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Midlife Crisis, 2008.
This paper discusses S. Coppola's Film, 'Lost in Translation', and Daniel J. Levinson's ideas on midlife adulthood.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Sophia Coppola's Oscar-winning film 'Lost in Translation' (2003) features themes of life stages and transitions that have been popular in mainly American psychological theory of the post-World War II decades. The writer then discusses the film as it relates to themes of mid-life adjustment and crisis. The writer also notes that Daniel J. Levinson's orientation towards life expectations was modernist, post-World War II and American, too and looks at midlife difficulties and new orientations according to Daniel J. Levinson.
The writer maintains that stage or transition theories in psychology have been brought into question, beyond matters of differences in men and women. The writer further points out that what is known popularly as a midlife crisis is seen as an event of predictable modernist life expectations that have given way of postmodern alterations.
Outline:
Introduction
Daniel J. Levinson and Adult Development
"Lost in Translation" and Transitions
Concluding Note
From the Paper
"The idea of midlife difficulties and new orientations was certainly popular among sophisticated urbanites of North America or Western Europe by the early 1960s, as in Elliot Jaques article, stressing the necessary production of a 'new' person at midlife through proper processing of where one had been and new realities. As stage theorists of the same day tended to insist, human development meant getting through stage achievements, the adjustment not made successfully, then experiencing unwanted symptoms of decline in despondency, chronic unhappiness, alcoholism or isolation. More recently, there seems a sort of theoretical compromise. For example, Heckhausen's discussion of physiological changes and life events at midlife refers to a set of adjustments that North Americans have now long been expected to encounter, in process models that indicate eventual adjustment and considerable 'resilience', a term seen to replace 1980s and 1990s ideas of human vulnerability. Levinson's generation stressed the midlife crisis as something that might be most difficult, radical and life transforming, many individuals not prepared for its arrival. One now sees a more tentative approach as in Heckhausen's article on expecting an eventual adjustment of some kind that will be managed by the individual, a stronger notion of the person who is aware of what he or she negotiates perhaps without significant emotional suffering or upheaval."
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Three Studies Addressing Psychology and Language, 2008.
This paper assesses three different articles on language, cognition and psychology and discusses just what the human mind really is.
3,656 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces three contrasting papers belonging to related fields of psychology. The writer looks at 'Representing Word Meaning and Order Information in a Composite Holographic Lexicon' by Michael N. Jones and Douglas J.K. Mewhort, 'Modeling the Successes and Failures of Interventions for Disabled Readers' by Harm, M.W., McCandliss, B.D. and Seidenberg, M.S. and 'An Integrated Theory of Mind' by Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Labiere, C and Qin Y. The writer notes that all the articles are interesting indications of how research in psychology varies strongly, according to the preparation and particular foci of researchers, how the human mind and its faculties are conceptualized, or what is considered salient. Examined, in turn, the three papers provide a glimpse of research or theoretical psychology that may not always sit well with a reader of different orientation. One sees a social scientific discipline that should continue examining and comparing its differences, avoiding too narrow approaches or realms of related study.
Outline:
Introduction
Michael N. Jones and Douglas J.K. Mewhort. (2007). Representing word meaning and order information in a composite holographic lexicon. Psychological Review, 114, 1-37.
Harm, M.W., McCandliss, B.D. and Seidenberg, M.S. (2003). Modeling the successes and failures of interventions for disabled readers. Scientific Studies in Reading, 7, 155-182.
Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Labiere, C and Qin Y. (2004). An Integrated Theory of Mind. Psychological Review, 111, 1036-1060.
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"Perhaps most student readers will have to take Jones & Mewhort's work at face value, unable to draw upon their level of expertise, or what the researchers' findings really mean, in terms of earlier research or what may stand to be learned of language, memory, or other brain function, or language development. It does seems that the human mind capable of language is forever at work, whether speaking or not, for example, towards eventual word order that shows the mind's ability to give its own cues or phrases or associated concepts from diverse places."
"The mind's speech patterns can be plotted for analysis, as Jones & Mewhort tell us is true, most often in relation to similar nouns or verbs or words coming to be predictable in phrases or their uses. When this article is reread, again there is the feeling of needing more information, or perhaps being helped by information on the applications of the research. For example, if memory that aids language is stored in a distributive way, then where in the brain, or according to which processes does this take place?"
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The Elderly and the Theory of Planned Behavior, 2008.
