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Smoking Cessation, 2008.
A look at how cognitive-behavioral therapy can help a person to quit smoking.
856 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, with nicotine addiction and interventions aimed a smoking cessation, cognitive and behavioral strategies must recognize the degree of physiological and psychological addiction that impact on smoking cessation. It looks at how cognitive-behavioral therapy can be highly effective, but normally must be used in combination with pharmacotherapy and an adequate social support. The paper also looks at how quitting smoking is a matter of attempting to overcome a complex and addictive behavior which is shaped by potent physical, social, and emotional considerations.
From the Paper
"Walsh and Redman (1997) were concerned with women's cessation of smoking during pregnancy. The control group received health education related to the benefits of quitting smoking. The experimental group was given standard risk information and four packets of gum. An incentive in the form of a monetary prize was offered, and social support was ensured by a friend. Because of the reinforcement provided by the incentive, the rates of quitting proved to be much higher among the experimental group, and were just the same as if extensive health education had been made available. However, the disadvantage of the experimental group was related to cost since the incentives involved far more money than was required by the control group. "
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Eating Disorders, 2008.
An overview of the causes, symptoms and treatment of eating disorders.
1,399 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how an important issue affecting many young women in Western society is eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). It examines how with accurate diagnosis and treatment, the hope for recovery is great. It also contends that the societal issues that drive young women into such disorders need to be addressed before a complete eradication of such a disorder can be had.
Outline:
Introduction
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
Anorexia and Bulimia: Symptoms and Diagnosis
The Causes of Eating Disorders
Health Complications of Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders and Relevant Treatments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"CBT is often used to treat eating disorders because cognition and affect is related to the behavioral manifestations of the eating disorder. CBT works by attempting to modify the "negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional assumptions relating to food, weight and shape, and the breaking of behavioural and physiological chains that maintain the unhealthy eating behaviours and cognitions" (238). CBT does not appear to be as effective for AN patients as it is for BN patients. Nonetheless, research has indicated that certain aspects of anorexia do react well to such treatment, such as "body image disturbance...to exposure and cognitive challenge" (citing e.g. Norris 1984; 238)."
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Nursing and Renal Failure, 2008.
This paper examines how patients cope with chronic renal disease and provides a personal view.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the coping abilities, beliefs and relationships of clients dealing with chronic renal disease as well as her personal beliefs about family, health and hope. The writer focuses on a case study of a client with renal disease undergoing hemodialysis and shows how patients face a lot of challenges in their lives, notwithstanding the physiological and psychological stress of this condition. The writer also offers several personal reflections regarding the experience.
Outline:
Introduction
Patient Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Currently, her problems during dialysis include leg cramping, for which hypertonic saline and locally applied pressure were given and done, respectively with relief of cramping. She also complained of easy fatigability of her left forearm and hand, especially when doing repetitive tasks, which was also the arm used for hemodialysis vascular access. This was also associated with blanching of her fingers. Other problems include being underweight, for which IDPN at each dialysis session was given. She was also advised by her physician of the need for a sufficient calorie reserve due to her increased risk for systemic infection and fractures, the former exemplified by a recent bout of pneumonia. "
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"Prozac Diary" and "Falling Angels", 2008.
A review of the effects of drug and alcohol abuse by mothers as portrayed in "Prozac Diary" by Lauren Slater and "Falling Angels" by Barbara Gowdy.
2,753 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts "Prozac Diary" by Lauren Slater and "Falling Angels" by Barbara Gowdy, both of which are based around the role of the mother figure. The paper discusses the plot of both the memoir by Slater and the novel by Gowdy, as well as the issues that are portrayed by the two writers, specifically drug and alcohol abuse of mothers and how they affect families.
From the Paper
"Both books hint at the threat posed by the mother, with the novel being more explicit about how damaging this might become. This is understandable given that Lauren Slater is talking about her own mother and her own life, though she does see the connection and does understand how much her problem might derive from her mother. She shows many of the same behavioral symptoms as the Field girls, though she finds her way of coping with this in Prozac, while the Field girls have not yet had to face the issue that squarely. Gowdy suggests that they will and that they will also be able to do so without cracking. They are stronger in their way than Slater was, though it would also seem that they have even more reason not to be given what they learn about their mother and how that makes them suffer even more."
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Verbal Acuity and Schizophrenia, 2008.
An analysis of verbal acuity in persons with schizophrenia.
