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Racism and African-Americans, 2007.
This paper discusses crime rates in the U.S. as it relates to African- Americans.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that one has only to watch television or read a newspaper to see that crime is a daily concern for many Americans. The writer discusses that African-Americans are arrested for crimes out of all proportion to their numbers. The writer maintains that American justice may once have been poisoned by racism, but some say, the figures speak for themselves - a higher percentage of African-Americans are arrested and imprisoned, because they are responsible for the bulk of criminal acts. The writer concludes that although the African-American prison population proportionally far outreaches the prison population of any other group, little has been done to help prevent young African-Americans from continuing to follow in the footsteps of their elders.
From the Paper
"The problem of juvenile crime is particularly acute. To a much greater extent than Whites, African American children often lack proper adult supervision. They turn instead to television and other forms of media as sources of inspiration. Desperate for role models, young African-Americans latch onto characters whom they feel represent themselves, people who look, speak, and act as they do. But what comes out of these characters' mouths? What actions do they perform? Minority youths watch as their "heroes" commit assault and murder, rape and steal, sell and use drugs. With little knowledge of appropriate behavior, the criminal counterculture seems a real and viable alternative to the world in which many minority children live. Brutality begets brutality."
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Natural versus Legal Crimes, 2007.
This paper describes and contrasts natural crimes with legal crimes.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of natural crimes compared to legal crimes. The writer explores the difference between natural and legal crimes, gives examples of both and discusses which crimes are wrong in themselves and which ones are only crimes because they are deemed illegal.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Crimes
Legal Crimes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In civilized society there are natural crimes and legal crimes. While they are all crimes when held against the state, local or federal statutes they are viewed differently in the eyes of those who are mandated to uphold and obey them. For the purpose of discussion natural crimes are crimes that are morally and ethically wrong and would be wrong regardless of what the law said about them, while legal crimes will be discussed as crimes in which the only obvious rationale for them being deemed illegal is that the government has deemed them as such. "
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Meaning of Justice, 2007.
This paper examines the meaning and the connotations of justice.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what exactly justice means and how it applies to a criminal justice professional. The writer explains that justice, as such, refers to a sense of fairness and impartiality, an even-handedness, righteousness, and also objectivity and independence in making up one's opinions. Further, the writer notes that justice is the concept which must predominate when laws are being made, and for a layman, justice would mean that he would be safe and secure in the knowledge that he would be protected adequately by the law, and by the sense of justice that the law must uphold, no matter what. The writer concludes that although justice may have several different connotations, the bottom line is that the criminal has to be punished, and the victim awarded respite and retribution for the crime that he has suffered.
From the Paper
"When one wished to search for the true meaning to justice, one must first decide the method that he wished to use to search for it, because this would provide a rational answer to the problem. The meaning of justice can perhaps be taken therefore, from its use in legal theory, and thereafter, combining it with a concept of ethics. For a criminal justice professional, he would study social control, penal law, criminal procedures, social law, evidence, criminology, victimology, and various other components of the justice system. Each area of study is equally important, and unless all the areas are given equal justice, the professional would not be able to practice law in all fairness. He must be able to implement as many types of justice as are humanly possible in this world, and concentrate on being fair and just in all his judgments of criminal and social behavior."
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Leadership in Law Enforcement, 2007.
An analysis of how motivation and morale effect leadership in law enforcement officers.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects that motivation and morale have upon leadership. It focuses specifically on leadership within law enforcement and how motivation and morale effects a group's perception of those in leadership roles, as well how those in leadership positions are effected by motivation and morale. The paper concludes that departments with quality leaders see productivity and excellence in the performance of the department they are leading.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Morale Defined
Motivation Defined
Leadership in Law Enforcement
Motivation and Morale: The Effects
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Having reviewed the literature in the subject of law enforcement leadership and the effects of morale and motivation, it is the finding of this researcher that good morale and motivation do not so much create results or effects but indeed morale and motivation are what exist in the law enforcement department that has quality leadership that provides positive morale and positive motivation to those being led. In fact in departments with quality leaders who are able to communicate both up and down the ranks of file within the organization are departments that see productivity and excellence in performance of the department they are leading. The effects of a lack in motivation and morale are negatively expressed through poor performance, reduced morale, and loss of public support and even the loss of the job of those in leadership positions. Clearly maintaining positive morale and motivation in law enforcement is key to successful law enforcement leadership."
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Punishing the Mentally Ill, 2007.
