| Papers [113-128] of 7415 :: [Page 8 of 464] | | Go to page : <— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 —> | |
|
|
Multiple Sclerosis and Quality of Life, 2008.
This paper discusses that certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) that lead to higher levels of disability, fatigue and depression will result in lower quality of life for MS patients.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the nature of the relationship between disability, depression, fatigue and quality of life for people with multiple sclerosis. The writer notes that the focus of the research is to get a clearer understanding of the primary as well as secondary factors that affect people with multiple sclerosis. The writer also notes that, as stated by Benito-Leon et al, there exist many other factors that affect sufferers of multiple sclerosis, besides the impairment or rehabilitative nature of the disease.
Outline:
Scope of Study
Literature Review
Hypotheses
Method
Participants & Materials
Procedure
Results
Descriptive Statistics
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Discussion
Findings
Study Limitations
From the Paper
" MS research has not been focused on understanding the QOL among MS patients. Few studies have focused on the how the symptoms of MS affect noted measures of QOL. The general understanding is that as a whole MS seems to lower QOL; however few studies have been able to provide the necessary link between QOL, and specific aspects of MS related symptoms. Nortvedt and Riise completed a literature review and found that the literature was either validating the use of measurement criterions, focusing on the factors that influence QOL within MS patients, or focusing on using lift questionnaires to understand the impacts of MS. Many of the studies examined used similar measurement via quality of life questionnaires and clinical scales to identify the nature of the relationship between QOL and MS."
| |
|
Theories of Criminology, 2008.
This paper discusses and explains different theories of criminology.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the field of criminology, various theories have been advanced to explain why people commit crimes. The writer notes that more manageable and more conventional is the listing of theories provided by Victor Jupp, which posits four theories: biological, social bonding, social structure and psychological bonding. Jupp points out that these four theories reflect the learning of different intellectual disciplines and come to widely different opinions about the individual criminal, but are all directed to the common question - why do people commit crimes? The writer concludes that while each of these theories offers some insight, there is a frustrating difficultly in criminology. The writer maintains that although criminology may be able to explain why certain people have committed certain crimes, it is frustratingly less effective at discerning how one might commit crimes and how to prevent them.
From the Paper
"The biological theory and the social bonding theory both assume that the individual develops into a criminal because of inborn factors. Lombroso and his followers contend that the stigmata mark the atavistic criminal, and these cannot be changed. Eysenck and company contend that, certainly in the adult, the personality is largely unchangeable, and in the case of the criminal, the psychoticisms cannot be removed. By contrast, social structure theories contend that the individual is more of a blank slate, shaped by his surroundings, so that if these surroundings can be manipulated, criminality will not develop."
| |
|
Childhood Emotional Development, 2008.
An examination of childhood emotional development and how the social environment plays an important role in emotional development.
2,046 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines traditional schools of thought on childhood emotional development, recent research and probable future directions. The paper explains that one of the most important motivators for positive emotional childhood development is the social environment. The paper then points out that children who enjoy healthy positive social relationships tend to develop more proficiently on an academic and sporting scale; they are also more likely to have greater self-esteem and self-worth than those who endure relationship problems. The paper also looks at how the personality of adolescents is a very important part of childhood emotional development. The paper suggests that the development of children in modern times has been associated with sweeping global changes, perhaps most notably the Internet.
Outline:
Introduction
Vygotsky
Freud
Erikson
Ainsworth
The Social Environment: An Important Part of Emotional Development
Older Children and Adolescence
Current Childhood Development Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is for this reason that children are taught at school from an early age the importance of practicing good social skills and engaging in pro-social behaviors. The importance of a positive social environment for children has been recognized by research which suggests that social development problems cause greater problems over time, leading to adult mental health problems (ibid, p. 98). However, approaches to implementing social skills in children have varied over the decades. Thinking in the 1970s revolved primarily around three schools of thought. The psychoanalytical school of thought maintained that through interpretation of unconscious thoughts, children develop a latent awareness related to appropriate social behaviors. The humanistic approach suggested that children benefit most from empathy and accepting environmental conditions, and that these preconditions were sufficient for future emotional development. The third approach, the behavior modification approach, proposed that appropriate behaviors be treated with reinforcement, increasing the chance that healthy behaviors would appear as the child developed (ibid)."
| |
|
Existential Psychology, 2008.
An overview and personal application of existential psychology.
866 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses how the existential approach to psychology begins with the recognition that the individual is responsible for his or her own mental state. On a more personal level, the paper looks at challenges the author has faced and how he responded to those challenges.
