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Cross-Cultural Politeness Analysis with Brown and Levinson Model, 2000.
This paper examines cross-cultural politeness using the Brown and Levinson's model.
5,855 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 170.95
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Abstract
This paper is a critical analysis of cross-cultural politeness using the Brown and Levinson's model as a basis for defining and understanding politeness and applying it to three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese.
From the Paper
"What is politeness? If I propose that 'politeness' be used as pragmatically terminology, the preferable definition is to be found in appropriateness. It can be also said to be universal only in the sense that every society has some sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, although these norms are vary. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a cross-cultural context by applying a well-known Brown and Levinson's model (1978 and revised in 1987), which has been applied in various settings, from casual services, encounters to EFL classrooms. However, Brown and Levinson's model (1978) has been criticized for being too geared to Western (especially American) notions of "independence" and, hence, for its limited applicability in Asian contexts. I have attempted in the following by first giving a general and brief account for Brown and Levinson's model (1978), and then try to apply and analyze the Brown and Levinson's model (1978) in three Asian languages: Chinese; Cantonese and Japanese. "
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Authority in Ethnography, 2001.
This is a critique of James Clifford and Michael Fisher's work on the authority of language and literary elements in ethnographic writing.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper follows the historical development of Clifford's theory of ethnographic authority. It also attempts to expand upon these notions, especially as they pertain to developments in the last decade and the new notion of anthropologist as autobiographer. It discusses the evolution of this field, and how in the last few years an increasingly popular form of anthropology has centered around the use of autobiographical writing, and it's impact on the field.
From the Paper
"It appears almost as if, some twelve years after Clifford's article, the history of hermeneutics he discussed and critiqued has come full circle. The pronoun 'the' used in description has become 'I,' and the professionalization of anthropology has, while anything but disintegrated, at least had to re-recognize the power of voices outside its own. This adds an interesting new chapter to Clifford's discussion of hermeneutics. Not that all, or even a large amount, of anthropology has become autobiographical in nature. Nor does it mean that this is necessarily an all positive and un-critiqued movement. Not only is the idea of an autobiographer and self ethnographer not widely accepted, but there are still very few traditional ethnographic texts with a large voice by informants."
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Interpretation of Fairy Tales, 2001.
This essay examines Bengt Holbek's model of classifying and interpreting the world's fairy tales.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
After examining the basic elements of Holbek's system, the writer applies them to several fairy tales about giants to see how well it works ?on the ground?. Holbek?s system is based on seven rules, rather like algorithms that he used to correlate the various symbolic expressions within fairy tales to the corresponding (real world) emotional expressions, focusing on three thematic opposition: child versus adult, male versus female and low versus high.
From the paper:
?Holbek?s system of structural oppositions ?define the three categories of crises which occur in fairy tales,? all of which are in turn "real or possible events in the storytelling community?, which may include such relatively minor trauma as adolescent rebellion and such terrible ones as incest (Holbek 416 & 418). Holbek believed that this psychological delving of fairy tales was in no way inappropriate, arguing that ?every element [in a fairy tale] may be read as pertaining to real life? (Holbek 439. For Holbek, every ogre, fairy, sprite and giant was merely the representation of a real person (Holbek 418).?
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Burke's Contributions to Rhetoric, 2001.
This paper discusses Kenneth Burke's contributions to rhetoric and its importance as a communicative tool.
2,890 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of rhetoric and it's significance in early Greek and Roman civilizations that coincided with creation of democracy and the importance of public speech. It then shows Kenneth Burke's contribution to the new rhetoric as an argumentative weapon and his influence on the post-modern deconstructionism.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Section One: The Preceding Conversation
3. Section Two: Contribution to the Conversation
4. Section Three: Effect on the Conversation
5. Conclusion
From the paper:
"The word ?rhetoric? has an old fashioned air about it. It calls up images of schoolrooms with children in ruffled collars and Latin grammars and not a laptop in sight for several centuries. But rhetoric is as alive as is language itself, and this paper examines the importance of rhetorical studies in helping each of us to become the best writers and speakers ? the best communicators ? that we can be. A historical study of changes models and standards in rhetoric can also provide us not only with a sense of how linguistic and especially English style has changed over the years as well as illuminating how our conception of language and its structure and function have changed as well. This paper engages in such an examination by focusing on the work of Kenneth Burke. We begin with a brief overview of the life of this man whose rhetorical work we will then examine."