This paper discusses the punishment of crimes committed by the mentally ill.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses criminal law and insanity. The writer notes that criminal law regulates behavior in society by punishing those who violate the penal code by committing a crime or offense. The writer points out that the legal test of insanity has changed through the past hundred years from social influences rather than scientific advances and insanity pleas have rarely succeeded. This indicates the general community standpoint that mental disease may motivate, but does not excuse, a crime, that the offender may simply fake being mad and that the mentally ill are a threat to the community. The writer concludes that the establishment of widespread systems should effectively address the required needs, such as assertive community programs, which would reduce criminalization in the country both by improving these services in the community and by providing appropriate treatment and support in the criminal justice systems.
From the Paper
"Of the more than 1,000 men and women put to death in the US by the end of December 2005, dozens had histories of serious mental illness before they were sentenced or by the time of their execution. Some were mentally retarded or suffered from mental illness or both. Their mental illness was mainly due to extreme childhood abuse, violence in prison, inherited or developed or made worse by their stay on death row. In many cases, a defendant's competence to stand trial has been seriously doubted as to whether he or she genuinely understands the nature and severity of the proceedings set against him or her or the capability to assist and cooperate in his or her defense. He or she may not possess the required competence to plead guilty or waive trial counsel. Some defendants are also said to have committed the crime in order to get a death sentence. Inadequate representation may evade the existence or the extent of mental impairment in the defendant. In other cases, defense lawyers do not have sufficient resources against the prosecution, the defendant's failure to cooperate may appear to the jury as a lack of remorse, or the defendant may refuse to reveal vital information on account of a suspicion of conspiracy against him or her."
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Capital Punishment, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of capital punishment, which is presently one of the hottest and most controversial topics in the United States.
1,981 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer suggests that due to the growth and interest in the value of the individual, the philosophical and moral, social and economical implications of capital punishment become clear. The writer maintains that as the arguments based on morality and human rights lead to circular discussions with both sides having equally valid points, a decision on whether to support or fight the death penalty should logically be based on the argument that it is not an effective deterrent to violent crime and is ultimately more of a financial burden on taxpayers than lifetime incarceration. The writer claims that the arguments provide a strong, sound foundation to support the opinion that the death penalty should be abolished. The writer argues that the logic behind retaining a legal policy and carrying out a punishment that clearly does not have the effect it is supposed to have on the general population seems preposterous.
From the Paper
"The two opposing forces in this issue are essentially supporters of human rights versus supporters of punishment for crimes done. Unfortunately there is little common ground for these groups considering they often support exact opposites of each argument. Human rights advocates are interested in the dignity of the individual, the integrity of the justice system, and the moral implications that ending another human being's life entail. Supporters of capital punishment are only interested in the individual in as far as they are justly punished for the pain and trauma they have inflicted on the victims and their loved ones. They focus on the bigger picture of safety of the public in general."
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Your Credit Report, 2007.
This paper argues that individuals must protect themselves by checking the validity of their credit report.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that a friend discovered that he had been a victim of identity theft and credit fraud demonstrating how important it is to be aware of the information on one's credit report. The paper relates that the 2003 Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) mandates that the disclosure of credit reports must be free of charge for consumers. The paper relates that the reasons for checking one's credit report at least yearly are (1) the frequent potential for error on the part of the credit reporting agency, (2) the possibility of being a victim of identity theft and not even being aware of it and (3) knowing one's exact credit score can give a person an edge when negotiating things like car and home loans.
From the Paper
"In previous years, individual consumers' credit scores were unavailable to private people; leaving individuals somewhat in the dark regarding their actual score. Although credit reports and scores could be purchased for a fee of around $30-$50, most consumers did not take the time or want to spend the money to verify that they had not been victims of fraud, or even that a clerical error had occurred in their credit ratings. However, recent laws have mandated the disclosure of credit reports free of charge for consumers. In December 2003, Congress enacted and the President signed comprehensive legislation, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) updating the 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act."
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Causes of Criminal Behavior, 2007.
This paper examines the classical theory of criminal behavior.
1,252 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the classical theory of crime causation, one of the major theoretical perspectives in the field. The paper begins by describing Cesare Beccaria who is generally seen as the founder of this theory. Several of his influences are evaluated, including ideas regarding the nature of punishment which are central to his theory. The paper evaluates the classical theory in light of modern criminology. A chart entitled 'Comparison of Classical and Positivist Schools' is included.
Outline:
Introduction
Man Pleads Guilty
Classical Causes
Vital Components
Foundation and Focus
Causes Contributing to Frank's Crimes?
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Classical Theory, one of the major theoretical perspectives of crime causation, will not fully explain Frank's criminal behavior. This theory may, however, shed a bit of light on the underlying factors contributing to his dark deeds. "Cesare Beccaria - 'the Rousseau of the Italians' (Beirne, 1993:14) - is generally seen, at least symbolically, as the founder of this movement." (Carrabine, Iganski, Lee, Plummer & South, 2004, p. 32 - 33) Beccaria, a humanist born in Milan, Italy in 1738, feverishly worked for the eradication of injustice and illogicality of the judicial system prior to and continuing into his day."
