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Visual Memory and Eye Movements, 2008.
A study of the correlation between visual short-term memory, eye movements, human behavior and comprehension.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of temporal memory, visual perception, and attention shifts through eye movement prove intriguing subject matter. The paper looks into two particular experimental designs used to investigate these issues. The first investigates how eye movement and visual short-term memory are related to pedestrian traffic behavior. The second experimental design tests the correlation between television viewing and the ability to read stereograms. Both television viewing and comprehension of stereograms require a long period of looking at once spot and taking in visual information, though one involves absorption of moving information and the other involves absorption of still information. The paper explains that both designs observe eyeball movement and visual focus in terms of competency tasks and that one involves the real-life scenario of pedestrian behavior, while the other involves the ability to detect hidden geometric patterns using visual focus. The paper concludes that the first experiment is an important test to implement because pedestrian traffic fatalities prove to be a dominant and historical problem, while the second test is interesting because the ability to glimpse the hidden images in stereograms is still an unsolved mystery.
Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Design
Non-Experimental/Correlational Design
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The problem is how to test the hypotheses in an ethical fashion. Restricting the potential eye movement and scope of vision of pedestrians as they walk through real-life traffic would be very ethically wrong. Instead, a simulation needs to be developed whereby the safety of subjects is not compromised. In this case, the simulation can come either via reconstruction of a traffic scenario (difficult to enact) or in terms of a computer simulation (which poses no safety risk). A number of computer games already exist in which traffic and pedestrian behavior are a major part of the game. An obvious example is Grand Theft Auto, though as this game is controversial (violence, bad language) it may not be appropriate. The game "City Life" would be better, as it is visually very realistic and easy to maneuver. Other Sims games may be also appropriate and are readily available. However, in order to eliminate the chance of video prowess of being an extraneous variable, the game should be very simple and easy for computer game "beginners" to maneuver. A pedestrian street version of city life, or a fairly "clean" part of Grand Theft Auto, may be appropriate. The scene selection is one whereby intersecting traffic is a consideration and the A to B point of pedestrian travel is a fairly straight, easy-to-monitor course."
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Nursing Leadership, 2008.
This paper uses the author's own experience to exemplify the application of leadership theories to the hospital nursing environment.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the correction of a situation of poor morale within the author's nursing staff of a hospital telemetry team. The author attributes this morale issue to a very busy workload, to demanding physicians who mostly are non-collegial and especially to a high turnover rate of new people who leave within a year. The paper related that these resignations were because many nurses, including senior staff nurses, felt powerless in their daily work. The author states that her goal became to enhance the staff's personal level of empowerment. The paper explains that some sources of power were in the extensive experience (expert power) of the staff itself and in the legitimate and recognized leadership power of the author. The author comments that this legitimate type of power can influence, motivate and facilitate the direction of the author's staff.
From the Paper
"I began to empower my subordinates by first utilizing the human resources at hand. The senior staff was a promising starting point primarily due to their accumulated experience within the telemetry unit. This initiation of distribution of power started with the recognition of senior staff that see the opportunity to assume greater responsibility and accountability, influence and direct others, participate in planning, decision-making and implementation. This also went hand-in-hand with the examination of personal motivations for seeking and exerting power."
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In and Out Groups in Organizational Theory, 2007.
A discussion of organizational theory with regards to in-groups and out-groups within the business environment.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines organizational theory regarding in-groups and out-groups and how this theory is critical in today's business environment because of the emphasis on teams and team formation. The paper explains that in-groups and out-groups are important for organizational leaders to understand and comprehend at risk of allowing an organization to fall into disarray and inefficiency. The paper also discusses how the differences between these two types of groups within the organization are stark - one group can be characterized by its inclusion and its sense of accomplishment and trust while the other can be characterized by its marginality and its lack of inclusiveness in any decision-making processes. The paper also points out that the effect of these two types of groups on any given organization is almost always negative but sometimes their full impact is not noticed until long after they form. In conclusion, the paper shows that leaders and managers need to be aware of these groups and ensure that no employees are isolated or excluded from the requisite inclusion within the business and organizational processes of the organization itself.
Outline:
Overview
In-Group Experience
Out-Group Experience
Differences
Effect of These Groups
Membership & Performance
Leadership Factors
From the Paper
"Often, membership in these groups is not necessarily related to task or task performance. While an individual completely botching a task might potentially land them in the out-group, generally these groups form based on inter-personal reasons and relationships with various other co-workers and with management (Harris 142). As previously mentioned, group formation is not necessarily a bad thing to happen in the context of an organization. The danger is that such groups, if not properly managed, can lead to ostracizing and isolating valuable employees and even fellow team members."
