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Criminal Corrections, 2006.
A discussion regarding retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation as methods of criminal correction.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines four of the most common methods used today for criminal corrections, also known as the goals of criminal law. These are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation. The paper concludes by selecting one of these methods as a representative of the best way to fight criminal behavior, one that will yield the highest benefits for society as a whole.
From the Paper
"However, this report also declares that "to discuss imprisonment while excluding incapacitation as one of its purposes would be absurd" ("Incapacitation and Deterrence," Internet). Incapacitation is similar in some ways to retribution, for when a criminal is placed in jail or prison, they are incapacitated in the respect that they cannot leave to commit other crimes. Yet when a prison sentence is over, the criminal/felon is allowed to leave his/her confinement which opens the door to more criminal activity, unless of course the prisoner is radically incapacitated by having legs removed or being blinded."
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Cultural Misunderstandings Versus Police Misconduct, 2007.
An analysis of the cultural misunderstandings and racial discrimination that can occur in law enforcement.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cultural diversity and misunderstandings, as well as the police misconduct that might be seen when cultures collide. It begins by discussing the importance of cultural diversity in society and then goes on to describe some of the clashes that can occur due to this diversity. The paper also discusses racial discrimination and how it can be seen in law enforcement, as well as society in general.
From the Paper
"At the same time, black judges were more likely to incarcerate white offenders than black offenders (Coker, 2003). All of this information suggests that, while not all studies agree, overall it appears that blacks are incarcerated more often than whites, given harsher sentences, and are generally discriminated against in various facets of life. While the justice system is certainly one of those areas, it is not the only area where blacks are discriminated against, and many of the prejudices that were shown toward blacks and other minorities in the past still remain today, which is a cause for action in the criminal justice system and in other facets of life as well. The color of one's skin should have nothing to do with the quality of the person and therefore all people should be judged for who they are and what they have or have not done, regardless of what color skin they have or where they come from."
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Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), 2006.
Discusses the writer's personal experience of being hit by someone who was driving while intoxicated (DWI).
869 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper reflects the author's personal experience of being hit by a drunk driver. According to the paper, no mercy needs to be shown to drunk drivers; the maximum allowable blood alcohol content (BAC) should only be 0.05%, and there should be a zero tolerance program for young men and teenage boy drivers caught driving while intoxicated.
From the Paper
"My truck wasn't drivable but the door worked. I got out and could hear the glass pop off my clothes and make weird sounds like Rick Krispies popping in a cereal bowl, and when I got to the Mercedes I could see these two guys, drenched in gin, beer, and glass. They were laughing. From ten feet away you could smell the alcohol. When I asked them if they were alright, they gave some quick answer and tried to get the car to move. It wouldn't. I asked them for their insurance and they rattled off some expletives and told me to go to hell and asked if I knew who their father was. However he was, he was going to be very angry when he saw that brown Mercedes, it was totaled."
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Hacking, 2006.
A discussion regarding the serious danger of hacking.
2,609 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at computer hacking. According to the paper, hacking can cause very serious problems and is a potential danger that should not be taken lightly. The paper defines hacking as an activity that involves some degree of violation of the privacy of others.
Outline:
Introduction
Computer Hacking Defined
History of Computer Hacking
Common Methods of Hacking
Issues Concerning Hacking
Minimizing or Preventing Hacking
From the Paper
"This is the extent of how hacking can cause damage. Computer hacking is indeed a big threat to small groups of people and up to the level of national security. If one person can get accessed with the data and information that is not intended for public viewing or for the authorized people only, chaos, confusion among people and various more other damages will surely happen. "
"What is computer hacking and how is it being done? Who are the people behind this 'hacking business'? Is hacking illegal? If so, how can it be prevented? These are few of the questions raised concerning hacking. These are the very information that this paper intends to find out. "
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Overcrowding in the Prison System, 2006.
A discussion regarding the problem of overcrowding in the US prison system.
1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the US prison system and the dire issue of overcrowding. According to the paper, as a result of this overcrowding, there are increased incidents of violence, a rampant spread of disease in and out of the prison, poorer security in place than if appropriate inmate levels were maintained, higher rates of recidivism and unhygienic living conditions for inmates.