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Boot Camp Programs, 2007.
This paper reviews research and data to establish whether prison boot camps are more successful than general incarceration for young adults.
5,303 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 164.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews available research concerning boot camp / shock incarceration programs and evaluates the available data concerning the success of these programs. First, the paper reviews the background behind prison boot camp / shock incarceration programs. Next the methods used in compiling and evaluating the data are presented. The effectiveness of the programs are also illustrated and reviewed , with the purpose of identifying key elements of success or failure in prison boot camps. The paper concludes by stating which programs have long-term effectiveness according to the data.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Boot Camp Programs
Methodology
Results
Effectiveness
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For the past two decades significant money and time have been put toward the implementation of prison boot camp programs, sometimes called shock incarceration. Often costing more money per inmate per day, shock incarceration programs hope to save money in the long run by reducing recidivism and prison overcrowding. Mixed reviews in the media have called attention to flaws in these programs, both in their inception and inability to meet their own goals (Burton & Marquart, 1993). However, some programs do seem to work. This study intends to review the available research and data to establish whether prison boot camps are more successful than general incarceration for young adults."
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Crime Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses theories of crime within society.
996 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that followers of the social organization theory believe the degree of a society's organization is correlated with violent crime. The writer maintains that if a community has strong social institutions or organizations, there will be less violent crime. Conversely, the writer points out that in a society where social organizations are under-funded, weak or ineffective, there will be higher instances of crime. The writer argues that social organization theories are right to emphasize the importance of institutions, which after all exist to serve public needs such as safety and education. It is also important to note, as social process theories do, that these institutions are made up of individuals, and as social creatures, these inter-relations fulfill basic human needs. Thus, the writer claims that a more comprehensive approach to preventing violent crime would be to ensure that institutions such as schools and law enforcement are well-funded.
From the Paper
"The strengths of the social organization theory of crime can be seen in the success of recreational programs targeted to at-risk youth. These programs are designed to meet the youth's problems in a positive way, encouraging them to form healthy attachments with their peers and mentors. One such successful project is the "Comin' Up" program in Forth Worth, Texas. Comin' Up is a midnight youth-oriented basketball league that was convened to give gang members an alternative activity to crime and violence. Since the program was initiated, Fort Worth police reported a 39 percent decrease in juvenile crime. Similarly, mentoring programs stress the need for mentoring programs for youths having difficulty at school. This requires concerted efforts on the part of teachers and other educators, as well as counselors and social workers. Athletic leagues, summer camps and similar recreation programs remain staples of community activities geared towards avoiding violent crime."
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American Jails, 2006.
This paper discusses the problem of overcrowding in American jails.
2,940 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that recent statistics show that federal and state prisons are overloaded because of a rapid increase in crime fueled by the proliferation of drugs. The author stresses that many people view the overcrowding of prisons, jails and the expensive confinements, which replace them, as being indicative of a failing criminal justice system in American society, which must be re-examined. The paper relates that an original idea, which has been abandoned for years, was for a prison to serve as a center for rehabilitation, not as a place of retribution: This approach is now being revived.
Table of Contents:
The Problem
Approaches or Solutions
From the Paper
"American jails and prisons today are composed exclusively of cells for solitary confinement, sensual deprivation and psychological torture. Incarceration today is characteristically racial and largely spurred by drug offenses. Young black men are imprisoned 14 times more than white. Between 1986 and 1996, the rate for African Americans increased from 10,102% in Louisiana; 5,499% in Georgia; 5,033% in Arkansas; 4,284% in Iowa; and 1,473% in Tennessee. They are also mostly poor and belong to the minority or ethnic groups. US records show that there are now more than 50 million criminal files and at least 4 or 5 million new ones get recorded every year."
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"ID Theft: More Hype than Harm", 2007.
Examines Dean Foust's article on identity theft entitled "ID Theft: More Hype than Harm".
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in the 7/3/2006 issue of Business Week, Dean Foust, the author of "ID Theft: More Hype than Harm", argues that identity theft is really more hype than harm. The paper relates that Faust discusses the public's hysteria which pertains to identity theft and claims that the public overreacts with the issue of identity theft since it really is not as bad as it seems to be for the victim. The paper reflects on Foust's assumptions and claims regarding the seriousness of the identity theft problem in the United States today.
From the Paper
"According to Foust, it is not easy to convert stolen data into money. Because of the media attention that identity theft is receiving today, many consumers are on alert for such activity and from the first indication that someone else is using their information, the consumer will call banks, credit card companies, license bureaus and other places and either cancel their accounts, report the possible theft, and information the agency that they suspect unauthorized use. However, there are many consumers who are not aware of what is happening until it is too late."