4,529 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 43 sources, APA, AU$ 171.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how schizophrenia involves a portion of neuro psychologically normal or almost-normal patients whose verbal abilities may be more than competent, sometimes surpassing the abilities of unimpaired persons. It attempts to encourage strong awareness of schizophrenia's still debated characteristics as a disorder of some unitary features but more variation. It looks at how studies of the brain activity of schizophrenic patients have shown that schizophrenics who do have frontal activity when performing verbal fluency tasks with a shortage of activity in the left hemisphere. are still able to engage in high verbal activity.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Brain Structure and Deficits
Neuropsychologically Normal Patients
Memory and Learning
New Hope and Pharmacology
Challenges to Research and Treatment
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"For a century, schizophrenia has been categorized as a mental illness distinct from the mood disorders or other conditions. (See Kraepilin:1896;1919) Lee & Park defined schizophrenia as "a complex brain disorder characterized by clinical heterogeneity and deficits of cognitive functions such as distractibility, perseveration, and inability to inhibit irrelevant information or responses." (2005:599) Patients are popularly associated with hallucinations, delusions, disorganized language and bizarre behavior, frequent memory and cognitive deficits and impaired daily functioning, as can contrast markedly with what is actually presented by numerous schizophrenic patients in care. Matters of cognitive decline have intrigued various researchers approaching a puzzle of why and how impairment commences, newer research claiming that cognitive deficit is not integral to schizophrenia in that many patients present normal cognitive ability, IQ and verbal acuity, or only slight impairment. "
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Drug Addiction, 2008.
Looks at theories of drug addiction, particularly crack cocaine addiction.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explores biological and learning theories to gain an understanding of addiction especially crack cocaine addiction. The author investigates biological models, which refer to the genetics of behavior and neurons and hormones that make some people much more prone than others to crack cocaine addiction. The paper also discusses learning theories, which focus on how persons learn to think and behave in particular ways. The paper further relates that these learning theories consider environmental, ritualized conditioning that depends upon a group or social framework, which can make an individual more susceptible to addiction. The paper concludes that it is important to see a phenomenon from more than one theoretical position.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Biological Theories and Drug Addiction
Learning Perspectives
Discussion
Concluding Note
From the Paper
"In some patients of the kind, where the brain's dopamine levels are lower than average, or dopamine is very sensitive to fluctuation, the person sometimes trying to raise his or her spirits by way of alcohol, most often, or marijuana or the cocaine that often proves very dangerous. Crack cocaine immediately affects the brain's dopamine processes so that the user soon feels extremely produced, longing for a new dose of the drug that is known to produce a feeling or normality and in some, euphoria."
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Counseling Case Studies, 2008.
Discusses three separate case vignettes related to therapy and counseling.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses three separate counseling case studies and examines ethical dilemmas, real or imagined, within the context of situational circumstances in which the typical therapist might find him or herself during the course of ongoing counseling with clients. The paper relates that the outcome is that only one case, the one related to propinquity, offers any concrete professional ethics related dilemma while the other two cases can be effectively dealt with through appropriate counseling techniques.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Case Vignettes
Unanticipated Propinquity
Afsoneh
Kate
From the Paper
"Kate's experience and recounting of her divorce proceedings with her therapist reveal, to one degree or another, a certain degree of uncertainty avoidance on her part which implies that she is, at least in part, responsible for her husband's confusion regarding the divorce. Since Kate announced that she wanted a divorce, retained a law firm but continued to live with her husband and, essentially, to act in the same manner as before, it is reasonable to expect that her husband might be confused regarding the divorce itself."
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Trauma and Disasters, 2008.
This paper discusses post traumatic stress disorder, focusing on children and disasters.
1,244 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that disasters in modern society have traumatized a great many people. The writer explains that one of the great difficulties of such disasters is the recurrence of the severe, debilitating, and sustained condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder. The writer also points out that however grim the scenario is of studying the lives of the people who have suffered through traumatic events, such studies are extremely important because they allow us to gauge the effects of disasters and the effects of efforts to assist the victims of those disasters. The writer concludes that although it is a tragedy that children have their lives destroyed in events such as hurricanes, floods and the like, out of these disasters have come studies on post-traumatic stress disorder in children. It is a small ray of light in an otherwise dark experience.
From the Paper
"One of the prime problems with post-traumatic stress disorder is that it often manifests itself long after the actual event. While post-traumatic stress disorder is relatively common after major crises, it is hardly universal. Given the fact that resources for addressing severe cases of post-traumatic stress disorder are in short supply, particularly in the wake of a major disaster, it is critical to determine who has suffered major trauma and who has not. However, there have been remarkably few studies examining how to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder among children. There are also several critical questions about post-traumatic stress disorder among children. Much is known about post-traumatic stress disorder in adults, but we do not know what factors carry over to children also."
