well as providing the possibility of sending a message to offenders that this type of crime will not be tolerated throughout society. The writer notes that doubling the base sentence at this time would then set up a situation in which the final punishment is significantly greater than the crime. The writer believes that the intent to alter the basic sentence for armed robbery be halted at this time. The writer further suggests that changes in the basic sentencing for armed robbery may prove to be unconstitutional in relation to excessive sentencing, allowing the guilty to be released and the purpose of any type of legislation in regard to this issue to fail to meet its objectives.
From the Paper
"Armed robbery is considered a serious offense because of the various factors that can be present during the process of the criminal act, to include loss of life due to the presence of a weapon. While there may be changes requested to the sentencing in relation to certain crimes, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines provide the basis by which judges may impose sentence, and until recently this document has served as a mandatory issue in the sentencing in relation to all criminal acts."
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Alcoholism and Police Officers, 2008.
This paper reviews the issue of alcoholism among police officers.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the correlation between occupational stress and alcoholism. The writer discusses what police departments can do to mitigate the spread of alcoholism among its officers. The writer also looks at how alcoholism among police officers impacts local communities and tears at the fabric of police families. The paper then suggests what educational and diversionary approaches should be put in place in order to thwart alcoholism from becoming an insuperable problem that can ruin lives and drive a wedge between police/community relations.
From the Paper
"Another thing that Nordlicht's study reveals is just how toxic can be the unreasonable and unhealthy expectations foisted upon police officers by an authoritarian command structure that demands unblinking obedience, a "stiff" facade, and emotional distance in almost all circumstances. Clearly, police administrators who fear that their officers are succumbing to alcoholism need to look closely at how they expect officers to act with one another and with the general public; in other words, if police officers are expected by their superiors to be severe, emotionally withdrawn, fairly unapproachable, and relatively uncommunicative with the public and with each other, then emotional problems can begin to well up as the stresses of the job - stresses which demand that officers confide in someone - start to exact their toll. Consequently, police officials should make every effort to create a collegial atmosphere wherein communication is valued; at the same time, they should also institute community policing programs (if they have not done so already) that bring police officers more nearly into contact with community members. By doing this, by establishing a cooperative relationship with the local neighborhood or precinct, police officers can break down whatever barriers may exist between themselves and the public and make their days a little less stressful simply because they have personal relationships in place now that make their jobs just a little bit easier. Without question, steps such as these will lessen the stresses which can make turning to drink an attractive option."
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Burglary Statistics, 2008.
A statistical comparison of the crime indices of burglary in the Bismarck North Dakota Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) to that of the Macon Georgia MSA.
842 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the crime indices of burglary in the Bismarck North Dakota Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) to that of the Macon Georgia MSA as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in its annual "Crime in the United States" publication. It then discusses some of the factors that may contribute to the disparity between the two MSA.
From the Paper
"The rate of burglary was highest in Macon in this comparison. The rate for 2005 was 1,383.2 per 100,000. The rates for 2000 and 1995 were 1,235.4 and 1,104.0 respectively. There was one statistical change made in the sampling from 2000 to 2005. The metropolitan statistic area was revised. For the 1995 and 2000 reports Macon included Bibb, Houston, Jones, Peach and Twiggs counties. For the 2005 report, Houston and Peach were replaced with Crawford and Monroe counties. This had an effect on the overall population reported for the MSA. The 1995 population was 313,771, 2000 was 338,029 but 2005 the population was reported as 234,455. The later number must be disregarded when assuming a slowly increasing population trend. The trends are contrasted to the Bismarck data."
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