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Aggressive Behavior and Violent Video Games, 2008.
A analysis of three studies addressing aggressive behaviour and violent video games.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines studies pertaining to violent video games as encouragers of aggressive behaviour. The paper explains that these studies take different approaches to the same mechanism that much previous research has asserted to exist between young people who play violent video games and observable aggression expressed in their thinking and self-expression or behaviour. The writer points out that one paper was found to be more thoughtful, varied, less reductive and more generative of new questions than the others towards reflection on what studies of this variety can produce in terms of useful or stimulating information. The writer then looks at how all three studies indicate the sway in psychology of what previous studies have found in numbers, in studies of varying quality or small differences seeming to be unanimous in correlating violent video games and user aggression. The writer concludes that many studies addressing violent video games in relation to aggression obviously point to an unspoken question as to why such aggression of sometimes very serious forms is demonstrated by many persons in North America - a society that has attained one of the highest standards of living, ever seen.
From the Paper
"A comment is made on violent media as known to produce aggressive behaviour according to various studies of different kinds. The conclusion repeats the introduction's statement on violent video games perhaps inducing automatic aggressive associations of the self. However, the reader is never quite sure what aggressive associations of the self are. One presumes that a student of a certain age has enough insight to report that, yes, he or she is aware of feeling angry or 'wired up' after interacting with a violent video game, but this need mean very little. Perhaps a student having had a difficult morning or a delayed trip to school would report that he or she also felt aggressive, or a student having had to deal with an intense, unpleasant experience of another kind. Again, is aggression anger, or anger expressed outwardly, or annoyance?"
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Popularization of Scientific Data Regarding Forms of Praise, 2007.
A review of various articles on learning theories and forms of praise by Carol Dweck.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Carol Dweck's research on learning theories and forms of praise. The paper explains that Carol Dweck's research presents one of the earliest statements of a theory of "learned helplessness" as an impediment to learning in children. The paper looks at how Dr. Dweck asserts that praise along the lines of "Gee, you're really smart!" could actually teach a child learned helplessness, while praise phrased in terms of "Gee, you must have worked really hard to do that!" could encourage the children to develop creative thinking and problem-solving skills. The paper points out that Dr. Dweck adopts a tone that is clearly intended for a general audience, and especially for parents seeking to enhance their children's educational success.
From the Paper
"In current American culture, with its tremendous emphasis on success in education, Dr. Dweck's research has been widely popularized. Recently, a prominent article in New York relied heavily on her theories in presenting an account of a young boy whose IQ ranks him in the top 100th of the top 1% of all students. Yet this child, who had the trappings of a genius, did poorly in school. Reviewing Dweck's research and tracking her reasoning very closely, author Po Bronson explained how this research has shown that children are very sensitive to this sort of categorization, and very responsive to the "Gee, you must have worked very hard!" sort of praise, and very vulnerable to the "you're smart" mis-praise."
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"Notes from Underground", 2008.
An analysis of the philosophies of Plato, Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud as they relate to Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Notes from Underground".
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Dostoevsky's "Notes from Underground" is an interesting and somewhat shocking short novel first published in 1864 and often seen as a forerunner of existential fiction. The paper then looks at how first-person narrator of the story recites a long complaint about life, society, and in fact all of human existence in what he deeply feels to be its essential pointlessness and cruelty. The paper then attempts to analyze the psychology behind the behavior of the "Underground Man" by examining what three important thinkers have to contribute to the discussion: Plato, Nietzsche, and Freud.
From the Paper
"Nineteenth-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was very impressed with Dostoevsky, claiming that "Dostoevsky is one of the few psychologists from whom I have learned something" ("Nietzsche.") The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music (1871) was Nietzsche's first major book. In it, he first elucidates what would soon become a widely known dichotomy, that between the Apollonian and the Dionysian, two opposed strands of ancient Greek thinking which he deduces based upon his uniquely creative interpretation of Greek literature. Put briefly, the Apollonian is the rational, while the Dionysian is that which is irrational or instinctive. "
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Alcohol Myopia and Risky Behavior, 2008.
A research analysis into whether alcohol myopia is linked to risky sexual behavior.