Outline:
Introduction
Factors in Prison Overcrowding
Challenges as a Result of Prison Overcrowding
Long-Term Solutions to Prison Overcrowding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The second option that governments utilize to correct prison overcrowding is reform, including the introduction of alternatives to imprisonment. These alternatives strive to use different methods for authorizing offenders that do not pose a safety risk to the community. When considering that the majority of prisoners, in prisons around the globe, have committed non-violent offences, it becomes clear that these alternatives could be great benefit. Overcrowding in today's prison systems could be drastically reduced if even a percentage of these non-violent offenders were sentenced to an alternative other than imprisonment. These alternatives include a variety of programs including: community service, restorative justice, drug treatment programs, and probation ("Addressing Prison")."
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Childhood Crime Prevention, 2006.
A review of childhood crime prevention programs.
1,576 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of programs that are aimed at reducing crime by using early childhood crime prevention programs. The paper reviews one of the most significant studies in recent history, the "Perry Study out of Ypsilanti, MI." According to the paper, this research exposed the very real and tangible benefits of early childhood education for poverty stricken students as an element to prevent them from becoming criminals as they got older. The paper further reports how this study proved to be the catalyst for the nationwide Head Start program and is still referred to today to obtain government funding for preschool programs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Study
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There have been three major studies undertaken to test this theory with the "grandfather" of those studies being the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project. The study drew participants from African American children residing in Ypsilanti, Michigan whose parents had applied to have their children included in attendance of a program. The participants were placed into two groups, those children who would attend and those who would not attend. Random assignment and the effort to not let teachers of later schools know which of their students were in the program and out of those which had attended and which had not attended the preschool helped to protect the purity and validity of the study(Stellar, 2003). "
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Murder Comparison, 2007.
This paper provides a comparison of purposeful murder and reckless manslaughter.
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the idea of purposeful murder is one that has been in the statutes of various states for some time. The writer notes that generally, crimes that are planned, or premeditated, are seen as being much more significant and worthy of much more prison time or harsher penalties than crimes that are not planned and just 'happen' because of the provocation that an individual faces from someone else, such as in a fight. The writer discusses two different cases and then notes that it is clear that there are many differences in the issues that relate to culpability, conduct and causation, which is why the verdicts ended up much different for the two individuals involved. The writer points out that this makes a strong difference in the severity of the penalties that the individuals received and the way that the court determined what these individuals were actually guilty of where each case was concerned.
Outline:
Purposeful Murder
Reckless Manslaughter
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case discussed where reckless manslaughter is concerned, the individual in question had two altercations with a bouncer in a bar, and then later shot another man, who he then claimed he thought was the bouncer from the bar. The original jury did not agree with this, but the other court reversed that verdict and determined that the individual was indeed guilty of reckless manslaughter and not purposeful murder. There were specific reasons why the new assessment of the case determined that the man was guilty 'only' of reckless manslaughter as opposed to purposeful murder. These include the culpability, causation, and conduct elements that are seen in a manslaughter conviction."
"Where culpability is concerned, it is clear that the convicted man was the one that killed the other man, who he states he believed to be the bouncer from the bar. However, the man was also quite drunk at the time, and therefore his judgment of who was who, as well as his judgment of how upset he should be for being denied entrance to the bar, was likely impaired."
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Crime in New York, 2007.
This paper discusses statistics regarding violence and crime in the city of New York.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper points out that from the 25 largest cities in the US, New York shows the lowest level of crime. The paper further points out that the reduction in crime is a continuous result of fifteen years of change, that has brought along a feeling of security in the areas once known as dangerous. The paper then considers reports and statistics concerning various types of crime. Next, the paper explores reasons and factors which have determined the fall in the level of criminality. The writer of the paper concludes that one cannot say that every sector of the city had a diminished level of criminality. The writer maintains that the diminished level of criminality must be regarded as a whole, with each district of New York contributing more or less to the final outcome.
From the Paper
"As the charts prove, there has been a decrease in the number of murders, larceny thefts, assaults, burglaries and vehicle thefts. As for rape and robbery one can notice that year 2005 has brought a slight increase in the percentage comparatively with the previous year, meaning 2004."
"The writer believes that these drops in criminal activity are not due only to the better coordination of the police compared to the previous years. The writer has to admit, though, that the greatest part may have been achieved by it. How? By employing a greater number of officers; by patrolling the streets more often; by harshening the controls made to prospective criminals; by keeping a more developed database containing names of criminals, pictures and all aspects related to them; by going online with this database (as far as their internal rules permit) and by raising awareness among inhabitants of the city."
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Road Rage, 2007.
This paper discusses the topic of road rage and its elements.