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A Common Language: Communication Between Humans and the Great Apes, 2002.
A discussion of the sign and symbol-based language experiments conducted with great apes over the last forty years, including criticisms, findings, and implications. Addresses projects with gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos.
6,395 words (approx. 25.6 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 180.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses a number of different language experiments that have been performed with all four species of great apes - gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos, and the advantages, disadvantages, and relative success of each, including conducted experiments. The author discusses the physical limitations of the apes, the advantages of using sign language as opposed to keyboard and symbol-based language, and criticisms brought up by various skeptics. The paper also mentions other types of cognitive activities in which the apes have participated, including painting and learning a system of economic exchange.
From the paper:
"The Koko Project is currently the longest running and most successful of all the ape language projects. Patterson's goal was for Koko [the gorilla] to learn 200 signs ? she now knows over a thousand, and understands at least 2,000 words of spoken English. She asks questions, she lies, she tells stories, she uses the negative, she uses and understands abstract words like love, hate, and death, and she even tells jokes. One of the most famous incidents involves a conversation between Koko and one of her teachers regarding the color of her blanket. As she was getting ready to go to bed, the teacher asked Koko what color the blanket was. Koko responded "red," even though the blanket was white. The teacher admonished her and asked her again, refusing to believe that Koko would make such a simple mistake. Still, Koko responded "red," and repeated it several times. The teacher was perplexed. Then Koko pulled a tiny piece of red lint off the blanket, pointed to it, and signed "red," and started laughing her deep, breathy, gorilla laugh. Humor, then, is another quality we humans can no longer claim for ourselves alone."
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The Significance of "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", 2001.
This paper describes how the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' defines the national and linguistic history of the beginning of England.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the content of "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" as a primary historical source for the creation of English and England. It shows how the work of historian Venerable Bede documents England prior to the "Chronicle" and details religious and cultural life in that era, while the Chronicle focuses on the broader historical scale of war. It also focuses on the linguistic significance of the "Chronicle" the first important piece of English prose.
From the paper:
"One of the most important aspects of 'The Angle-Saxon Chronicle' is that it is the first continuous national history of any western people in their own language. Written down by a succession of generations of scribes, 'The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' covers such fundamentally important events in the history of early England as the migration of the Saxon war-lords, the results of the Romanization of Britain, the onslaught of the Vikings, the Norman Conquest and on the reign of Stephen."
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Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2001.
Discusses the spread and decline of various languages.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the pros and cons of bilingualism focusing on the homogenizing of the world's languages and the struggle to keep some languages and cultures alive. It mentions the effects of colonial powers, the necessities of learning other languages for trade purposes and the reluctance of younger members of minority groups to learn their original tongue. Contains information such as the top nine countries language wise contain 3,300 languages. The paper also discusses the gradual process of change in a language.
From the paper:
?Bilingualism is a reality today and it will become a greater reality as time goes. The extent to which it is prevalent is evidenced by the presence of bilinguals in every country today, as well as in every social class and every age group. International travel, communication and the mass media, emigration and planetary economics have created a so-called global village whereby inhabitants speak more than their own native language."
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Linguistics, 2001.
The differences between American English and Canadian English.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the differences between American English and Canadian English. In Part II, the national language conflict in Canada is discussed. Part III evaluates the differences between American English and Canadian English are examined. Finally, this paper concludes with a recommendation for embracing bilingualism
From the paper:
"Modern Canada was born out of the Confederation of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario (formerly Upper Canada) and Quebec (formerly Lower Canada), under the 1867 Constitution Act.[1] The constitutional provisions for language were minimal.[2] The Constitution Act, 1867 provided for the use of English or French in the debates and the use of both languages in the records and journals of Parliament and the Quebec legislature, the publication of acts of both bodies in English and French, and the permission to use either language in any court of Canada or Quebec.[3]"
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Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar, 2002.
