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Research Designs, 2004.
An overview of different methodologies for studying anxiety in a hospital radiology department.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
There are many different ways to study human emotional patterns in specific situations. Generally, there are five methods of research, including experimental, correlation, naturalistic observation, surveys, and case studies. Within each group, there are also subsets designed to further expand study options. This paper discusses the various methods of research, compares and contrasts those methods, and determines which method would be most suitable for studying anxiety of patients attending the radiology department of a hospital.
From the Paper
"Experimental designs work well in cases where the independent variable can be manipulated in such a way as to limit any other possible variables that could affect the independent variable (Levine, 2001). In the case of anxiety research outside of a laboratory setting, this would not be practical. Anxiety can be caused by any number of variables, and a subject attending a radiology department in a hospital may show signs of anxiety simply from attending the appointment. Additionally, there is no control of outside variables in this setting, and no clear way to measure a dependant variable."
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET), 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to determine the current and potential clinical applications for positron emission tomography and to develop a ?best practices? approach to developing a partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, AU$ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET), an
imaging technique, allows clinicians to localize safely and monitor accurately the activity of areas in the normal human brain during specific mental tasks. The author points out that the traditional methods of research, such as experiments in memorizing and observation of individuals who had suffered localized brain damage, have been facilitated by innovative methodologies, such as positron emission tomography, that connect human behavior to specific brain structures and functions. The paper relates that the research methodology will be a critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature, followed by a qualitative and quantitative analysis of how partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists can be created and improved based on the technique?s demonstrated efficacy in various clinical settings. Color illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
How Positron Emission Tomography Works.
Figure 1. Typical Positron Emission Tomography Device, Clinician and Patient
Radionuclides Used in PET
Figure 2. PET Scan of Damaged Human Brain
Methodology
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"PET provides clinicians with a functional brain-imaging technique to identify brain regions activated in motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. ?PET is based on a simple principle: a radioactive isotope that emits [[Beta].sup.+] particles (i.e., positrons, with a mass equal to an electron but with a positive electrical charge) is artificially integrated into a biological molecule and then injected intravenously.? In the various PET applications, a chemical compound that is ?labeled? with a short-lived, positron-emitting radionuclide (either carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) is injected into the body. The activity of such a radiopharmaceutical is then measured quantitatively throughout the target organs through the use of photomultiplier-scintillator detectors."
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Placebo-Controlled Studies, 2004.
A discussion on the ethics of placebo-controlled studies.
3,761 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how placebo studies of drugs and surgical procedures have become standardized to the point that few people think to question the ethical basis of such studies. It argues in favor of the potential and actual damage that can be caused by placebo studies and provides numerous examples that support this position, including studies that have utilized placebos to harmful effects, as well as studies that have specifically researched the efficacy, ethical as well as practical, of placebo studies. It also examines the common themes and assertions among these examples.
From the Paper
"Third, there are concerns about the ability of all subjects to fully understand the terms of the study. For example, people who have intelligence levels that are less than adequate to understand the logical implications of a double-blind study can be put at risk. So can people who speak languages other than the one(s) spoken by the researchers. Although translators can be utilized, the old adage that ?something gets lost in the translation? was never more applicable than to such situations. Furthermore, there have been numerous historical examples of times when particularly vulnerable populations were recruited for placebo studies either against their true, voluntary consent (i.e. because they were incarcerated or institutionalized) or without their true voluntary consent (i.e. they had no idea what was happening)."
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Restless Leg Syndrome, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to study the Restless Legs Syndrome and its risk factors as they relate to nursing.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Restless Leg Syndrome, which disturbs sleep patterns, is not curable, and because a patient?s health is often linked directly to sleep patterns, this disorder becomes particular troubling to the nursing community. The author points out that this research will attempt to measure various existing but simple remedies, such as providing vitamin E supplements prior to a patient retiring and other various remedies in controlled hospital and nursing home settings. The paper relates that the research methodology includes patients making self-evaluations using questionnaires and being observed by nursing staff members who also will provide data using questionnaires.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Purpose
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Literature Review
Research Design
Sampling
Data Collection Procedure
Data Analysis Method
From the Paper
"Historical observations by the medical community show that restoring the basic health requirements of Restless Legs Syndrome suffers should be of the utmost importance so as to enhance the recovery process. Simple solutions such as daily exercise, vitamin consumption, social interaction and reducing stress levels by abstaining from substances such as caffeine and tobacco are a cost efficient methodology and have actually been confirmed to alleviate some of the Restless Legs Syndrome symptoms."
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Business Terminology in Health Care, 2004.
