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HIV/AIDS Mitigation, 2008.
This paper examines good governance in the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS, specifically as evidenced in the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga City, a highly-urbanized city in the Philippines.
6,910 words (approx. 27.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 186.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS has to be made integral to any development endeavor aimed at improving the lives and well-being of citizens of the world. The author points out that the United Nations acknowledges that good governance has to be integrated into the creation and management of institutions, processes and programs aimed at beating the targets set forth in the "Millennium Declaration of 2000". The paper reviews and analyzes the present and future scenario of HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation in the Philippines and identifies some elements of intervention needed to operationalize a strategy for good governance. The author underscores that the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga city is built around improved capacities for public administration and civil service, decentralization in delivery of services, transparency and accountability, expanded role of civil-society, and the centrality of participation grounded on the rule of law and human rights.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Related Literature
Pro-Poor Policy Framework
Public Administration and Civil Services
Decentralization and Delivery of Services
Accountability and Transparency Situations and Context of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Socio-Economic Impact of HIV Aids
Participatory Approach
Cultural and Moral Dimensions
Grounding Development
Mobilizing the Cultural Resources
Key Lessons in Good Governance from the United Nations
Case in Point: Zamboanga City HIV/AIDS Program
Public-Civil Society Partnership
Organization and Management
Community-Oriented/ Community Based
Innovative Optimized Use of Infrastructure Support
Livelihood Assistance
Financial Resources
Lessons from HIV/Program Implementation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the United Nations, a critical requisite for achieving the MDG's is a conducive and coherent policy framework. This involves first, the contextualization of the goals by each country, and down to identifying sectoral concerns and on to effective local responses. Responses and interventions to HIVAIDS entails a national policy framework that provides for effective decentralization of action and one that effectively coordinate implementation and resource mobilization as well as achieve a critical mass of support from the public in a much cost effective way. The policy framework to be pro-poor means, that it recognizes the social and economic implications of HIV/AIDS and seeks to integrate social and economic interventions to mitigate the spread of the infection and disease."
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The Lottery: Funding Education, 2006.
This paper discusses the lottery as a property tax alternative to fund education.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 19 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the current taxation system used in Texas to raise monies for education has been ruled unconstitutional numerous times in a series of lawsuits over the past few decades. The author points out that proponents have pushed for the use of the lottery as a means of funding education for all students in many states. The paper relates that critics argue that using the lottery to fund education will only encourage unhealthy levels of gaming. The author underscores that many state lotteries contribute to the general state fund, which supports many programs not solely educational in nature, causing concern over the lottery truly supporting what it was designed to enhance. The paper concludes that the lottery is the only system that is viable enough to ensure that all Texans are taking ownership of providing appropriate educations for students from all socioeconomic levels.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Background
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The history of gaming and sweepstakes is lengthy in nature. Forms of lotteries have been in the context of our social environment since biblical times. The first known chance of winning actual money occurred in the 1530s during the reign of Queen Elizabeth in Italy; from here it sparked the privatization of lotteries for the nineteenth century with 15 percent of proceeds going to beneficiaries (Hills, 2003). According to Hill, in the late 1890s constitutions in 35 states were developed forbidding lottery operation due to concerns of morality, yet since 1985 more than $11 billion of supplemental funding has been raised in California for public schools."
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Asylum Policy in the EU, 2008.
This paper discusses the notion of safe third countries in the European Union.
4,464 words (approx. 17.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that France will take the presidency of the European Union (EU) from July to December 2008. Priorities during this period include a "common pact on immigration and asylum" , which aims towards a greater harmonisation in these fields, but which does not mention enforcing a better respect of human rights. The writer points out that this issue triggers questions about the role of the EU as a global player in the field of human rights. Indeed, asylum - which refers to the protection granted by a foreign country to a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in its own country - is per se linked to human rights. However, current EU policies tend to criminalize migrants trying to enter and settle in "Fortress Europe", disregarding their reasons for migrating. The writer discusses that a new trend has recently been development in the management of asylum procedures: third countries have been listed as "safe", which implicitly means that they should not produce refugees and therefore that nationals of such countries who would yet claim asylum might not been "genuine" refugees. One can then wonder why the EU implements such a principle and what are the consequences on the new asylum procedures, as far as human rights are concerned. In this essay, the writer focuses on the implementation of the principle of "safe third countries" in the EU and the criticisms it raises.
