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Girl Gangs, 2007.
A look into a school intervention program for high school girls involved girl gangs.
5,176 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 36 sources, APA, AU$ 157.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses research into North American youth gangs and suggests a basic intervention for senior public school girls involved in girl gangs. The paper focuses on explaining the vulnerabilities of girls when they're involved in gangs or associating with gang members and paper discusses urban youth gangs according to a systems approach borrowed from the study of North American families. In particular, the paper examines how the school has proven to be a place where parents or other adults can commence volunteer service towards protecting girls and their communities from gang influences. The paper also looks at how school-based interventions for young people tend to attract concerned adults who can make strong everyday contributions to 'reclaiming' their areas while aiding youths involved in gangs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Problem
Significance
Review of Literature
A School or Community Centre Intervention
Presenting Materials
Responding to Questions on Girl Gangs
Including Adults
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Alarm at the crack cocaine culture of often violent youth gangs began in the mid-1980s, at first, failing to address the reality of girls as opposed to gang-involved boys, but by the time of the 1990s national assessment of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program, it was known that girls should be addressed as a distinct entity, that one could not refer to generic young people. (Ramsey Et Al: 2003, Williams Et Al: 2002, Esbensen & Osgood: 1999) Girls are threatened by gang membership because their experiences of gang life differ from those of most boys in the presence of a very sexist subculture. "
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Police Case Study: The Easy-Money Department, 2007.
This paper discuses problems of leadership, communication and motivation in the police case study of the Easy-Money Department.
2,305 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the lack of effective leadership, the absence of horizontal communication and the critical component of expectancy
motivation were the critical factors in the deviant organizational behavior that resulted in the degree of employee de-motivation depicted in the case of the Easy-Money department. The author points out that the failure of the division commander, who was the sole administrator of police services for that section, is evident in his inability to restructure his force and his unwillingness to accept the blame for what happened. The paper relates that expectancy theory of motivation holds that the consequential relationship between effort, performance, reward, expectancy, instrumentality and the value of a reward are all essential components of motivation, which are conspicuously absent in this case.
From the Paper
"The blunt fact is, however, that for whatever reasons, the Chief did
not demonstrate the two crucial behaviors of leadership: "consideration", ("concern for others") and "initiating structure" or in
this case, restructure. The result was that the personnel who comprised his force found themselves on a rudderless ship without anywhere to turn because the officer task force he formed to present "some"(!) of their concerns to the Divisional management was a pathetic effort and not really taken seriously by management, who did not allow them to remain throughout the Divisional meetings."
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An Ineffective Penal System?, 2007.
This paper discusses the U.S. penal system and its flaws.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 0 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that the American public's desire to exact retribution from criminals has resulted in ineffective policy, poor implementation, severe overcrowding in prisons and a whopping price tag. The paper discusses three main problems in the U.S. penal system; harsh sentencing, substandard prison conditions and corporate corruption. The paper asserts that a comprehensive change in the approach to sentencing and drug policy may be needed. The paper shows the benefits of restorative justice and strongly maintains that although alternative programs may be more expensive than tossing a prisoner into a crowded cell for twenty years, they are definitely worth it. The paper uses in-text MLA style citation and does not append a bibliography.
From the Paper
"In the United States, the "tough on crime" approach that has been guiding criminal justice policy since the 1970s has lead to a penal system that not only fails the "13.5 million adults who pass through them each year," (1 - www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/10/ar2006061000719.html) but also the American public. This punitive approach has involved: the hiring of more police; the construction of more prisons; and, longer prison terms for a wide variety of crimes, many of which are non-violent or drug-related. Since the media furor over Willie Horton during the 1988 Presidential election, the "tough on crime" approach has only gotten tougher. The result: the highest incarceration level in the world."
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Vipassana Meditation in Canadian Prisons, 2007.
This paper explores providing a Vipassana meditation course to a provincial prison in Canada.
2,362 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Vipassana technique pioneered in Indian prisons and penitentiaries that is a low-cost method of contending with addictions, mental illness and the characteristic apathy of timeservers. The paper examines Vipassana projects in the United States, New Zealand and elsewhere involving different kinds of Western prisoners. The paper determines that it would be easier to sell, rather than donate, services to a Canadian provincial prison.