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Race and the Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper questions the impact of race on death penalty verdicts in America.
5,065 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 159.95
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Abstract
The subject of this paper is how race impacts capital punishment verdicts issued by US courts. The author believes that capital punishment is powered by a system of justice that is heavily stacked against people of color. The writer cites several cases that show race as an issue in a death penalty verdicts. Additional statistics are presented that show African-Americans are executed more frequently than whites. The paper includes an extensive literature review. The author concludes that the public should be aware of the facts involved in this issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Conceptualization
Methodology
Research Design
Study Group / Sample Population
Conclusion
From the Paper
"And, Adams continues, of the 221 people "executed for interracial murders, 189 - ninety-four percent - have been black." Is there a pattern of blatant racial bias reflected in these data? Adams insists that "racism...pervades America's criminal justice system," and she wonders, "How is it that racism, as one of the most deplorable features of contemporary society, is able to establish a position in the purported beacon of objectivity and neutrality that is the law?" In her research article, Adams argues that since the death penalty was "reinvented" (Furman v. Georgia in 1972), the "arbitrariness and caprice" of the "pre-Furman" era is back. "
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Bounty Hunters, 2007.
This paper discusses whether bounty hunters have too much power.
974 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of policing and corrections, with a specific focus on bounty hunters. The writer examines whether bounty hunters have too much power. The paper describes bounty hunters as an effective element of the bail bond process and explains that studies show that bounty hunters help keep non-compliant offenders to a minimum. The paper concludes that bounty hunters indeed have powers ordinary citizens do not enjoy, yet they are a vital part of the criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Many studies indicate the importance of bounty hunters in the bail bond system. Author Reynolds notes, "Only 15 percent of felony defendants released on surety bonds initially failed to appear in court versus failure rates of 26 percent for those released on their own recognizance and 42 percent released on unsecured bonds, according to a 1992 Department of Justice study of the seventy-five largest counties" (Reynolds, 2002, p. 120). In addition, only three percent of suspects are fugitives one year of their release to a bondsman, while over 9 percent remain fugitives if they are released on their own recognizance, and 19 percent remain fugitives if they are released without a security bond (Reynolds, 2002, p. 120). Thus, the bonding process ensures more criminals come to trial, and the bounty hunters are a major reason for this success."
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Prison Overcrowding, 2007.
An analysis of alternatives to mandatory sentencing and community sanctions for non-violent offenders.
6,384 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 185.95
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Abstract
This study focuses on exploring the relationship between prison overcrowding and adaptation of the situational environment in which crime occurs. Specifically, the paper explores whether a reduction in incarceration of non-violent offenders, combined with provisions for more rehabilitation and community support within at-risk communities, may contribute to reduced incarceration rates, better flow and reduced overcrowding.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Statement
Background to Problem
Significance of Study
Theoretical Approaches
Literature Review
History Incarceration and Prison Overcrowding
Who's In Prison
Reasons for Overcrowding
Summary of Literature
Research Questions
Methods
Research Design
Population
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Limitations of Study
Implications of this Study
Discussion/Conclusions
From the Paper
"The reasons for overcrowding according to researchers are varied; though many researchers point to increasing incarceration of non violent offenders, particularly drug offenders. More and more researchers are arguing for alternatives to incarceration, which may include creation of rehabilitation centers and community work programs that force criminals to give back to the community while receiving health care and psychological assistance for their dependency and mental illness. Landreville (1995) provides some evidence that community sanctions may be useful for reducing incarceration rates. Still others suggest shorter sentencing may help improve the flow of prisoners and inmates thereby decreasing the number of people incarcerated at any one time, reducing prison populations even if minimally (Marciniak, 2002)."
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Literacy Rate among Juvenile Delinquents, 2007.
This paper argues for an educational program for juvenile delinquents.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that that there is a predictable link between poor educational achievement and delinquency. The writer then argues that, for that reason, there should be an instruction program in places where juveniles are incarcerated. The writer maintains that, unlike the strategies for delivering educational services to incarcerated youth, the evidence as to the need for these services is available, and boldly obvious. The writer concludes that in order to bring meaningful, productive reading practices into juvenile detention (correctional) facilities, there needs to be public pressure in order to help change the way things are now done.
From the Paper
"In some houses of youthful detention, up to 70 percent of inmates were identified as receiving special education services. When juxtaposed with public schools - in which around 12.7 percent of students have educational disabilities - the need is very clear; using the guidelines of the Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act, when one adds specific learning disabilities with emotional disturbance issues, a total of 86.3 percent of incarcerated youth are receiving (or should receive) special educational services, the authors continue."
"After all, if society is terming these facilities "correctional institutions," there should be mitigating strategies applied to the lives of the inmates, especially when they are young and still have a chance to learn new skills and become useful and productive members of society."
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