Outline:
INTRODUCTION
I. CURRENT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SAFE THIRD COUNTRY PRINCIPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON COMMON ASYLUM POLICIES AT EU LEVEL
1. International Legislation
2. EU Legislation
Before the Amsterdam Treaty (1999)
The Amsterdam Treaty
The Tampere Treaty and its Aftermath
The Hague Program (2004)
B. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE NOTION OF SAFE THIRD COUNTRIES
1. Justification of the Principle of "safe third country"
2. European Vision of Safe Third Countries
Uses of Safe Third Country Principle in Europe
II. CRITIC OF THE SAFE THIRD COUNTRY PRINCIPLE
A. LEGALITY OF SAFE THIRD COUNTRY LISTS
1. Human Rights Issues in "safe" Third Countries
2. A Breach in the Geneva Convention?
B. NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND COUNTER-ACTIONS TAKEN BY NGOS TO FIGHT AGAINST THIS PRINCIPLE
1. Consequences of the Implementation of Safe Third Countries Principle
In the "Old Europe": Decreasing Rates of Asylum Claims in France
A New Burden for Bordering Countries of the EU and EU's Neighbours
2. Counter-strike of NGOS: Case Forum Refugies vs. OFPRA
CONCLUSION
Bibliography
From the Paper
"To deal with asylum, it is necessary to remind some basic points of the Convention. Firstly, according to the 1951 Geneva Convention, to be granted refugee status, an asylum seek must lodge his/her claim in the State s/he wants to be recognize by, that is to say, s/he must have physical access to the territory of this State to start a procedure in which the validity of his/her claims can be assessed. Secondly, it is up to each State party to the convention to interpret the convention at its own discrepancy. Some States can be criticized for rejecting many asylum claims but that does not prove in itself a violation of the Convention, but rather a very strict interpretation. Thirdly, we need to remind ourselves that returning to their country of origin rejected asylum seekers and generally all irregular migrants not in need of protection is a difficult challenge. The procedures of detention, deportation and readmission have not been addressed by the 1951 Convention. Such measures depend on national or EU rules, but still should comply with international human rights standards. Both the overstaying and the removal of rejected asylum seekers create problems in terms of credibility and integrity of asylum systems. This is part of a wider debate on the balance of international cooperation and solidarity and control of migration fluxes."
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Modern Medicine as State or Corporate Medicine, 2007.
This paper asses whether modern medicine is state medicine or corporate medicine, citing examples from British and American history.
1,467 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that the choice between state and corporate medicine is a relatively recent phenomenon. The writer notes that such a luxury sharply contrasts with the historical development of medical care, specifically during the nineteenth century in Britain and America, which sought, through the interventions of the state, to provide for the poor. From such a perspective, then, this essay posits that modern medicine is less about the choice between state and corporate provision than the foundations state medicine essentially helped create from which corporate medicine later benefited.
From the Paper
"Chadwick believed that many of the illness and diseases which inflicted the poor would be lessened or even eradicated. Importantly, the implication of the lawyer's report was that these measures could only be carried out by the state at a time when Britain subscribed to the creed of political economy, which held the laissez-faire state to be a paramount virtue. Yet following Chadwick's report, a Royal Commission on the Health of Towns was set up, which met between 1843 and 1845, leading to Liverpool creating the first sanitary authority in 1846 which spawned similar bodies elsewhere. By the time the Public Health Act of 1848 was passed the important role of the state was set in stone: a central government department was created as the General Board of Health; local sanitary authorities were invested with powers to coordinate municipal responsibilities; and a local inspection regime was also created that appointed medical health officers. Consequently, by 1853, 284 districts and 103 towns had applied to adopt the Public Health Act. But the crucial characteristic of the Act was that, while it did concede the importance of the role of the state, it did not make the adoption of the Act compulsory."
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The Medicaid System and the Mentally Ill, 2007.
This paper discusses possible changes to the now successful Medicaid system for treating the low-income mentally ill.
2,735 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Medicaid is the number one payment foundation for most community-based mental health services and the only health plan that finances a complete array of the rehabilitative services needed by people with psychiatric disabilities. The author stresses that low income children and adults have nowhere else to turn for mental health care and must depend tremendously on Medicaid. The paper relates that recent suggestions to change the Medicaid system for treating mental illnesses include plans to reduce the range of services that the states must provide and to reduce the number of recipients by replacing the current entitlement program with one or more block grants to the states. The author points out that Medicaid should go through some changes; however, these changes should be based on a serious review of their impact on caring for the mentally ill population.
From the Paper
"While states currently deal with major budget losses and concerns about the cost of Medicaid, there are ways to give states financial relief without reducing benefits to Medicaid recipients or extremely cutting the resources on which public mental health and other state agencies now depend. Policies that should be considered include improving coverage under Medicare community mental health services, including prescription medications, outpatient counseling, and case management, so that the federal government picks up costs for the elderly and increasing federal support for state and local mental health programs through increases to the federal community mental health block grant."