1,294 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a research experiment into whether alcohol use, regardless of environmental cues, is linked to increased likelihood to engage in unsafe sex - that is, to not use condoms. The paper analyzes whether alcohol intoxication, triggered by environmental cues, can result in risky behavior. The paper presents the experiment design and how the research was conducted.
Table of Contents:
Experimental Design
Non-Experimental/Correlation Design
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Alcohol is linked with risky behavior by researchers, the media and popular culture. Alcohol myopia theory has proven in a number of experiments that intoxicated individuals are not as susceptible to mild or submissive environmental cues, however, as much as suggestive cues. Nevertheless, alcohol consumption is a large part of social relaxation for many people, and the risky behavior and interpretative thinking intoxicated people engage in are therefore important fodder for study. The former study outlined above tests environmental cues associated with intoxication in the form of the subject matter of a movie; the latter experiment tests environmental cues in terms of public displays of acceptable, outlandish drunken behavior."
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Dissociative Identity Disorder, 2008.
An analysis of the aspects of dissociative identity disorder (DID) that make it difficult to diagnose.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes whether dissociative identity disorder (DID), also known by its older designation to lay people as multiple personality disorder (MPD) or split personality, really exists. It discusses the disease's diagnosis and pathogenesis and the problems with differential diagnoses. The paper suggests that the diagnosis of DID should be guarded, preferably made as a diagnosis of exclusion. The paper also contains an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"However, Merckelbach, Devilly and Rassin's review of the alters in DID effectively challenge the prevailing support for DID in calling into question the very nature of the claimed multiple personality. The authors sought a better definition of the multiple identities associated with DID. They assert that, as opposed to unconvincing evidence of the existence of alters ranging from acceptance due to their mutually exclusive memories to distinct documented physiological profiles (fMRI, EEG), these personalities can alternately be seen as emotional metaphors and escapist thought (Merckelbach, Devilly and Rassin 486-490). Needless to say, there is very little consensus among the psychiatric community on what the alters actually are, in large part due to the lack of a control group and a further lack of knowledge regarding memory function (Merckelbach, Devilly and Rassin 492). Furthermore, their research supports the claim in showing that there can be no absolutely reliable diagnosis of DID because the "personalities" themselves cannot be proven to be real alter-identities."
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Bias in Relationships: The Nature v. Nurture Link, 2008.
An overview of how people learn to establish relationships.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the character and nature of relationships between people who are considered intimate. The quality in these intimate relationships that leads people to seemingly ignore or completely not recognize negative behaviour in their partners is examined with respect to developmental psychology and the process of learning to establish relationships throughout one's life.
From the Paper
"An abundance of literature exists that reveals that relationships and the individuals involved in them typically turn a blind eye to reality. This is found to be true both from a cognitive aspect where the viewpoint is commonly held that people in relationships do not often see what others might see regarding their partners, as well as from a academic viewpoint where research supports the colloquial adage that, "love is blind," so to speak. Gagne and Lydon purport that, "In general, the perception that one's relationship is consistent with one's ideals appears to foster higher perceptions of relationship quality (2004, p.322). The import is that individuals in these intimate relationships are inclined; that is, biased, to ignore or downplay negative behaviours as they are manifested in their partner in the intimate relationship. Perhaps the explanation for this willingness to overlook or simply ignore the negative behaviours of the intimate partner has less to do with any sort of bias developed within one or the other partner and more to do with the degree of emotional investment that one or the other partners has committed towards the relationship and, indirectly, the individual."
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Bereavement Stress and Coping - New Dimensions., 2008.
An overview of how bereaved patients are assessed and a research project to examine the subject further.
1,861 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the assessment of people suffering from bereavement and stress and the reality of persons who cannot 'cope'. After a review of the literature surrounding this subject, the author describes a research project to be carried out with informal written testimony from a random sample of 40 volunteer informants.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Proposed Research Project
Interpreting Results
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"Bereavement Stress and Coping are familiar terms in English-speaking
countries as need modification to reveal the severity of symptoms and
the reality of persons who cannot 'cope'. Stage theories distort, as can
the under-estimation of anxiety, depression or more alarming symptoms
bereaved persons experience well beyond the acute or first year aftermath of loss. One needs awareness of postmodern societies a long average lifespan but also youth, midlife and serial bereavement as common phenomena. Inductive research, as in this paper's proposed project, should harvest the testimony of persons to survive bereavement, as other research must help human services professionals to become oriented to what bereavement stress can really entail, the nature of loss in the early 21st century.
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TV Violence and Aggression, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of violent TV and video games on aggression in children and adolescents.