This paper is a discussion of the ideas espoused by Chomsky that the capacity for language acquisition is something we are born with.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed evaluation of Chomsky?s theory of Universal Grammar and innate Language Acquisition Device, which is central to the field of linguistics and psycholinguistics. It reviews the controversies surrounding Chomsky?s theory and discusses alternative theories.
From the Paper
"Language acquisition is undeniably biologically programmed as children all over the world, from varying cultures and linguistic environments produce the same levels of language at the same stages. Chomsky proposes that this is a direct result of Universal Grammar, which is an inherent part of every human mind. However, his theory of an innate Language Acquisition Device provokes controversy on two grounds. First is the debate between nature and nurture, with many theorists criticising Chomsky for dismissing any environmental factors. Second, is the dispute as to whether language acquisition is an independent innate faculty as Chomsky claims, or part of the child?s wider cognitive development. Such disagreements demonstrate the enormous impact Chomsky?s theory has had on the field of linguistics and reflects how ?the Universal Grammar theory is for many the central pillar in our understanding of language.? (Cook, V. Inside Language. Arnold. 1997, p249)"
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The History and Development of English, 2001.
A look at the development of the English language.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the English language and its origins. The author traces through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English and examines the development of language.
From the Paper
"The English Language has been built on the backs of great nations and as these nations rose they brought with them a language that has evolved over many generations and is spoken all over the world. The history of the English language is an extensive and colorful one that has filled the lives of the linguistic scholars who have studied it with many hours of reading material. The English language and its origins will be traced through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. The stages will be studied in order to understand what influences have played a key role in the development of English. Also in this paper a look will be taken at the ways slang, jargon, and Colloquialism continue to the changes that English is even now under going."
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Slang,Youth Subcultures and Rock Music, 2001.
An in-depth look at slang, its origins and rock and roll.
22,900 words (approx. 91.6 pages), 16 sources, AU$ 302.95
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Abstract
This is an intensive paper looking at both slang and rock music. The two have much in common and the author goes to great lengths to divulge their common threads. It's an 'All you need to know' paper looking at the history of slang, its many uses, youth subcultures and rock subcultures of the 20th - 21st century. The author includes a handy dictionary of slang terms.
From the Paper
"Slang fills a necessary niche in all languages, occupying a middle ground between the standard and informal words accepted by the general public and the special words and expressions known only to comparatively small social subgroups. It can serve as a bridge or a barrier, either helping both old and new words that have been used as "insiders' " terms by a specific group of people to enter the language of the general public or, on the other hand, preventing them from doing so. Thus, for many words, slang is a testing ground that finally proves them to be generally useful, appealing, and acceptable enough to become standard or informal. For many other words, slang is a testing ground that shows them to be too restricted in use, not as appealing as standard synonyms, or unnecessary, frivolous, faddish, or unacceptable for standard or informal speech."
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Lexical Representation in Arabic, 2001.
The present paper deals with the lexical representaion of Arabic speakers, tested by a newly developed experimental paradigm.
6,325 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 178.95
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Abstract
A discussion about how words are stored in memory and retrieved. The author discusses how the mental lexical is organized focusing on the priming paradigm method, which entails looking for stimuli that facilitate word retrieval. This is a review of the relevant literature including a proposition of alternative instruments to be used as well as a pilot experiment using the proposed instrument. Main focus is on Arabic speakers.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. The Present Paper
4. Metodology
4.a. Stimuli and Design
4.b. Participants and Procedure
5. Results and Discussion
From the Paper
"How is our mental lexicon organized?" Is this an abstract theoretical question that belongs solely to the domain of linguistics? In my opinion it does not; this question may have practical consequences too. Take for instance language learning: knowledge about the way the mental lexicon is organized might serve in constructing better learning programs. For example, if we knew that morphological knowledge of language learners facilitates their learning, it might be required to focus on this aspect when constructing a teaching program. And in fact, psycholinguistic literature does report a facilitating effect of morphological knowledge (Mimouni et al 1998, Deutsch et al 1998 and Frost et al 1997)."
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Language and Society: What is Sociolinguistics., 1999.
An analysis of language and the role it plays in society. A look at the field of sociolinguistics.