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Albert Ellis, 2008.
A biography of the life, work and theories of psychologist Albert Ellis.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Albert Ellis falls under the school of thought of cognitivists and how Ellis' rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) is a misnomer suggestive of a behaviorist orientation of his therapeutic methods. The paper then examines how, unlike the behavioralists' perspective, Ellis' ideas do not dwell on behaviors per se, but rather on the cognitive processes (i.e. irrational beliefs), which can give rise to these behaviors.
Outline:
School of Thought
Contributions to Personality Psychology
Occurrences During the Individual's Lifetime
Application in the Workplace
From the Paper
"Ellis' pragmatic perspective on therapy may draw heavily from his experiences growing up and working prior to and during the Great Depression. Growing up, Ellis was a sickly child, suffering from a chronic kidney disease that forced him to be more bedridden than physically active. In spite of this, he was also forced to work, along with his siblings in order to help the rest of his family. In spite of these life circumstances, Ellis did not allow them to negatively influence him (Dobkin, 2005). As he grew up, other seemingly frustrating life circumstances such as his short-lived stint as an entrepreneur and prolific, albeit unpublished fiction writer and the Great Depression failed to deter him from pursuing the latter as an equally prolific non-fiction writer, which would eventually lead to his pursuit of counseling as an interest and training under the psychoanalytic school of thought (Boeree, 2006)."
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Theories of Human Development, 2008.
This paper explains eight different theories of human development.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the main theories of human development, including environmental versus epigenetic theories, Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Watson's behaviorist theory and Skinner's classical conditioning theory. The paper also examines Bandura's social learning theory, Piaget's cognitive theory, Maslow's concept of humanism and Kohlberg's seven stages of moral development.
Outline:
Introduction
Environmental versus Epigenetic Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorist Theory (Watson)
Classical Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Theory
Humanism
Stages of Moral Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There has always been a substantial disagreement between 'nature versus nurture.' Epigenetic theories assume that the human is primarily influenced in his/her development by genetic factors (Ojiem, 2006), while environmental theorists emphasize the influence of environmental--'nurture'--as the primary influence on development.
"Most recent works have cited the combination of the two (Groduitskii, 2001) as providing an influence on overall development."
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Psychology: State of Mind - A Critical Analyses, 2008.
A report on an individual's state of mind and the impact on responsibility for criminal activities.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the controversial issue regarding the extent to which an individual's state of mind should impact his or her responsibility for criminal activities. The paper bases most of its discussion on D.W. Denno's article, "A Mind to Blame: New views on Involuntary Acts", from the "Behavioral Sciences and the Law" journal and concurs with Denno's call for a three-tiered approach that will allow for the inclusion of "semi-voluntary acts" to the legal conceptions of voluntariness and involuntariness .
From the Paper
"In terms of how the courts should handle such a matter, I am convinced that - for criminal offenses - it is best to take into account the defendant's altered consciousness after conviction, during the sentencing process, in other words. The reason is that a crime has clearly been committed and some form of redress is appropriate. However, a "discount" should be applied to the sentence in proportion to just how "conscious" the individual's actions were; in other words, if they were acting in a suspicious manner weeks prior to the event, that could be construed as premeditation and would work against them. As for individuals who are acquitted because of an altered state, it is fairly evident that they should receive some kind of conditions imposed upon their freedom insofar as their mental state did lead them towards the commission of criminal acts ."
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 2008.
An analysis of the significance of the lack of research into drug treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 22 sources, APA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the lack of research that exists with respect to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its treatment. It particularly discusses the research available with regard to drug treatment for the disorder. The paper discusses some of the issues related to ADHD, the research that is available and the areas that have not been clearly researched or are lacking definitive answers. The paper also discusses the significance of the lack of research and why more research needs to be done into this area.
From the Paper
"In closing, the last several pages have clearly shown that ADHD is a problem for which there are, as of yet, few definitive answers. This is significant because we are, in effect, plying children with drugs even as we have yet to determine which ones are best for which elements of ADHD - or if any one of the drug products now on the market really work at all in overcoming all of the symptoms that make Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder such a complex and frustrating thing to treat. When time is taken to review the literature, it is fairly clear that we should be retreating from our heavy reliance upon drugs in this matter until we can develop products capable of addressing all of the facets of ADHD and not merely one item or the next. Further, it would also help if we could arrive at some consensus about which drugs really work for which symptoms. In the end, much more work remains to be done."