2,463 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the apparent effects of TV violence on aggression in children and adolescents have long been suspected. The writer points out that the effect of violent video games on children's aggression is not so well known. This paper explores the relationship between exposure to violent television and video games and the development of aggression in children and adolescents. The paper explains that this link is extremely important because in recent years in North America there has been a noticeable increase in children's violence. The writer maintains that if a strong link can be found between TV and video game violence, this could have implications for reducing and controlling the degree of violence that is presently witnessed in society. The writer concludes that the research into the effects of TV and video violence on child and adolescent aggression suggests that a certain child or adolescent under very specific conditions will very likely act out aggression after viewing a violent TV program or video game.
Outline:
Introduction
Violence in Television
Explanations of Media Impact on Aggression
Violent TV, Violent Video Games and Aggression
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sherry conducted a meta-analysis of research into video games and found that the effect of violent video games on aggression in children is less than what results from violent TV programming. The video games studies ranged over the 25-year period from 1975 to 2000. An analysis was made of all the studies during that time by analyzing the results of those studies. The effects of the more violent and graphic games were compared with the less violent games. The most important finding from this meta-analysis was that the longer the children were exposed to violent video games, the less of an effect was produced on aggression. It appeared that the children and adolescents had to be already angered and aggressive before the video game began in order for it to produce any effect. Other researchers have also observed that video games are different in their effect on aggression from TV. According to Browne and Hamilton-Giachritsis, video games merely amplify the effect which already exists of aggressive feelings and thoughts in the child or adolescent."
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Sexual Abuse and Survivors, 2008.
This paper analyzes the book 'Counseling Survivors of Sexual Abuse' by Diane M. Langberg.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that the work 'Counseling Survivors of Sexual Abuse' authored by Diane M. Langberg is a powerful, daring and effective book. The writer presents her personal reaction to the treatment of sexual abuse and notes that the book opened her eyes to what treatments are used to assist an abuser and what foundations are used to get over the abuse. The writer concludes with a very favorable impression of Dr. Langberg's passion to aide, assist and help the survivors that have been sexually abused, especially in the theological framework of people that have been traumatized.
From the Paper
"Another eye opener is the fact that Dr. Langberg encourages survivors to write out Isaiah 53, which should assist with brining God closer into their lives since Jesus suffered on the cross and was resurrected.
"It seems that there are various factors that affect a child's reaction to abuse to include how the child perceives the abuser and distinctive things associated from the assault. Dr. Langberg observed and counseled symptomatic and asymptomatic victims; as part of treatment methods, reunification issues and cognitive therapy along with nondirective support therapy. Dr. Langberg uses individual therapy as opposed to group therapy."
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Counseling Scenarios, 2008.
A research analysis of issues related to counseling homosexual clients with addictions, conservative Christians and immigrant students in schools.
1,202 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews three research articles that relate to counseling in different scenarios. The paper describes the content of each article and why that particular article is unique. It then provides a review of the discussion in the article according to the opinion of the writer of this paper. The paper discusses articles that relate to counseling behaviors associated with gay, lesbian and bisexual clients that are afflicted with additions, counseling behaviors in relation to conservative Christians in Louisiana and school counseling attitudes in relation to immigrant students in the United States.
Outline:
Counseling for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Clients
Counseling of Conservative Christians
Counseling in Schools
From the Paper
"Constantine and Gushue (2003) discuss school counseling attitudes in relation to immigrant students in the United States (p. 185). The article is unique because it focuses on an area of counseling that is not often approached through research and that provides insight into an issue that is a growing concern in the nation. It is known, for example, that growing numbers of Hispanic and Asian students exist in the nation and that many of these individuals, as first generation immigrants, have special needs and complications that make their socialization difficult. One of the purposes of school counseling in this case is to provide for the services that the student needs in order to make the transition into American society more effective."
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Learning and Development, 2008.
This paper discusses the interaction between learning and development.
2,564 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that teaching school-aged children is an involved and psychological process, involving a variety of problems that must be overcome in order to ensure success. The writer discusses that the underlying principles of this issue were initially expressed in three simple yet specific theoretical positions: the assumption that processes of child development are independent of learning; that learning is development; and that the relationship between learning and development subdues the conflicts of the other two principles by joining with them. However, the writer notes that more recent thinking has trended in a different direction - toward the notion of various levels of development relative to learning. The writer concludes with the opinion that no schoolchild can adequately be taught unless the curriculum focuses on zones of proximal development.