A review of a journal article that modeled the theory of planned behavior and used an experiment related exercise to show the facets of the theory.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of the article "Does the theory of planned behavior elements mediate the relationship between perceived constraints and intention to participate in physical activities? A study among older individuals" by A. Konstantinos, B. Vasilis, and T. Charalampos. The paper focuses on how the article effectively uses qualitative research to understand a particular aspect of human development within an empirical human development study. The paper also attempts to determine whether the article was conducted within the necessary specific criteria for qualitative research. The paper concludes that the article seems to have followed the necessary specific requirements, although certain elements remain somewhat questionable.
From the Paper
"The results of the model showed that given the facets of the TPB, participants' behavior and attitude towards exercise was significantly correlated with the actual amount of exercise undertaken. The predictive aspect of the TPB was also validated by the participants who were contacted after the initial study. Overall, this conclusion was validated by triangulating the data, since the human development experiment was to test a very well known theory - theory of planned behavior, and the authors validated this result with other known experiments and the original empirical construct. The literature review conducted was comprehensive and gave a clear picture of what this particular article was adding to the literature, however, the necessary use of different sources, methods, and investigations was rather comprehensive."
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Representativeness and Availability Heuristics, 2008.
This paper examines the concept of representativeness and availability heuristics.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at representativeness heuristics and at availability heuristics, provide examples of both, and outline how the use of such heuristics often leads to inaccurate conclusions. At the same time, the paper also looks at why it cannot be said that the application of heuristics by human beings immediately makes people "irrational" in some fundamental sense.
From the Paper
"When taking into account the concept of heuristics and the various limitations the authors delineate, it is actually rather hard to countenance the idea that heuristics generally leads to true conclusions. For one thing, turning momentarily to availability heuristics, even when someone is aware of their basis and makes a conscious effort to correct it, they often over-compensate - and that even rudimentary efforts at over-compensation appears to be relatively rare. For instance, the Nisbett and Ross report that "simple, tempting, availability criteria are used in contexts in which availability and frequency are poorly correlated.""
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Oedipus Rex, 2008.
This paper examines the painting "Oedipus Rex" (1922) by Max Ernst.
741 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes Max Ernst's artwork "Oedipus Rex" through the Freudian Oedipus complex and through the play "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles. The paper considers how the surrealistic style of Ernst is used to depict the symbolic sexual tension between father, mother and son, especially in the case of the walnut and the arrow that penetrates it. The paper explains that this type of Freudian approach to painting is part of Ernst's desire to reflect his own inner conflicts.
From the Paper
"The painting Oedipus Rex (1922) by Max Ernst was a direct result of his fascination with birds and the idea of a deeper unconscious mind working beneath the veil of surface thoughts. Ernst believed fervently in the premise of the bird as a symbol of how mankind sought to be free through flight, which acts in accordance with the Freudian concept of condensation. The link between the play by Sophocles and the painting only invigorate this idea, since the premise of the son in Freud's theory is to free himself from fatherly constraints to bond with his mother in intercourse. The nut being portrayed in the painting is clearly a female symbol of the vulva with the male fingers vying to enter it."
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Gender and Foucault, 2008.
This paper discusses textual construction of gender differentiation in texts of Sigmund Freud, Nancy Chodorow and Michel Foucault.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the issue of gender differentiation is a highly contentious one. The writer points out that this involves not only questions of how the process occurs in humans, but also its political associations in terms of power relations between the sexes, and institutional power in western societies in general. In order to understand the significance of the textual construction of gender differentiation the writer maintains that it would be useful to consider Foucault's analysis of how the medical community has played a major role in exploring this issue. Foucault's analysis is important for he does not simply consider the debates over gender differentiation to involve simply questions of biology and psychology, or even gender relations between the sexes. Instead, the writer notes that Foucault asks that we consider the textual explorations themselves as instruments of power by which medical institutions and society define and control sexuality.
From the Paper
"This "debate" between Chodorow and Freud with regard to the differentiation of gender can thus be seen as a struggle for gender power in society as a whole. The capacity to define one or the other gender as a normative state of humanity is clearly an assertion of power. However, in a larger analysis, Foucault would suggest that we see both researchers as been fundamentally similar in that they both partake of an institutional approach to infantile sexuality in the medical and scientific community which has, as its ultimate purpose, the assertion of control and domination over children's sexuality through processes of surveillance and behaviour modification. These processes with regard to the development of gender differentiation, Foucault argues, can be seen in the rendering as "perverse" such gendered states as "homosexuality" in children. This is revealing of the instrumentality through which western societies have, for at least the past few centuries, applied significant efforts to the control of individuals through the control of sexuality and - in particular - the power to define sexuality according to the interests of institutional powers."