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The Drug Xanax, 2008.
A look at the drugs Xanax and Xanax XR (extended release), brand names of a tranquilizer produced and marketed by Pharmacia & Upjohn, whose generic name is alprazolam.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the historical background of Xanax. The paper first describes Xanax's mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacotherapy. The author then presents alternative forms of therapy, which can be used in conjunction with or instead of Xanax. The author concludes that, while newer generations of therapy and drugs have emerged to treat these problems, Xanax still plays an important role in longer-term reduction of anxiety.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Historical Background
Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapy
Complimentary Therapies
Alternative Therapies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Xanax belongs to the family of benzodiazepines. These compounds increase the level of GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid), which is a neuroinhibitor. The increased GABA production results in the inhibition of anxiety-producing substances.. GABA is secreted by neurons, and is present in many of the nerve endings of neurons in the brain. GABA inhibits presynaptic transmission in the central nervous system and the retina."
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Bargh and Ferguson: Beyond Behaviorism, 2008.
This paper analyzes the goals and conclusions of John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes."
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes John Bargh and Melissa Ferguson's article, "Beyond Behaviorism: On the Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes." It describes the goals of the paper and the issues that the authors analyze. It then discusses the empirical evidence that is provided to support the goals or propositions of the paper. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of the research that was done.
Table of Contents:
Goals of the Paper
Empirical Evidence of the Paper
Conclusion of the Paper
Implications for Social Cognition
Further Investigations
Holes in the Research
From the Paper
"Bargh and Ferguson cover a tremendous range of information in their study. They begin with a consideration of behaviorism (926-27), with particular emphasis on its failure to open itself to any consideration of the higher order mental processes, so that it tried to treat man as something on par with a rat or a pigeon. Its most noted advocate, B.F. Skinner, eventually failed in his effort to present his doctrine. Turning to the development of cognitive psychology, they discuss the evidence of the automaticity of higher mental processes (928-29), the effects of non-conscious stimuli (929-30), evaluation, emotions, and judgments (930-32), goal-directed behavior (932-38), and controlled processes (932-39)."
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Disorders of Sleep, 2008.
This paper looks at sleep disorders discussing infant and adolescent polysomnography.
854 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article notes that in order to understand the pathogenesis of sleep disorders, the normal sleep cycle must be understood in a neuro-physiologic context. The writer points out that sleep disorders such as insomnia can be especially distressful in children and adolescents. The writer discusses that aside from the normal developmental circadian adaptations and drift of the sleep-wake cycle in these individuals, secondary causes can inhibit initiation or maintenance of sleep, particularly chronic diseases and mental disorders. While most causes are self-limited and treatment conservative, more elaborate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be warranted. The writer concludes that the role of the polysomnography technician is to ascertain the cause of the disorder as well as justify the need for sleep studies while providing useful input for the health care team.
From the Paper
"Sleep disorders can arise from several causes that disrupt the normal sleep cycle in spite of its seemingly grounded cyclic variation in physiology. It can be disrupted when the number of hours required for the individual were not met or were met but with frequent wakeful states in between (sleep fragmentation). The cause must be ascertained first by the technician through a perusal of the patient's history and physical examination with particular emphasis on past and present sleep patterns, aggravating or relieving factors, medications taken, co-morbid diseases, psychiatric co-morbidities such as depression, among others. A polysomnography may be warranted when sleep hygiene strategies fail or an apparent cause is not apparent."
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Public Relations and the Schools, 2008.
Reviews literature relating to public relations approaches for school leaders coping with crisis situations.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that school leaders, from elementary school through college, need to develop and use public relations skills in order to sooth parents, assert authority and reduce tensions at times of crisis and during the normal course of administration. The author points out that school leaders must be familiar with grief counseling methods not only because of a community-wide crisis but also to assist when the student or the student's family faces a crisis. The paper concludes that the school leader achieves better public relations simply by visibly addressing problems as they develop, with a successful outcome being the best public relations of all.
From the Paper
"Graseck (2005) sees a need for administrators to take a more nurturing role, bringing the community into the process, and so serving the role of public relations on an ongoing basis rather than waiting for a crisis to begin the process. Graseck finds that administrators too often fail to see this need until there is a crisis and so lose touch with the community but that administrators even tned to lose touch with their own teachers. School administrators too often see their own survival as the paramount task rather than the improvement of the school."
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