A research design to examine the reaction to business terminology in the health care industry.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
Fifty years ago, though less was known about nearly everything involving the treatment of diseases, health care was a more personal experience. The rapidly changing health care system has caused patients to balk at service and the impersonality of it, and physicians and other providers to lament being unable to provide care in the way they would like to. This work is a proposed explorative study that will analyze the terminology used in health care to refer to the consumer and the provided services. Many are repeatedly disappointed by the expectation of the best possible care, regardless of the business parameters of delivery. Some have responded with an attempt to create a humanistic capitalism that respects the greater needs of the community and the individual, as well as respecting spirituality, yet this seems to be a difficult pill to swallow for consumer-driven organizations, regardless of their mission statements. This work proposes to gather information regarding the psychosocial effects of the use of business terminology in the health care industry in a bid to understand the psychological effects of referring to health care delivery as a business in terminology as well as reality.
From the Paper
"The Health Care Industry, idealistically is a large conglomeration of helping individuals and organizations whose sole purpose is to help people become more healthy, be that through prevention of disease or treatment of disease. Yet, it is known among nearly all health care professionals and almost all people who have ever been treated in the health care industry, even in the most minor way, which includes nearly all of the population, that the ?Health Care Industry? is just that, an industry. This industry is governed by profit and loss just as any other; possibly even more so in the sense that the more loss there is the less people can be helped."
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Alternative Schools and Special Education Students, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to analyze the role of alternative schools in retaining special education students.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that many school districts have chosen alternative schools to provide academic instruction to students who have special needs that make them unable to succeed in the mainstream school environment. The author hypothesizes that, for this study, special education students are likely to return to alternative schools because of these elements: Strong leadership, lower student-to-staff ratio, carefully selected personnel, early identification of risk factors, counseling and social training, and curricula based on real life learning. The paper reports that the data-gathering method will be face-to-face interviews, with written notes, using a survey questionnaires. Interviews may be taped.
Table of Contents
Background
Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
Methodology
From the Paper
"Key criteria for building a sense of community are choice and size. Choice (or voluntary participation) by both students and teachers results in affiliation, bonding, and membership. For special education students, who are often alienated in regular schools, Robert Barr, coauthor of Hope at Last for At-Risk Youth, says that attendance by choice has excellent results. Small size creates an effective community because students and teachers are allowed to get to know one another more. The resulting community, like a family, supports the whole child, nurturing academic, social, and emotional growth."
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Mathematics Instruction in English in Bilingual Classrooms, 2005.
Research proposal for examining the effects of mathematics instruction in English in bilingual classrooms.
2,211 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a research project that would examine the effectiveness of English instruction of mathematics on Second Grade ELL (English language learners) students as compared to the effectiveness of instruction in their native language. The proposal is in response to the controversy surrounding the issue of how best to teach mathematics to children from non-English-speaking backgrounds, since it has been found that the best way for children to learn to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences is by making a connection between mathematics and their everyday lives. The paper examines whether ELL students should be taught how to make this connection in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or whether they should be immersed in English as early as possible. The paper includes an annotated bibliography and an observation checklist of lessons taught in class.
Introduction
Setting
Problem/Issue
Research Question
Hypothesis
Methodology
Subjects
Instrumentation
Significance of the Study
From the Paper
"Mathematics is a powerful tool for interpreting the world. Research has shown that for children to learn how to use mathematics to organize, understand, compare, and interpret their experiences, mathematics must be connected to their lives. Such connections help students to make sense of mathematics and view it as relevant. There has, however, been controversy with regard to children from non-English backgrounds and the best ways to get them to make those connections. Questions are raised regarding how to instruct these children who are referred to as English language learners (ELL?s). Should they initially be taught in their native language with gradual exposure to English in language classes, or should they be immersed in English as early as possible."
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A Commitment to Volunteering, 2004.
A qualitative research paper focusing on the personal issues and standards associated with volunteerism.
3,321 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the motivation factors possessed by people who make a commitment to volunteer work in order to maintain or increase their current level of involvement. The paper discusses qualitative research as a method to conduct the study.
Outline
Methodology
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Research Findings and Discussion
From the Paper
"Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodology traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. Qualitative research is often associated with detailed small sets of data consistent with the methodology for this work, and the perceived findings. The inquiry process is built upon the need for personalized answers to questions previously associated with quantitative research, in this case that associated with the literature review and the more generalized samples associated with the overall levels of volunteer participation and NGO?s in Malta."
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Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease, 2004.
A research design to examine the influence of decreased cholesterol consumption on mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality in the industrialized world. At the same time, high blood cholesterol is known to be a risk factor for heart disease. Decreasing total blood cholesterol can have a profound effect, reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease by close to 30%. Further, there is a wide variety of research that links blood cholesterol levels to heart disease and mortality. This paper presents a design for a study that aims to add to this body of evidence by investigating the impact of decreased cholesterol consumption on mortality from cardiovascular disease.