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Delegation, 2005.
This paper discuses the management practice of delegation especially as applied to the United States Air Force.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in delegation, tasks are pushed to the lowest possible level in order for senior managers to focus on broader issues; however, delegation requires many skills and is not always used effectively to achieve the four functions of management. The author points out that, due to its size and scope, the United States Air Force (USAF) has no choice but to practice delegation at every possible level. The paper relates that, in the USAF, delegation is achieved through a highly structured rank system where tasks and the responsibility for them are theoretically pushed down to the lowest level where people, who are most familiar with a problem or situation, are the ones capable of providing a solution. The author states that this approach coincides with the three main levels of planning: strategic, tactical, and operational.
From the Paper
"Delegation requires a vast array of skills to be used effectively. Communication skills are among the most prized; as is patience and trust. This is another shortcoming of the military, as communication skills are seldom taught or developed in a manner that would facilitate effective delegation. Possessing good interpersonal and communication skills allows managers to successfully convey their desired end results to workers. Clearly defined goals provide a framework with which employees have more leeway to accomplish their tasks."
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Research Analysis: SENTRI Program, 2005.
This paper applies central tendency measurements to researching the value of the secure electronic network for travelers rapid inspection (SENTRI) system in facilitating crossing the US/Mexico border.
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that this research project on SENTRI included a sample of the population of 100 business travelers who regularly travel between Mexico and San Diego. The author reports using a questionnaire inquiring about how many travelers were looking into enrolling into the SENTRI program to reduce their wait time at the border. The paper relates that, using central tendency for the analysis of the collected data, the research indicates that there are advantages to business travelers participating in the SENTRI program. The author cites that business travelers enrolled in the SENTRI program are experiencing a reduced waiting time of a mere ten to fifteen minutes one-way. The paper concludes that similar research designs can help businesses make executive decisions. The paper includes tables and graphs.
From the Paper
"The following are two tables containing data collected for the purposes of analyzing the feasibility of the SENTRI project. The first, Table A, contains data that was used to calculate central tendency. This table is the result of a 100-person poll that was conducted utilizing employees that traveled between Mexico and San Diego. Travelers that participated in the SENTRI program experienced the shortest wait, spending between 5 and 15 minutes on average. Travelers on foot spent on average 10 to 15 minutes waiting at the border."
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Disaster and Public Inquiry, 2008.
A review of the public inquiry set up after the Hurricane Katrina disaster.
5,193 words (approx. 20.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 154.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the political overtones contributing to the failure of a specific public inquiry set up after a disaster. The essay is structured according to a traditional research investigation template and provides examination of the research question, explanation of the case study methodology employed and, as the dominant part of the research, a discussion on the findings of the inquiry relating to Hurricane Katrina.
From the Paper
"Public Inquiry is a faulty approach to assessing the causes underlying a disaster, primarily due to the common disposition of political bias which will result in the conscious establishment of a specific version of events. This slant will cause the obscurity or omission of important causative properties and may also tend to distort the issues most directly relevant to the causes of the disaster. Thus, the research here will contend with this main issue by examining the political overtones contributing to the failure of a specific public inquiry."
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Cold House, 2008.
This paper discusses the negative public health effects of poor or nonexistent residential heating.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that extreme winter temperatures and weather conditions can have adverse effects on the health and well-being of many. Freezing climates, fewer hours of sunlight and cold, damp conditions create a higher propensity in people for vulnerability to illnesses, discomfort in limbs and joints, obstructive conditions to regular outdoor activity and, in some of the most vulnerable groups which will be identified here below, even cold-related fatality. The writer notes that this presents a serious public health crisis for the U.K., whose citizens must contend with the pressures of continually inflating fuel prices in the face of the challenges specific to enduring the harsh winter months. For many, such as the very young, the elderly and the disabled, and most predominantly for those generally impoverished, the consequences of this circumstance can be severe, with the incapacity to properly heat a home bearing real and distinctly problematic outcomes. The writer concludes that essentially, higher fuel prices and the inherent health dangers of improper or nonexistent heating are public crises impacting all of Britain.
From the Paper
"Thus, for many who lack proper heating, or any heating at all, the likelihood of this condition indicates that running water may be obstructed in addition to the inhospitable temperature. Naturally, an absence of running water constitutes a series of problems from a day-to-day survival perspective, leading to issues of limited hydration, diminished opportunity for food preparation and a limited degree of access to opportunities for hygienic maintenance. Though not directly a health-related symptom, this consequence to the household clearly bears directly relevance to the standard of living endured by those without heating."