Outline:
Introduction
Selecting an Institution
Learning a Skill
Vipassana Specialists in Addictions
Variables
Closing Gaps in Practice and Planning
More Points to 'Sell' a Win-Win Project
Western Experiments in Vipassana
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"A provincial prison to decide in favour of Vipassana program could offer a very good venue for an experiment especially if a facility not always noted for ideal management or inmate contentedness. With Ministry approval, and having brought onside the Meditation Society as is now active in three Canadian provinces, a likely logistical step is to contact the local prison chaplaincy service as a non-governmental area perhaps more familiar with how to stage a short-course in-reach program for a number of inmates to be advised by the Ministry and prison superintendent. Vipassana meditation was first attempted with great success in a Delhi prison once said to typify the worst of Indian prison cultures. (See Mazumdar: 1981)"
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Two Police Organizational Case Studies, 2007.
This paper compares two police organizational case studies: "Easy-Money Department A" and "The Police Department".
2,340 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that each case study concerns a specific department, which is a "subsystem" within a larger entity, that displays "deviant organizational behavior". The author points out that an accurate analysis of feasible solutions needs to reference the harmful external forces and inadequate internal responses that characterize both cases. The paper concludes that the effect of the decentralization process was not the primary cause of the Maidstone Field Office problems but rather these problems were the result of an
institutional inertia that did not encourage effective work. The author suggests that the police officers themselves should have been empowered to find the solution to the problems, which might have included replacing the division commander with a more proactive officer who is aware of his or her leadership role.
From the Paper
"The Easy-Money section of the Maidstone Field Office, a revenue-
producing department of a governmental ministry, has been the only
section singled out and adversely affected by the organization's new
policy of decentralization. Although decision-making is still centralized in the Head Office, it is unclear whether the Territory Managers or the Production Head Managers are responsible for operations in this section. This has resulted in an internal stalemate because the Field Office Manager, Mr. Jones, and the Audit Supervisor, Mr. Smith, are unable to work together."
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African-American Youth, 2007.
A research paper into why many African-American children drop out of school, join gangs and end up in prison.
742 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents research that looks into African American youth. It hypothesizes that many African-American children drop out of school, join gangs and end up in prison primarily because they grow up in poverty. It suggests that this trend breeds resentment and generates hostility towards society. The paper analyzes the literature and draws conclusions on this topic.
From the Paper
"This research question is important, and we should care about it because drop out, gang membership, and crime rates among young African-Americans can be reduced if effective measures are taken. Garbarino (2000) notes that adolescents need to have someone to look up to and emulate. If their role model is positive and demonstrates a strong moral code through their actions and not just their words, the adolescent will most likely emulate these positive traits because they have seen first hand how they should behave."
"In contrast, when their role models are drug dealers, gang members, or violent adults, they most likely will exhibit the same behavior. According to Schwartz (2003) this demonstrates why high drop out rates, gangs, drug abuse, and crime in many African-American neighborhoods are such chronic and intractable problems, for there tend to be far more negative role models than positive role models. This role model imbalance perpetuates dropping out of school, drug abuse, and crime in each succeeding generation, in a vicious cycle that is very difficult to break."
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Competency to Stand Trial, 2007.
A case study presentation questioning whether a patient would be considered competent to stand trial.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a patient named Wilson, looking at whether he is competent to stand trial. The paper presents the details of the case and analyzes Wilson's physical and mental state. The paper then focuses on whether Wilson would be considered competent to stand trial in his current condition. It discusses his cognitive and behavioral functions and how these will also be impacted by Wilson's mild retardation throughout his life.
Table of Contents:
Case History
Competency To Stand Trial
From the Paper
"Given the information that has been provided to date regarding Wilson and his interactions with other medical personnel, it would appear that he is capable of standing trial at this time. This is indicated by his knowledge of his previous behavior and his admitting to the fact that he had previously failed to take his medications, using this as an explanation for his violent behavior. Wilson was capable of discussing these elements of his life with logic and reasoning, which would lead an evaluator to conclude that Wilson was no longer hindered by his mental illness.
However, it must be noted that Wilson will always have the ability to stop taking his medications and of progressing in his paranoid schizophrenia because there is no cure for the illness ("Paranoid", n.d., sec. 1). The use of medications "such as Thorazine, Haldol, and Risperdal" may alleviate Wilson's symptoms and allow him to continue to function normally. Yet, as time progresses there can also be changes in Wilson's cognitive and behavioral functions, which will also be impacted by Wilson's mild retardation throughout his life."
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Why Prisons Breed Criminals, 2007.
This paper contends that prisons lead to recidivism, allowing inmates to become better criminals.
922 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that prisons, by providing an environment unlike anything in society, hamper a convict's ability to reintegrate into society, thus leading to recidivism at a higher level of sophistication. The paper relates that the stigma of being a convict, in addition to the violent milieu created by jails, leave inmates with a skewed vision of how to act and interact with citizens. The paper contends that prisons need to provide venues for realistic social interaction.