1,408 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the various risk factors of road rage and supplies suggestions in how to reduce its incidence. The writer discusses that while road rage is a relatively new occurrence on today's highways, research is already under way to determine the risk factors involved so that plans can be made to educate people on how to reduce their chance of encountering road rage themselves. The writer argues that if the most common risk factors can be identified, then steps can be taken to help make the roads safer by knowing how not to incite an incident. The writer concludes that education regarding road rage incidents should be part of any driver education curriculum and that there should be public service announcements made regularly through the media.
Outline:
Introduction
Road Rage
Risk Factors
Risk Factor Reduction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Studies have indicated that there has been a significant increase in the number of road rage incidences within the past 15 years. Road rage is up 51 percent compared to what it was in 1990 and it doesn't appear to be slowing down according to all indications."
"Aggressive driving incidences are being reported daily. They range in severity from being cussed out on the road to being shot and everything in between. Over time people have reported being assaulted with golf clubs, baseball bats, tire irons, shotguns, handguns and other weapons as well as been dragged out of their car and physically assaulted for their failure to speed up, move over or get out of the way when another driver thought that they should."
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Regression Analysis, 2007.
A regression analysis used to explain whether police use different standards of severity when dealing with resident versus non-resident drivers in Florida.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether police use different standards of severity when dealing with resident versus non-resident drivers in Florida. The paper uses the regression analysis, which estimates the significance of the variation of the dependant phenomenon with the independent and the influence of the latter on the former. The paper explains its analysis and shows that a relationship does exist.
From the Paper
"The hypothesis is tested with the confidence level of 95%, thus the allowed chance of rejecting no relationship between the variables when there is actually this relationship, is 5%. Decreasing the confidence level to 90% will give more errors in the model and the model did not result in better relationship. Having carried out this multifactor regression, the result revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the over speeding and the fact that the person is a resident or non resident and the gender of the person. The first problem with the model could be the very data set as out of the 536 observations in the population, only 136 were the cases when people were none residents. Thus, the results could be distorted. The R2 in the model is extremely low and reveals that very little variation in the severity of this crime could be explain by the factors in the model. P-values are low only for the intercept and none-residence factor."
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The Death Penalty Appeals Process, 2006.
An analysis of the US Court of Appeals process in death sentencing appeal cases.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes the death penalty appeals process. The paper discusses the arguments that exist both for against and the long process that characterizes court appeal of a sentence of the death penalty.
Outline:
Introduction
Critical Analysis of Death Penalty Appeals Process
Summary
From the Paper
"The appeals process as related to the appeal of being sentenced to death is a long procedure which takes many years to transverse through. The inherent problem exists in that the government is responsible for feeding, housing, clothing and providing medical care for the individual who is on death row waiting out the appeals process however, that problem is much easier overcome than other problems associated with the death penalty itself. One of these problems is illustrated in the failure of courts to focus attention upon evidence at the time it presented itself but have instead taken the lives of innocent individuals not guilty of the crimes for which they were sentenced to die and then finally put to death."
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Sentencing Disparities, 2007.
This paper presents a literature review on the sentencing disparities between crack versus powder cocaine use.
4,382 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates several issues that may affect sentencing disparities for abusing crack as opposed to powder cocaine. Among these issues examined is race and its impact on sentencing. Gender issues are also considered, as are the pre-natal effects of these drugs. The writer clarifies the difference between crack and powder cocaine and how this may also influence sentencing.
Outline:
Sentencing Disparities
Cocaine and 'Crack Babies'
Past Research
Moral and Legal Issues
Development
Bibliography
From the Paper
"There are more African-American individuals on death row than white individuals and most of these individuals awaiting execution have committed drug crimes, many of which involved crack, and less that involved powder cocaine (Pope, 1976). Even the Attorney General of the United States is willing to admit that drug laws are the main reason that there are so many African-Americans on death row today and that African-Americans are arrested at a higher rate for these types of crimes than Caucasian individuals (Pope, 1976). While this may seem irrelevant to a discussion of crack vs. powder cocaine specifically, the issue of minority status is actually somewhat important in sentencing guidelines for all crimes, although it is not an issue that judges are legally allowed to use."
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Death Penalty, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical issues surrounding the administration of the death penalty in the United States.
5,401 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 160.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the debate on the death penalty as more than a moral issue of whether it is ever permissible to intentionally kill, but rather as an ethical debate on how the death penalty is administered in the United States. It suggests that issues surrounding the administration of the death penalty, make a compelling case for abolishing capital punishment as a sentencing option in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Does The Death Penalty Deter Crime - And Do Americans Really Support It?