"Though all individuals are equally susceptible to the dangers of harsh weather conditions, those most directly impacted by cold winter homes are the impoverished. Those living below the poverty line are quite certainly the most vulnerable of groups, with high heating costs making it difficult and often impossible to maintain proper heating for individuals, families and other affected groups. This is a condition which continues only to worsen as we enter into a period of likely continual fuel scarcity and costliness."
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The Virtues of Bureaucracy, 2008.
This paper reviews "Politics and the Bureaucracy: Policy-making in the Fourth Branch of the Government" by Kenneth J. Meier.
1,498 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the word 'bureaucracy' typically carries with it a negative connotation to many Americans. The paper then looks at Kenneth J. Meier's book, "Politics and the Bureaucracy: Policy-making in the Fourth Branch of the Government", which explains how the bureaucracy as a form of government itself, as in the United States, has many virtues of effectiveness. The paper shows how Meier portrays bureaucracy as a functional model for policy-enforcement, thus defending the bureaucracy as indispensable.
From the Paper
"The word 'bureaucracy' typically carries with it a negative connotation to many Americans. The immediate reaction for most is to characterize such an agency described thusly as slow, outmoded and inefficient. This is, however, an impression fostered by the quality of the governmental umbrella under which a bureau operates. The bureaucracy as a form of government itself, as we have in the United States, bears certain virtues of effectiveness that may not be found in their absence. From the capacity for procedural standardization to the specialized but interceding areas of focus for a diversity of cooperative agencies, the bureaucracy is the segment of our government with the capacity to attend to the minutiae of public administration while still levying a substantial influence over policy direction. This is the bureaucracy which Kenneth J. Meier speaks of in his analysis of American public policy and the political process."
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Police Discretion, 2008.
A discussion on the mythical aspect of police discretion, its sources and suggestions for how it may be controlled.
1,666 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how discretion is a certificate of authority which gives police officers a vast amount of freedom and how it gives officers authorization to act freely and use that authority in carrying out the rights and responsibilities of policing. The paper further discusses how, in order for police officers to exercise good discretion, there must be guidelines and proper training to apply this discretion successfully. The paper concludes that, without using this unspoken practice, an officer's job would be burdened with another layer of complexity that they would have to overcome.
From the Paper
"There are a number of strategies that could be implemented for controlling discretion. First and most important is for law enforcement to hire officers who exhibit use of good police judgment and this comes from having good character. Law enforcement should take more time in hiring officers to be able to assess if they have common virtues of character as honesty, modesty, and empathy. After they determine these features, then the other police requirements for using discretion can be learned from on the job training. Another strategy for controlling discretion is for officers to be properly trained on how to use discretion. With the denial of this practice, discretion training is not part of the academy's program, but it should be incorporated into the procedures of when and where an officer can use discretion. "
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Police Brutality and Excessive Force, 2008.
An analysis of the prevalence of police brutality in society and different ideas that have been implemented to prevent it.
2,731 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
Police brutality is defined as the excessive use of physical force, assault, verbal attacks, and threats by police officers. This paper discusses how police brutality has existed as long has law enforcement has been around and how many different tactics to prevent it have been instituted. In particular, the paper looks at the public's perception that police misuse and abuse their power, citing the Chicago disturbance of 1919 and the Los Angeles riots following the controversial Rodney King trial as examples.
From the Paper
"There are many different reasons to why police brutality exists, one of them which is commonly used by police departments, is the "bad apple paradigm". This reason for brutality is often used by departments because it alleviates most of their responsibility for the brutality because they can simply blame that individual and say that it is an isolated incident caused by a bad apple. Criminologist and Author David Friedrich once said "Police work is likely to attract at least some individuals who enjoy bullying others or join the force with the intention of exploiting special opportunities to enrich themselves. At one time this was the most widely accepted cause of police brutality, but within recent years, research has proven otherwise. Profiles of officers that had used excessive force were examined by psychologists and what was discovered, is that there was such a wide range of profiles that it did not support the 'bad apple' stereotype."
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Immigration Reform and the Army, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of a proposal for illegal immigration reform, which would require immigrating individuals to serve in the United States Armed Forces for a predetermined time of enlistment.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that requiring illegal immigrants to serve in the U.S. army would solve two current major issues in the U.S.: illegal immigration and the rapidly declining military recruiting numbers. The author points out that, only taking into account the half million illegal immigrants that cross the border every year, the size of the army could be increased by more than one third by requiring all eligible immigrants to serve. The paper states that the first obstacle to this proposal is not money but a common language, which could be overcome by re-allocating the funds used for huge signing bonuses to teaching immigrants English. The paper concludes that this immigration reform proposal would change totally the dynamics of how the United States maintains its standing army while continuing to keep good relations with Mexico and other neighboring countries.