Outline:
Introduction
Early Thinking on Child Learning
Theoretical Position 1: Child Development Processes are Independent of Learning
Theoretical Position 2: Learning Is Development
Theoretical Position 3: The Relationship Between Learning and Development Counters the Extremities of the Former Two Principles by Joining Them
The Zone of Proximal Development Position
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
"Such thinking seems to suggest that the human mind is not, as was once thought, a complex combination of general capabilities including observation, attention, judgment, memory and so on, but rather an extensive, largely independent set of separate capabilities. Learning does not affect one's overall ability to focus attention on subject matter, but rather it improves ones ability to focus better on the learnt matter.
"This thinking, made famous by Thorndike, has been opposed by both Koffka and the Gestalt School, proponents of the third theoretical position. Rather, these latter critics propose that learning is never specific, but is interactive and general. Learning of a specific operation, the researchers attest, stimulates a structural network of a kind that can be applied to other forms of learning. Learning is not simply the process of habit, acquiring skills, nor based on simple identity: it is complex."
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Working Mothers and Child Care, 2008.
This paper explores whether leaving children in a child care facility is detrimental to a baby's attachment to its mother.
1,892 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the concern of new mothers that leaving a baby in a child care facility will diminish its ability to recognize its mother. The paper explains that those who select a good child care facility have little reason for concern about attachment. The paper looks at the sociological research that has proven that high-quality child care is beneficial for babies and young children and does not diminish attachment to the mother.
From the Paper
"Many new mothers have deep concerns that returning to work shortly after giving birth and leaving their baby in a child care facility every day could have a detrimental effect on the baby's ability to recognize its mother. They have a tendency to believe that frequent contact with their baby is necessary in order for a mother-child bond to form, develop, and be maintained. Consequently, they wonder if child care is always bad for babies and young children.
"I can offer reassurance in response to these concerns, for many sociological studies have been conducted in order to identify the influence of childcare on babies and young children, and most of these studies indicate that there are no negative effects. For example, Bengt-Erik Andersson's (1992) research and analysis of this issue indicates
that child-care is beneficial for babies. He studied socioemotional behavior such as attentiveness versus distractibility, impulsivity and short temper, assertiveness, and interactions with others, and none of his study results "indicated negative effects of day-care during infancy.""
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Sexual Addiction, 2008.
A review of Patrick Carnes' book "Contrary to Love."
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the book "Contrary to Love" by Patrick Carnes, a well-known expert in the area of counseling and treating sexual addiction. The paper relates that the book provides an overview of sexual addiction for the layperson as well as the addict, and moves through the onset, growth and culmination of what Carnes calls "the addictive system." The paper also relates that the book discusses the role of family relationships and dysfunctions in contributing to an addict's problems. Additionally, the paper notes that in the final part of the book, Carnes moves into a thorough presentation and discussion of the process of recovery from sexual addiction.
From the Paper
"Patrick Carnes is a well-known expert in the area of counseling and treating sexual addiction, and is the author of several books on the subject of addiction and recovery. His 1989 book Contrary to Love provides an overview of sexual addiction for the layperson as well as the addict, and also moves through the onset, growth and culmination of what he calls "the addictive system." The book also discusses the role of family relationships and dysfunctions in contributing to an addict's problems, including the role of co-addiction within the family. In the final part of the book, Carnes moves into a thorough presentation and discussion of the process of recovery from sexual addiction. Like all forms of recovery from addiction, the paradigm presented is one of gradual self-understanding and slow evolution over an extended period of the addict's life, rather than one of "quick fixes" or cures. Carnes concludes with an analysis of the assessment and intervention / treatment process from an institutional perspective.
"Carnes establishes sexual addiction as an illness early on (p. 4), then goes into a brief discussion of what he calls "models that don't work," including the model that sees addiction as a failure of morals (5) and models that attempt to interpret sexual addiction from various behavioral, cultural or environmental viewpoints (27-35), none of which he finds completely satisfactory. In a brief discussion of the biological model, he admits that some progress has been made in terms of treating sexual addicts (primarily criminal offenders) with drugs, but the two-page overview of this model is too brief to be considered complete, and Carnes is evidently not satisfied with this model either. One point which does arise as innovative and challenging is that Carnes notes that in many sexual crimes, alcohol or other drugs were found to have played a subsidiary or contributing role. The concept of "cross-addiction" thus comes into play, and is provocative if it can lead to new forms of treatment in the future."
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