Arguments On Behalf Of Victims' Families Ring Hollow
The Wrongly Accused: DNA And Other Exonerations
Racism And The Death Penalty
Executing The Mentally And Psychologically Incompetent
Ineffective Counsel
Methods Are Not As Painless As Some Argue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When celebrities such as Robert Blake or O.J. Simpson are charged with murder, it is not uncommon for millions of dollars to be spent on their defense. While we may not expect such extremes when poor or middle-class people are charged with murder, we would expect that these defendants would at least have competent legal representation. Quite clearly, this is often not the case."
"For example, the state of Florida allocates only $3,500 for a person to defend themselves against murder charges when a private lawyer can not be afforded and a public defender is unavailable (Payne 2006). That is, in fact, much less than what one might expect to pay for a reliable used car, and yet it is all the money that is allocated for people trying to save themselves from execution. Further, the state also caps how much can be spent by the defense on appeal (no such cap exists for the prosecution), resulting in what State Supreme Court Justice Raoul Cantero has referred to as "some of the worst lawyering" he has ever witnessed (Payne 2006)."
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Qualitative Research Analysis, 2007.
An analysis of the article "Health Care in the Federal Bureau of Prisons: Fact or Fiction" by Daniel S. Murphy.
1,912 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an overview and analyzes the various aspects of the report, "Health Care in the Federal Bureau of Prisons: Fact or Fiction", in terms of qualitative research provisions and expectations. The paper examines the problem studied in the report, which looks at whether prisoners' rights to medical care, such as those afforded under the Eighth Amendment that bans cruel and unusual punishment, are being met. The paper explains that the central problem that the article continuously refers to is the underlying lack of concern and compassion for the health of prisoners. The paper examines the design, methods, strengths and limitations of this study.
Outline:
Introduction
The Problem
Study Purpose
The Research Question
Study Design
Subjects and Setting
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths and Limitations
From the Paper
"Furthermore it is important to bear in mind the following essential differences between these two forms of research in an analysis of the article. The qualitative researcher is "explicitly a part of the data gathering process whereas in quantitative, the researcher is formally an independent entity." (Qualitative research: Wikipedia) This means that the researcher is subjectively involved with the data collection and selections, which also implies the negative aspect of possible bias. Qualitative research also normally makes use of unstructured data rather the structure data."
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Enron, 2006.
A review of Enron, the American dream turned nightmare.
1,890 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the rise and fall of Enron. According to the paper, what was once an oil and gas exploration and pipeline development company quickly evolved into a derivatives trading company. The paper further discusses how Enron, once one of America's top companies, turned to bankruptcy and then became embroiled in scandal, the repercussions of which were felt across America.
Outline:
Executive Overview
Problem Statement
Recommendation
From the Paper
"The energy industry too was damaged by Enron's unethical business strategies. The energy segment was tainted, in the eyes of investors, following the release of the scandal. Despite rising energy prices, financing simply had disappeared. Organizations such as Aquila withdrew from the energy trading industry, as did El Paso Energy and UBS ("On the Side of Angels" 13). Loss of investor confidence, thanks to Enron, resulted in a significant market contraction that resulted in millions of dollars of losses for organizations. Loss of confidence in American corporations in general sent companies back to their books to double check their numbers. Corporate fraud was foremost on investors' minds. Companies such as MCI/WorldCom, Tyco and Adelphia restated their numbers in an effort to correct any errors and set off whole new chains of corporate scandal reactions."
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Prison Health Care, 2006.
This paper analyzes peer-reviewed literature to evaluate a qualitative study by John Doyle (1999) concerning the factors that tend to influence psychiatric nursing practice in prisons.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the skyrocketing prison population has caused the delivery of quality health care services to suffer. The author points out that the research indicates that, in the midst of a untenable environment, health care providers are faced with the dual dilemma of trying to delivery quality health care services to a disproportionately mentally ill and elderly prison population, while simultaneously trying to ensure their own personal safety. The paper indicates that the qualitative study by J. Doyle (1999) did not result in any earth-shattering findings but was found to be timely and a good starting point for future studies of this nature. The paper includes several embedded quotations.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Question
Study Design
Subjects and Setting.
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths and Limitations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What is the problem the study was conducted to resolve? According to a recent report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in spite of a general decline in crime across the country, the United States continues to incarcerate more of its citizens than any other developed nation in the world. In fact, the nation's prison population increases by 900 inmates each week, and between mid-2003 and mid-2004, the nation's prisons and jails held 2.1 million people, or approximately one in every 138 U.S. residents. By June 30, 2005, there were 48,000 more inmates, or 2.3 percent, more than 2004, according to the latest figures from the Bureau of Justice Statistics."
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