From the Paper
"In each facility, 1,000 research subjects will be recruited using voluntary recruitment procedures. Advertisements for volunteers will be placed in local newspapers, community message boards, and clinic and emergency waiting rooms. Subjects will range in age upwards from 21 years of age. Subjects will not be excluded from the study on any medical or other grounds. This wide range of subjects and large sample size will allow researchers to correlate cholesterol intake with a number of other factors, including age, sex, race, place of residence, and other medical conditions."
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Reporting Research, 2004.
This paper discusses criteria for evaluating research reporting and applies these to a nursing research article.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, when performing a critical analysis of another?s research reporting, the reviewer must adhere to the basic principle of evaluation, namely, the structure of the research upon which scientific conclusion is drawn. The author points out that the function of a research report or article is to inform readers about the problem being investigated, the methods used to solve the problem, the results of the investigation, and the conclusions inferred from the results. The paper relates that the writing in research reports must be succinct, objective, and crystalline so that the research can be replicated by those who read it.
From the Paper
"Further, the research investigator failed to mention in the written analysis whether or not the parents were fully informed as to the purpose of the study or its benefits. Again, the investigator fell short of adhering to the principles of ethical research etiquette. In the final analysis, this reviewer is forced to grade the Schultz research with a D grade. Based on the lack of a stated research problem, stated testable hypothesis, appropriate sampling and statistical analysis, and lack of sustainable topical inference the investigation falls short of credible informational importance."
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Euthanasia, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to study public opinion towards euthanasia.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while medical technology has been creating new conditions by which individuals can live longer, medical science and public policy should not permit euthanasia. The author points out that, although euthanasia is a procedure used all around the world, the largest opponents of euthanasia are often Christian organizations, which believe that the choice of a person?s death is God?s decision only. The paper describes a survey design, using a Likert scale, which compares attitudes towards euthanasia directed at other people and at oneself.
From the Paper
"There are two types of euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is a simple yes or no question asked by doctors of whether to pull the plug or not in the case of the onset of a medical or physical condition from which there is not recovery. Active euthanasia is considered blatant killing, or a more deliberate action to end the life of a dying patient. A recent example would be the case of Robert Latimer on which the supreme ruled. His twelve-year-old daughter weighed only thirty-eight pounds and suffered from cerebral palsy. To end her pain and suffering he killed via carbon monoxide poisoning. Afterward, he called the authorities after it was over willing to take consequences of those actions. The Supreme Court upheld his conviction of manslaughter two, and reduced his sentence from a life sentence and no chance of parole prior to ten years served."
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Same Sex Schools, 2004.
This paper is a proposal for a research study to evaluate if same sex schools provide a greater or lesser quality of education to students in preparation for future higher education in a co-ed institution.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that literature is not replete with studies on male and female single gender education as being a better road to college success than coeducational venues; however, available literature is contradictory. The author states that the data will be both historical and numerical, using a testable hypothesis, questionnaire, and statistical data analysis; college success will be defined by freshman year college grade points over four quarters of study wherein at least 12 credit hours were attempted. The paper states that the research variables under consideration will include acquired academic strengths, emotional growth, participatory leadership development, and social connectionism as preparatory measures for success in college or university.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Methodology
Main Effects Hypothesis
Assessment Instrument
Statistical Analysis Tool
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Education, albeit public school, private school, or charter school affiliated, is a process whereby the youth of America are provided and opportunity to receive an education in an environment conducive to learning which, in turn, provides the necessary skills and competencies necessary to enter college and be successful. The broadly defined mission of any high school is one of creative growth through social, emotional, and physical development. Although this is sometimes a lofty undertaking, it is one, nonetheless, that is necessary if a successful college education is to be attained. In the twenty first century where mega technology abounds high schools are continually being challenged to prepare students to the rigors of a less supervised, more independent, and more rigorous college experience. In order to meet the challenges high schools, regardless of classification, are put upon to provide students with a learning environment that is wide ranging, socially and academically responsible, and self-motivating.Should these characteristics not be built into the school curriculum, a young student entering college is at a disadvantage and the possibility of failure is increased."
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Teen Health, 2005.
Evaluation of a newspaper research article about teen health issues.
1,102 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on Rebecca Ennis's newspaper research report, "State Ranks Last in Kids Count Survey". The research report is about health care issues; i.e., teenage health-related matters and educational issues. This paper examines the efficacy of the statistical methods employed by the report to draw conclusions about the data gathered.