From the Paper
"Existentialism is related to earlier conceptions of how humans are related to the universe, such as that of Kant, and it can be seen as one aspect of the larger search for meaning in every human life. The overwhelming nature of the universe has always left human beings trying to find a reason for their own existence and some evidence that they matter. Psychology seeks to understand both this search and the processes underlying it, and existentialism is one of the structures developed by the human mind to explain its own importance in the universe."
| |
|
Personality and Software Engineering, 2008.
This paper argues that a combination of introvert and extrovert personality types is essential for creating software programs.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 34.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper looks at the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator that indicates that introverts usually have quality software development skills. The paper discusses how introverts dominate the software field, but the field also needs extroverts to help explain the programs and make them user friendly. The paper shows how the best way to create software is to use a team of both introverted and extroverted personality types.
From the Paper
"Most people see software engineers as nerds who work long hours into the night until they complete their projects. "USA Today reported that the techie nerd stereotype is so well-entrenched that students in every grade ranked computer jobs near the bottom of their lists of career choice" (McConnell). Yet, is this an accurate view of a computer technician? Does the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) accurately show professional software developers? These are important questions when it comes to studying personality types in software engineering compared to the national average and success of those in other fields."
| |
|
Psychology of Drugs and Human Behavior, 2008.
This paper discusses whether psychoactive drug use is synonymous with dependence.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that psychoactive drugs act upon the human central nervous system, altering brain function and impacting on mood and behavior. The writer discusses that though some psychoactive drugs are legal and prescribed as medication, while some are illegal and are used as a form of recreation for users. The writer then points out that current research suggests that these drugs can sometimes lead to dependence and addiction issues. The writer also discusses that mood and behavior-altering drugs have therefore garnered significant media attention as harmful solutions to problems which could be solved through non-medicinal methods.
Outline:
Introduction
Psychoactive Drugs: Theories of Addiction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Though the researchers agree that this is true, they believe that psychoactive drug addiction is a real issue that has numerous causal factors. The most notable of these, according to Nesse and Berridge, is the tendency for psychoactive drugs to create a brain signal that creates a false indication of a huge fitness benefit. This then changes behavior propensities, increasing drug-seeking behaviours in frequency and displacing more adaptive behaviours. This issue is seen by the researchers as being part of an overall addiction modern society has to fitness-decreasing incentives such as video games and snack foods. Such addictions, Nesse and Berridge maintain, are a mismatch between our bodies and our modern environments, which causes behavioural and medical problems."
| |
|
Lonny Shavelson's "Hooked", 2008.
This paper reviews and reacts to Lonny Shavelson's book "Hooked: Five Addicts Challenge Our Misguided Drug Rehab System".
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reports that Lonny Shavelson, in his book "Hooked: Five Addicts Challenge Our Misguided Drug Rehab System", contends that too many rehab systems release or kick out addicts for relapsing and that drug rehab programs focus on stopping the addict rather than fixing why the person became an addict. The paper relates that Shavelson's book, which compares the amounts of federal money spent on drug rehabilitation vs. the Drug War, is a testament that the direction of funding agencies and rehabs are on the wrong part of the drug issue. The author of the paper concludes by agreeing with Shavelson that psychological treatment and drug treatment need to go hand in hand and that aftercare programs should be mandatory for at least 2 years.
From the Paper
"Shavelson finds Crystal in a drug court caught up in a system where she keeps getting sent back to a treatment program with harsher and harsher restrictions. All Crystal has to do is stay free from drugs and she will be out of the drug court system, but she cannot. Shavelson views drug courts as a good way to help the addict without furthering their addiction or having their addiction take them down a criminal path if they are not already on one."
| |
|
Parental Discipline, 2008.
This paper discusses the perils of spanking as a disciplinary method.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as recently as the 1950s, parents were fierce champions of spanking as a form of child discipline. The writer then points out that since then, a large crop of studies on child psychology has surfaced, with a considerable number of them concluding that spanking breeds detrimental results, and that non-physical discipline is far more likely to cement the desired long-term positive behavior. The writer argues that Sally Lieber's proposed bill, even if it never passes into law, opens up a topic that many parents do not wish to discuss. The writer concludes that it is hoped that this discussion, which aimed to pinpoint some of the sexual and behavioral risks involved in the practice of spanking children, will entice one to abandon this undignified and humiliating practice.
From the Paper
"Children, naturally, imitate the behavior of elders and authority figures, and caregivers must remember that their sons and daughters will one day become husbands and wives, mothers and fathers, etc: that is, the children will likely imitate the behavior of their own parents when they, too, have children of their own. The family, then, is entrusted with instructing a child in life skills, and one's ability to deal with conflict in one of the more important of these skills. As such, kids who learn to address conflicts with the use of the open hand or clenched fist are, consequently, more likely to develop aggressive or violent behavior. What more, spanking sends a clear message about human relationships, and that message will likely include the understanding that it is perfectly justifiable for the strong to intimidate and dominate the physically weak, the small, or the helpless ..."
| |
|
Social Support and Health, 2008.