From the Paper
"As previously stated, one proposal to combat the massively declining recruiting numbers in the U.S. Armed Forces is with immigrant service members. A vast majority of people do not know that the first U.S. soldier killed in Iraq was a Guatemalan who first entered the United States illegally. He had been able to change his immigration status and showed his gratitude to his adopted country by joining the military and, in the end, giving his life. The U.S. Armed Forces are losing thousands of soldiers, marines, airmen, and sailors every year."
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Hurricane Katrina: A Disaster in Preparedness, 2008.
An overview of hurricanes, procedures for dealing with them and why Katrina was such a disaster.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
A category-4 hurricane named Katrina exploded onto land August 29th, damaging large parts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. With 145-mph winds, huge storm surges and torrential rains that flooded whole towns, Katrina left hundreds dead or missing, more than one million others temporarily homeless, and caused at least $25 billion in damage. This paper relates that many of the people in the affected areas who died could have been saved and the damage could have been less devastating if the government's response had been planned with more awareness and sensitivity of the known destruction of hurricanes. The paper contends that Hurricane Katrina changed the Gulf Coast area forever because local authorities did not establish better communication systems with other government departments for help before the storm hit and because superior evacuation policies were not set up in the cities that would be most affected. The paper also examines how President Bush and his cabinet were not fully prepared to deal with the high level of responsiveness that was needed for the residents of the affected areas.
From the Paper
"The communication between all government divisions was so badly executed that Federal and State officials have blamed each other for the disastrously poor response in New Orleans and neighboring states. Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco and New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin have blamed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for the slow response. Federal officials said that initial evacuation and hurricane preparation plans were the responsibility of Louisiana and New Orleans authorities. Also, the Feds blame those officials for not asking for the help of the federal government soon enough, and for not being more specific when they eventually requested help. It was not a matter of pointing fingers and worrying about who was responsible for handling the preparation of the evacuation; it was a matter of helping the people of New Orleans and assisting them in the evacuation, which again shows that the law enforcement was not prepared as well as they should have been to minimize the damage and destruction of the hurricane. "
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Public and Private NHS, 2007.
An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of moving the British National Health Service from the public sector to the private sector.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
The National Health Service (NHS) is a state run entity set up by the Labour government after 1948 as part of the welfare state, and is free at the point of entry for all patients regardless of income or health problem. It was originally run by local authorities with funding from public money allocated by central government. This paper discusses how in recent years this money has been moving to the private sector and many have speculated that this is privatisation by stealth. The paper attempts to understand this process by giving some historical context to the events of the last few decades while pointing out some of the advantages and disadvantages, and the forms it could take, of privatisation.
From the Paper
"At the same time though because of the lack of reinvestment in the NHSs' infrastructure and Gordon Browns' adherence to EU spending targets, alternative funding methods must be found. A recent study by the Health Consumer Powerhouse (HCP) (2007) showed the UK at 17th place, behind Ireland, Czech Republic and Estonia in provision of healthcare. Three countries a long way behind the economic development of the UK. In fact while per capita spending placed the UK in 12th place, the Czech Republic placed 21st showing that efficiency targets are possible if money is spent wisely. "
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Transportation Mobility and Older Adults, 2006.
This paper is a research proposal to study the effects of transportation on mobility of older adults.
1,640 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes to study where older adults tend to travel and how often public transportation is used, as well as where these individuals would like to travel, but are unable to due to lack of transportation. The author points out that research has shown that the availability of public transportation varies based on location and that, in rural and suburb areas, there often is no form of transportation other than private automobiles. The paper reports that the sample for this study will be volunteer men and women, 65 years and older, who ride public transportation in a non-urban region of central Minnesota. The paper states that the self-report questionnaire was developed by the author because other research has not included investigation of where the aged would have liked to travel if they had transportation. The paper includes a cover letter and the questionnaire.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Non-drivers
Use of Public Transportation by Older Adults
Gender and Ethnicity
Methodology
Sample
Procedure
Instrument
Analysis
Tentative Time Line
Appendix: Consent Form
Appendix: Survey
From the Paper
"Troubles accessing public transportation vary from person to person. One in five women Latinas reported transportation problems, while one and ten African American women reported problems accessing public transportation.However, only 5% of white women reported problems with accessing public transportation. However, the number of women drivers is expected to increase in the next 30 years. Only 67% of women had driver licenses in 1997 but by 2012 it is predicted that 90% of women will have driver licenses."
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