From the Paper
"Having all survey information in hand the next task is to evaluate the soundness and efficacy of the resulting survey data. Knowing that statistics is a branch of scientific methodology, as it deals with the collection, classification, description, and interpretation of measurement data, it is essential that the statistical tool employed be robust and able to deliver the necessary value in order to drawn conclusions about the research being conducted and reported. The soundness of the statistical tool is expected for those statistics, and equally applied, that are basic (percentages) as well as for those that are complex (Baye?s coefficients). In all research the essential purpose of the statistic employed if to describe and draw inferences about the numerical properties of the chosen sample or population as well as to compare data gathering procedures. Further, the chosen statistical tool is directly aligned, and responsible, for answering the posed research question and testable hypothesis. Without a felt research need, proposed research question and testable hypothesis, the statistical tool has little meaning nor does the resulting data."
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Women and the Information Technology Industry, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to study the under-representation of women in the information technology industry.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the research examines the reasons behind the lack of women pursuing computer-related career paths and provides recommendations for attracting and keeping more women in the field. The author points out that, despite the great increase in the number of high-level positions now open to women in IT, few women seek the jobs. The paper reports that data gathering methods will be face-to-face interviews with written or taped notes and survey questionnaires.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Delimitation
Definition of Terms
Assumptions
Importance of Study
Literature Review
Research Design
Data Needed and Data Gathering Method
Research Methodology
Outline of Proposed Study
From the Paper
"Statistics show that the approach to technology education may be to blame. What seemed like an attractive career option in the 1980s is no longer an attractive option for young women. ?In the early 1980s, women were turned on by technical careers because they were new and challenging,? explained Susan Metz, executive director of the Lore-El Center for Women and Engineering and Science at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ. However, since then, the number of women earning computer science degrees has declined steadily, according to the Women?s Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development. Studies suggest women are losing interest because of how colleges approach technology education. According to a recently completed four-year study of 100 Carnegie Mellon students pursuing computer science degrees, there is a major gender gap in teaching technology these days.
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Social Workers and Burnout, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to study some of the factors that contribute to burnout in the social work field.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 19 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the emotional condition of the individual social worker can be understood as being directly related to the professional?s job satisfaction, which is no longer understood to result from a monetarily successful practice or other extrinsic factors that affect the social worker. The author points out that the nature of human service occupations often attracts people who are empathetic, sensitive, and tend to be people-oriented, but also who are anxious, introverted, and overenthusiastic. The paper reports that the cross-design research will break the surveyed population into groups by age and gender demographics and will attempt to identify common experiences, factors, and perceptions, which affect the appearance of burnout in the professional?s career path.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Methods
Part One
Part Two
Sampling Plan
Measurement Variables
From the Paper
"Burnout, on the other hand, is defined as a negative psychological experience that is a reaction of workers to job-related stress. Burnout refers to a cluster of physical, emotional, and interactional symptoms, including but not limited to emotional exhaustion, a sense of lacking personal accomplishment. This condition often results in the professional depersonalizing clients their clients, and detaching from the lists of emotional and psycho-social needs which clients bring into their office each day. Burnout symptoms also can include physical symptoms, emotional exhaustion, depression, or other serious emotional dysfunction. Recurrent bouts of flu, headaches, fatigue, poor self-esteem, difficulty in interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, inability to concentrate, rigidity, and tendency to blame clients for their problems can appear singularly, or in combination as evidence of burnout."
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Sexual Orientation, 2004.
This paper is a literature review and a research proposal to study the biological determinants of sexual orientation.
2,740 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper reveals that, while many studies suggest a strong genetic and biological basis to sexual orientation, there is little causal evidence to support this claim; therefore, this research proposal attempts to resolve conflicting evidence that male homosexuality is correlated with similarities in the genetic markers from region Xq28 of the X chromosome. The author points out that, interestingly, female homosexuals have not been shown to exhibit a similarity in a specific genetic locus. Studies on the Xq28 region showed that the Xq28 region of the X chromosome was similar in only male homosexuals and not female homosexuals. The paper stresses that this proposed study attempts to address many of the common methodological problems that have been associated with research into the genetic basis of homosexuality in the past, including common use of self-selecting samples, small sample sizes, and problems with the definition of homosexuality.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Proposed Research
Materials, Methods, and Procedures
Statistical Analysis
Expected Findings and Relevance
From the Paper
"Sexual orientation has also been linked to hormonal changes during pregnancy. The probability that a male child will have a homosexual sexual orientation as an adult increases nearly 33% for each older brother that the child has, while older sisters have no effect on the sexual orientation of a younger, male sibling. An immune response within the mother during pregnancy may account for this effect. Specifically, the mother may produce anti-H-Y antigens during pregnancy that affect aspects of sexual differentiation that occur during development. In addition, homosexual males who have older brothers weigh less at birth than heterosexual males with older brothers who in turn weigh less than heterosexual males with older sisters."
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