This paper is a complete research project, which tested three hypotheses about the relationship of social support and health.
2,755 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 99.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper relates that several reviews have reported social support to be inversely related to total and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and changes in cardiovascular reactivity based on the difference between task levels and baseline levels of cardiovascular indicators. The author reports that cardiovascular reactivity has been suggested as a potential mediator of the benefits of social support on health such that social support affects reactivity that in turn affects health. The paper describes the methodology by which (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity were manipulated given conditions of support, no-support or alone by using a computer challenge task. The author indicates that, for stress levels, it is clear that the difference between the means for all support variables was statistically significant. The paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Hypotheses
Method
Participants
Hemodynamic Recoding
Experimental Manipulation
Tasks/Challenges
Subjective Measures
Results
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 3
Discussion
From the Paper
"Since there are a equal number of males and females in the experiment, and we are interested in gender interaction (as a second variable), the randomized block design allows for the use of the two-way ANOVA; since we are interested in comparing the effects of the three support conditions on SBP reactivity with gender interaction. The two factor design will contain all the information necessary to conduct two separate one-way ANOVAs on the factors related to gender and the support factors, it will also contain additional information that will show how the two factors interact with each other in terms of the SBP reactivity."
| |
|
The Legalization of Marijuana, 2008.
A strong argument that the ban on marijuana is illogical, hence marijuana should be legalized.
1,183 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper offers three main reasons for the legalization of marijuana. The paper discusses its useful medicinal qualities that can relieve the suffering of many people and argues that the war on drugs is not working and is a waste of money. The paper contends further that banning marijuana violates the human rights of sick people. The paper claims that marijuana is banned for reasons that have more to do with history and politics than with any innate harmfulness.
From the Paper
"Marijuana has proven medical applications, and it is therefore time that Canada legalizes marijuana for medicinal purposes. Indeed, it seems that the medical value of marijuana is indisputable, as there are extremely reputable scientific testimonies in favour of the medical use of marijuana. For example, Lynn Zimmer, Ph.D. (associate professor of sociology at Queens College, University of New York) and John P. Morgan, M.D. (professor of pharmacology at the University of New York Medical School), conducted a metastudy utilizing every existing academic research paper on the medical properties of marijuana."
| |
|
Jean Piaget, 2008.
A biography of psychologist Jean Piaget and a look at his work in cognitive development.
3,963 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 32 sources, APA, AU$ 130.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at the life of Jean Piaget who was born in 1896 in Neuchatel in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. The paper discusses his education and his career, focussing particularly on how he developed his four stages of cognitive development and how he continues to influence many intellectual fields.
Outline:
The Stages of Cognitive Development
Piaget's Understanding Of the Mind of the Child
The Developmental Process
Influence
Developmental Psychology
Education
Historical Studies of Thought and Cognition
From the Paper
"While helping to mark the results of the responses to various intelligence tests, Piaget noticed that on certain question, young children consistently answered wrongly. He became intrigued with the fact that children at certain ages consistently adhered to the same pattern of mistakes, while they learned that their answers were wrong as they matured. In a moment of insight, Piaget reasoned that at certain stages of a child's life, a young child's cognitive processes, the way it thinks, is profoundly different from the thought process of an adult. Eventually, his research led him to set forth a theory of developmental stages in which he reasoned that in each of four stages of development, individuals exhibit certain distinctive common cognitive patterns."
| |
|
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), 2008.
A discussion of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) among Americans.
1,953 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 75.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In particular, the paper describes what the disorder is, how prevalent it appears to be among Americans, what the etiology of the disease is, and what treatments are available to combat it. In addressing these matters, the paper looks at some empirical studies that have emerged in recent years and how they shape our understanding of this still largely inscrutable illness. In conclusion, the paper shows that it appears as though behavioral therapy is the best course of action - and considerably more preferable than any drug regimen.
From the Paper
"The same path-breaking empirical work also goes further with regards to evaluating sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive neuroses. For one thing, there are six discrete sub-categories of obsessive-compulsive thoughts that researchers as early as the middle 1970s found enormously important and pervasive among patients. For instance, there is the motif of "dirt and contamination"; the theme of "aggression"; the theme of "inanimate-impersonal"; religious motifs; sexual obsessions; and miscellany of one sort or another that could not be comfortably placed in any of the preceding categories."
| |
|
Patton, Motivation and Leadership, 2008.
This paper looks at the motivations behind those in positions of power in the workplace.