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Oppression in Works of Foucault, Fanon and Lacan, 2008.
An examination of the different ways that Michel Foucault, Frantz Fanon and Jacques Lacan address oppression in their works.
1,264 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of oppression and analyzes how it is addressed in fundamentally distinct ways in the writings of Michel Foucault, Frantz Fanon and Jacques Lacan. The paper then explores, in turn, how each thinker develops his respective understanding of the concept. The paper focuses, in particular, upon points of convergence between psychological and political oppression.
From the Paper
"While it may be objected that this is "reading" too much into what was simply an act of rape, Fanon's text makes clear that French colonial power was by no means simple. In fact, the colonial authorities deployed not only torturers but also doctors and psychiatric specialists to subjugate the Algerian people to French power (Fanon 284). The act by the French interrogator of not only raping the woman, and thus satisfying his own anger, but of also stressing that the woman tell her husband is revealing of the complexity of this act for the French."
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Codependency, 2008.
This paper explains the concept of codependency and its characteristics.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper defines a codependent person as one who has allowed another person's behavior to affect him and who is obsessed with controlling that person's behavior. The paper discusses the need to develop a sense of self so we do not in effect turn it over to someone else. The paper looks at the works of Carl Rogers and Erik Erikson's eight stages of development, specifically, the stage of intimacy versus isolation. Finally, the paper looks at the approach of Gestalt therapy and the idea of circular causality.
Outline:
Introduction
The Sense of Self
Adult Development
Gestalt Theory
Circular Causality and Reciprocity
From the Paper
"Codependents are people who are more bound with the problems and lives of other people than they are with their own. Codependents are described here as victims of other people who have such problems as alcoholism, obsessive gambling, workaholism, or some other affliction that makes them too dependent on a loved one, someone close to the afflicted person who suffers in their own way as a consequence. Beattie (1987) provides a history of the concept of codependency and the development of the term in psychology, deciding finally that a codependent person is one who has allowed another person's behavior to affect him or her and who is obsessed with controlling that person's behavior. The author then details the characteristics of codependency before turning to the main thrust of the book, which is how to overcome codependency."
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Antisocial Personality Disorder, 2008.
An analysis of the signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of antisocial personality disorder.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses antisocial personality disorder, which refers to a chronic condition whereby people exhibit no concern for the rights of others. It describes the signs and symptoms of the disorder, as well as its possible causes. It then looks at risk factors associated with the disorder. Finally, the paper discusses diagnosis and assessment of the disorder, as well as treatment options.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Causes
Risk Factors
When to Seek Medical Advice
Screening and Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prevention
Coping Skills
From the Paper
"Psychotherapy enables people with antisocial personality disorder to develop needed interpersonal skills as well as a code of ethics. The problem with psychotherapy is that it is based in a strong therapist-patient relationship. Establishing such a relationship is a problem because the person is usually angry and emotionally unstable. They have problems with interpersonal skills and are impulsive. Group therapy is sometimes an option. When there is a high risk of self-harm or harm to others, people with antisocial personality disorder may be hospitalized so that they can be monitored at all times."
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Mass Media and Semiotics, 2008.
A discussion of semiotics and consumption in the age of mass media.
2,199 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper essay examines how the study of the sign and semiotic theory may be applied to mass media texts and, in particular, to television. The paper argues that, while there exist two distinct textual forms in television media - advertising and programming - a semiotic analysis reveals the ways in which these forms structurally reinforce each other in creating a semiotics of consumption for the mass media audience. The paper explains that the particular signs, signifiers and referents may change over time as television mythologies evolve, but a constant through this entire evolutionary process has been the "language of consumption". The paper looks at how semiotics allows us to understand how the medium of television operates in our collective consciousness.
Outline;
Introduction
The Sign and its Field of Study
Television and Semiotics
Television and the Culture of Consumption
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Given the prominence of mass media in our society, it is perhaps not surprising that semiotics should have focused considerable attention upon the most dominant of these media: television. The field of media semiotics, as pioneered by French semiotician Roland Barthes, has focused particular attention upon the production of meaning in the area of pop culture in which television assumes obvious prominence (Danesi 240). Barthes argues that the "semiotic method" takes the form of two investigative processes:
- the study of the historical (and thus highly connotative) origin of meaning systems;
- unraveling the nature of signification in human activities, whether it manifests itself as a word, a novel, a TV program, or some other human artifact."