From the Paper
"While many proponents of prison cite jail as a determent for crime, Michael Windzio (2006) has shown that, despite a growing prison population, the crime rate in America has increased. More than this, most people incarcerated are in prison for the second or third times, having fallen prey to recidivism. However, the fact is that most criminals relapse back into crime because the prison system is forcing an evolution of the criminal. Prisons create an environment so far removed from societal norms it in turn necessitates the evolution of criminals, leading to recidivism at a higher level of sophistication (i.e. better criminals) in order to ensure that convict's survival as a citizen."
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African-Canadian Community Perceptions, 2007.
This paper explores the challenges facing the Toronto police when dealing with the African community.
4,514 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 21 sources, APA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the Metropolitan Toronto Police (MTP) face a Black community that can strongly support police efforts, although some individuals see the MTP as biased against any and all persons of African descent. The paper discusses media stereotypes and representations of Black youth violence. The paper looks at the Toronto Police service's racism-free policing culture and comments that one sees nothing in the media to indicate many decent police who certainly serve the Black public fairly. The paper decries the media that focuses on alleged police brutality, prejudice or anti-African discrimination.
Outline:
Introduction
The African 'Community'
Police Prejudice and its Correction
Observations of Lawyers and Others
Again -- What is the Black Community?
Gangs and Related Activities
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"The very term African or 'Black' is a very broad and some would argue a distorting term, in view of a range of communities in Toronto that happen to be of African origin. Effort was made while preparing this paper to speak with a range of persons in those of 'Canadian Black' origins, descendants of Underground Railroad fugitives, Jamaican Maroons or Empire Loyalists, from Toronto's immense and also varied West Indian community to have taken form since the early 1960s, and also, more recent arrivals from Commonwealth and other African countries. The extreme variety of African origins in the 'Black Community' is not explained to the public by the mass media any more than effort is made to explain that 'white' Torontonians are extremely varied."
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Gangs, Drugs and Violence, 2007.
An analysis of the association between gangs, drugs and violence in the United States.
1,533 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between gangs, drugs and violence in the United States. It describes the history of gangs in the US and the history of their association with drugs and violence. The paper then analyzes the reasons behind this association and how it is affecting society in the US. The paper concludes that gangs are growing organizations in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Gangs in the United States
Gangs and Violence
Gangs and Drugs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that gangs are growing organizations in the United States. Currently there is no the country that is not affected by gangs, and it is the school systems that are the targeted home of many gang groups. Gangs elect to focus on schools because of the large youth population that is attracted to drugs and that contains new members for their organizations. The attraction to drugs is significant for gangs because drug activity is the primary source of income for American gangs, which also leads to the violent acts that gang members commit. These violent acts occur because of the gang's desire to protect their "turf" in most cases. When a gang member believes that other rival gangs may be selling or producing drugs in their own area, gang members retaliate with "drive-bys" or other acts of violence. Additionally, the violent acts mat occur because of the gang's desire to collect money that will either support their operation, or buy drugs that the gang members will use themselves. In the modern era gangs are becoming more organized in their drug related activities, producing and importing many of the drugs that they sell on the street. As their businesses grow, so does the violence that is believed to be required to protect their organizations."
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Curing Addiction: India and Canada, 2007.
This paper looks at Vipassana, the Indian meditation method used for curing addiction and mental illness of prison inmates.
3,307 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a program of meditation introduced in Indian prisons, Vipassana, that enables inmates to overcome addiction and problems of mental health while gaining a new orientation of themselves and their situations. The paper examines the Vipassana experiment in New Delhi's Tihar Jail and discusses the benefits of implementing this program into Canadian prisons.
Outline:
Introduction
Addictions and Canadian Offenders
Recognizing Addiction in India
What is Vipassana?
Closing Gaps in Practice and Planning
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Terry explained that Canadian recidivism often revolves around an offender's ability to cope with addiction, the ex-offender a person having overcome addiction, and the repeat offender a person not having achieved this. (2002) Canadian officials and institutions need to look further afield for programming, bearing in mind how Third World settings are keenly hampered by fiscal concerns. In short, a program affordable and effective in India is apt to prove effective given the extra supports available in the West. Moreover, what has been offered to Canadian federal offenders has not always served addicted offenders well -- the addict is frequently the 'repeat offender' with whom Federal prisons often deal."
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Media Coverage of Crime, 2007.
A review of the factors that play a role in the media coverage of crime.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of the hypothesis that crimes are largely covered in the media because they provoke public interest and a fascination with the macabre and that for this reason the majority of covered crimes tend to be violent in nature. It discusses whether factors such as victim characteristics, perpetrator demographics or other variables play a role in media coverage of crime.