806 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 34.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper examines the case of George S. Patton, a skilled military commander. The paper shows how selfishness, a desire for self-aggrandizement and a need for power were what motivated him to lead as he did. The paper discusses how, while Patton's forceful nature and general competence made him an effective administrator in many ways, his selfishness and obvious character flaws made him a deeply flawed leader.
From the Paper
"It is often conceded that life is fundamentally a quest for power ("Power, Love and Sex at Work," 117). For all intents and purposes, power is the ability of one individual to shape the activities of another individual or group of individuals; in other words, it is the ability of one party to make another party do what he or she would otherwise be disinclined to do. Naturally enough, there are people who are consumed by the "Power motive" and will seek out power wherever they find it. That being said, the pursuit of power does not necessarily involve running for high office or campaigning for an elevated position within an organization; to wit, people who seek power may also find some semblance of it in drug use, the exploitation of others (most notably loved ones) and in the constant embrace of risk-taking behavior entailing physical challenges or threats of one kind or another ("Power, Love, and Sex at Work," 118)."
| |
|
Homesickness and Residential Patterns in International Students, 2008.
An examination of how homesickness affects international students in a higher education setting.
2,886 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines international student homesickness in relation to 25 students boarding on campus and 25 living off the campus of Bryant University in Rhode Island. The paper explains that both groups of international students reported the same phenomenon of homesickness as countered by social interaction, as a positive adjustment, as is encouraged by the institution. The paper discusses how questionnaires and informal interviews substantiated research addressing homesickness as a usual aspect of adjusting to higher education away from home.
The paper then looks at what residential circumstances best aid the newly arrived international student towards satisfactory adjustment and school performance. In conclusion, the paper shows that rather than viewing homesickness as a mere problem to be somehow eradicated, homesickness came into view as a normal, predictable aspect of joining a college away from one's home and the greater challenges of completing a degree as it involves far more than simply completing academic or other formal requirements.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Method
Results
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"When these recurring, what seemed principal student experiences were raised again in 10 informal interviews after the questionnaire responses had been examined, subjects elaborated on having made more or less positive adjustments to their first-year in a foreign university. However, they also found homesickness was a troublesome as it was unexpected, in terms of its intensity at different times. All interviewees said they had very much looked forward to the adventure of studying abroad, as compared to having come abroad to study in response to the expectations or orders of parents or other family members. It seemed significant that all interviewees reported how they had tried to keep busy and to be engaging with other students, and that they had many distractions from their homesickness in their academic work and other activities. Nevertheless, a degree of homesickness could seem always or usually present."
| |
|
Nursing and the Therapeutic Relationship, 2008.
An analysis of the role and responsibility of the mental health nurse in forming a relationship with a client.
2,396 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 89.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper studies the characteristics of relationships that are formed between clients and mental health professionals. It defines and describes the mental health professional's role and responsibilities in establishing a successful relationship with the client. The paper also looks at the characteristics that the mental health nurse must possess in order to be successful in her position.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Role and Relationship
Therapeutic Skills
Trust and Commitment
Suspension of Moral Judgment
Empathy
Freedom to Speak Openly
Legal Limitations on Therapeutic Counseling
Problematic Relationships
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Additionally, the mental health professional must work to maintain a professional relationship with the client that is built on objective, empathic recognition of the client's past and current histories, which will help facilitate insight into how and why the client makes specific decisions and how the client frames his or her relationships with others. Limitations imposed by professional standards and the obligations that the therapist has towards the client also serve to define their roles. When this is accomplished, the mental health professional can empower the client with autonomous self-directed decision-making skills, which in turn give the client the ability to make progress when he or she is not currently engaged in the therapy process."
| |
|
Hermaphroditism, 2008.
This paper discusses the history of the approach to intersexuality cases, an unusual physiological condition in which the genitalia are ambiguous, also known as hermaphroditism.
2,125 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 80.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that, as hermaphroditism became an established issue in science, two major concerns were raised by sociologists and scientists: How is sex defined and who has the authority or legal right to decide the sex of intersexed infants? The author points out that, in most cases, the patient is assigned as male or female because society is so conditioned to accept only a binary gender system. The paper stresses that it is not always possible for gender assignment to be purely the patient's decision, especially in the case of a new-born infant. The author underscores that selecting the "true" sex or "brain sex" demonstrates the difficulty in distinguishing between the physical and the psychological factors of intersexuality. The paper concludes that gender cannot be changed by social conditioning.
From the Paper
"However, this has caused some critics to complain that people might want to go through sex reassignment surgery for inadequate or frivolous reasons, such as a male who wants to speak in a high voice and walk in heels undergoing sex reassignment surgery to become a "female". At a more fundamental level, critics charge that all the surgery does is merely alter the biological sex of that particular male. However, it cannot change the psychological sex, and in fact it is the psychological sex that drives this "male" to undergo surgery."
|
|
|