2,155 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
Language is one of the most powerful emblems of social behavior. The relationship of language and society puts forward a field of study called sociolinguistics. It is the study of relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in communication. This paper discusses what sociolinguistics is all about, looks at language, dialects, gender differences in speech and the issues of language and culture.
From the Paper
"When two people communicate with each other, we call the system of communication they use language. In the normal transfer of information they also send vital social messages about who they are, where they come from, and with whom they are associated. To point out how much there is to say about language and society, let me refer to an example used by R.A.Hudson in Sociolinguistics. It pertains to a society of about 10, 000 Indians that occupy an area half in Brazil, half in Columbia. These Indians are divided in twenty tribes, which are grouped in five phratries. There are three crucial facts about this society that are subject to interest and present the relationship between society and language. First of all, each tribe speaks different language. Second, the five phratries are exogamous, which means that a man cannot marry a woman from the same phratry. Considering these two facts, we easily come to the following linguistic consequence: a man?s wife must speak different language. The third crucial fact is that marriage is patriocal. A rule states that the woman speaks to her children using only her husband?s language. The linguistic consequence is that a mother teaches her children a language she speaks as a foreigner (thus one can hardly call the children?s first language their mother tongue). This Indian community can be referred to as a ?sociolinguistic phenomenon?. It is the perfect example for the complicated relationship language-societyand a clear answer to the question why we need sociolinguistics."
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Linguistics and the Social Melting Pot, 2001.
A look at sociolinguistic differences in the "Crocodile Dundee" films.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what sociolinguistics is, illustrating this definition by looking at the movies "Crocodile Dundee" and "Crocodile Dundee II". It looks at dialectal and pronunciation differences which appear throughout the two movies, which help explain the way in which different social networks/stereotypes are developed and maintained.
From the Paper
"Sociolinguistics deals with the attempt to understand the relationships between language, and the societies that give it structure and function. A variety of factors separate these ?societies?. These factors include a variety of things such as social stratification, personal identity, geography, and group reference through a type of accent/dialect continuum, which can be associated with characteristics derived from economic factors and language contact. Due to the lack of a ?consensus? view of social class or one socially prestigious norm of social class, the sociolinguistic differences are made obvious in the movies Crocodile Dundee I and Crocodile Dundee II (Thomas and Wareing 128)."
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The Case of Bilingual Education, 1999.
Analysis of a position paper on the subject of bilingual education by Diane Ravitch.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes a dissertation of a conservative scholar, Diane Ravitch, on bilingual education. The paper explores the efficiency of this education method.
From the Paper
"Diane Ravitch's position paper, publicized in the Practice of Writing, is taken from her book about education. Ravitch discusses the origins of Bilingual education from the civil rights movement, which inspired racial solidarity, to the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, which endorsed funding for bilingual education. The main theme of Ravitch's paper, however, is her objection to required, mandatory, bilingual education. It is the schools' role, she maintains, to decide how to teach English to non-native English speakers; politicians, Ravitch argues, cannot enforce a pedagogical method on professional educators. While she does not states it explicitly, one also gets the idea that Ravitch opposes bilingual education in any case, as her overall approach towards it is very critical."
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The Language of 'Pulp Fiction' Culture as a Myth, 2000.
A Barthesian reading of popular culture, centered around a promotional poster for the film "Pulp Fiction".
1,794 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
A brief examination of the movie "Pulp Fiction" from the aspect of language and its impact on culture.
From the Paper
"However, the danger and sophistication that are ever-present in the poster can only really be appreciated when related to the third myth, that of 'cool'. Danger in itself is not a myth, it is a definite fact of life that, in real-life, is taken seriously as a truth. But when the danger is removed from the individual then the cool aspect of danger can be perceived as a myth. Ultimately we know that smoking is bad for one's health, but when one is separated from it, the act becomes cool, we also know guns are extremely dangerous yet again once we can take that step away and they are no immediate threat to us, they can be perceived as cool. This removal that is necessary in order to establish the element of cool is achieved in an interesting way in the poster. Rather than being just a poster, the edges have been made to look worn and there are stylised wrinkles in the paper. The purpose of this is to enhance the illusion of this image that makes up the poster as being the cover of a 'trash novel'. We realise that in actual fact these images that we have been examining are being portrayed by the film company as fiction. "
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