Table of Content:
Introduction
The Effects of Crime, Victim and Defendant Characteristics
Other Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Though a number of cliched explanations for biased media coverage of crime stories exist, the findings of the relevant research elicit interesting, contrary results. It appears that the biggest predictor of media coverage may be the number of victims relating to the news incident, which one may interpret in relation to the popularity of violent crime: a story involving a large number of victims probably involves a high degree of violence. Many typical conceptions regarding media coverage, including influences from location, victim and defendant characteristics, and weapon demographics, seem doubtful. Evidently crime news in general is popular because the public are interested in the drama of it all - drama which may have little to do with the actual crime, as the media exaggerates crime stories and tends to portray them from the police's point of view. It is the human element of crime that draws in viewers, and it is human enterprise that is responsible for biased media coverage of crime."
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Female Gangs, 2007.
This paper discusses the differences in behavior between male and female gangs.
1,603 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 19 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper explores gangs, with a focus on female gangs and the behavioral differences between male and female gangs. The paper also provides evidence that although female gang behavior may be less violent, it is still a cause for social concern.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Gang Overview
Female Gangs
Differences in Behaviors Between Male and Female Gangs
Female Gangs: Still a Cause for Social Concern
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Early on, sociologists and the media portrayed gangs as groups of deviants who were not clearly in violation of any laws, but were considered to be in violation of folkways. However, today the term "gang" conjures entirely different images. Instead of a group of boys hanging out on a corner, gangs today bring forth images of lawless groups, images that cause people to feel angry or fearful. Today, gangs are most often thought to be involved in violent crime and drug-related activities. "In other words, gangs have become to be viewed as groups of individuals involved in illicit or illegal drug-dealing accompanied by violence" ("Youth gang", n.d.)."
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Crime Story Salience, 2007.
A look at what characteristics of crime stories cause them to be particularly salient to people.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine why so many people are so interested in crime by analyzing the subject of crime stories in the news media. It focuses on the research of Steven Chernak who found some support for the hypothesis that the seriousness of a crime is an important predictor of how much attention it will get in the news.
From the Paper
"Chernak commences his article with a comprehensive literature review. In this review, he reports on other studies into the subject of crime stories in the news media. Drawing on these studies, he points out that at least 25% of news space is allocated to crime stories. Of these, the crimes that receive the most attention are serious personal crimes, especially murder. On the other hand, the media pays scant attention to drug offences - although this does seem to be increasing. Researchers have also thrown some light on victim and defendant characteristics of crime stories. As Chernak notes, victims are most frequently portrayed as elderly or young, white, and male. "
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Youth Crime: Exploring Residential Child Care, 2007.
A review of the benefits to juvenile correction of using residential child care centers.
2,632 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the effectiveness of residential child care as a means of providing an alternative to traditional detention centers. It explains and emphasizes the beneficial outcomes that occur for resident juvenile offenders both during and after their stay in residential child care centers. The paper recommends reform of the juvenile detention system through these centers.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Statement of the Problem
Proposed Future Directions
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The implementation of residential child care has the potential to significantly alter the character of juvenile punishment. If effective, this will create a setting in which positive change can be made within juvenile punishment; no longer will an authoritative punishment philosophy be applied, but rather an environment conducive to the wellbeing of the juvenile offender will be created. It is hoped that this type of setting will educate the juvenile offender in appropriate social behaviors and provide a support system that will continue into the offender's adulthood."
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Criminal Justice and Victims' Rights, 2007.
An analysis of the history, development and success of the victim's rights movement in the United States.
3,349 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper looks closely at the victims' rights movement in the United States. The paper especially looks at the history of the movement - largely from the late 1960s onwards - and considers the dramatic changes in the legal system it has provoked. The paper also delves into the prerogatives of victims today (courtesy of the victims' rights movement) and examines the ways in which victims' rights and their cries for restitution are being enforced across America. Finally, the paper ponders the impact of the movement upon, not only victims, but also upon judges and criminals and looks ahead briefly to what the future might hold.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Victim's Rights in America: An Exploration
From the Paper
"It does not take an expert's analysis to lead one to the conclusion that the victims' rights movement has been a great success. The many laws and victims' rights delineated in earlier pages do not have to be recounted here, but they are major advances upon what was once commonplace. At the same time, if Fletcher is correct, many victims' rights groups are now looking to attack the legal rights of defendants even more than they have, including launching campaigns to revise procedural laws pertaining to the admittance of various types of evidence (among other things). It seems probable that such groups are also interested in striking from the books the ability of a judge to use discretionary sentencing for many crimes, replacing this with mandatory minimum sentences. These goals are not necessarily ill-founded, but there is the danger that they lead to the presumption of innocence at the heart of the American criminal justice system being turned on its head."
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