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Theories of Social Psychology, 2008.
This paper discusses the attribution theory and the altruism and the bystander effect theory.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper compares the attribution theory and the altruism and the bystander effect theory, which are both concerned about influences on behavior. The paper explains how the attribution theory is basically concerned with how other people as observers see the behavior, while the bystander effect theory focuses on the bystander who acts or who does not act. The paper shows how although these two theories are very different, they can be used together.
Outline:
Introduction
Attribution Theory
Altruism and the Bystander Effect Theory
Attribution Theory and Bystander Effect Theory Compared
Strengths and Weaknesses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Attribution refers to assumptions about why people behave as they do (Rathus, 2007). Attribution is a matter of looking at other people's motives and traits for explanations of their behavior. There are two types of attribution. The first is dispositional attribution and sees people's behavior in terms of their personality and of these people having free will. The second type is situational attribution which sees human behavior as resulting from social factors (Rathus, 2007). In our society, people usually blame the person instead of social conditions so that dispositional attribution is the most common form."
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Poker Addiction, 2008.
A discussion on whether gambling activities such as poker provoke addictive behavioural responses.
1,296 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how gambling activities, such as the card game poker, have become increasingly popular forms of entertainment over the years and how, once a round-the-table household activity for men, poker games now constitute major attractions in casinos. It looks at how many individuals have developed patterns of gambling behaviour characterized by addiction and loss of control and how this has occurred to the extent that gambling addiction groups are sprouting up all across the world. The paper also contends that gambling activities such as poker provoke addictive behavioural responses, which should be recognized as such by society as a whole.
Outline:
Introduction
An Addiction
Research on Poker: Gender Differences?
Conclusion: Cause for Action - An Increasing Problem
From the Paper
"Poker is one of the most common forms of gambling, and one of the oldest. As a legalized form of gambling, many gambling addicts are poker addicts (or slot addicts, or horse betting addicts, etc). Pathological gambling is recognized as a disorder of impulse control in the DSM-IV, though it was first listed in the DSM III in 1980 (Black & Moyer, 1998, p. 1434). The DSM-IV criteria recognizes pathological gambling as a serious disorder whereby individuals: are preoccupied with gambling; need to gamble in increasing amounts of money; report repeated unsuccessful efforts to cut down or stop gambling; become restless and/or irritable when attempting to cut down on gambling; are tempted to return to gambling to "break even"; lie to conceal the extent of gambling; jeopardize their relationships with others owing to gambling; may lose their job owing to gambling; and rely on others to relieve their desperate financial situation caused by gambling (Petry & Armentano, p. 1022). "
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Theories of Carl Rogers, 2008.
A presentation of the arguments in support and opposition of Carl Roger's therapy methods.
2,329 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the psychology theories of Carl Rogers. It also presents the characteristics of the fully functioning person, according to Rogers. The paper provides arguments in favor of and in opposition to Roger's therapy methods. Finally, the paper shows how his methods have the ability of assisting many individuals throughout society, particularly within Irish society.
From the Paper
"This approach to counseling can be difficult because the therapist is not tasked with discovering a solution to the issues that pertain to the client's life, but is required to simple understand the person at that moment in time. Rogers (1946) contended that if the therapist were capable of accomplishing this task then the patient would complete the work needed to find resolutions to the issues surrounding him or her. In the process of understanding the individual, therefore, the therapist becomes open to accepting the situation at that point in time, rather than accumulating judgments that are the result of data gathered over the life span of the person. Furthermore, when the therapist focuses on only that moment, the therapist can empathize with the individual to a greater degree because the tendency to judge is erased. Only the situation is significant during the therapy session (Rogers, 1946, sec. 4)."
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The Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse, 2008.
An analysis of the roles, responsibilities, attitudes and approaches of psychiatric and mental health (PMH) nursing.
2,312 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the roles and responsibilities of the psychiatric and mental health (PMH) nurse. It discusses the necessity of a team approach within this nursing field and describes the consumer and carer perspective. The paper also looks at the PMH nurse and society's general attitudes to mental illness and how this may affect the PMH nurse's role and responsibilities.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Qualities, Roles, and Responsibilities of the PMH Nurse
PMH Nurse and Society's Attitudes to Mental Illness
Need for Team Approach
Significance of the Consumer/Carer Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The significance of the consumer/carer perspective is most especially observed in cases of stigma when the person has been stigmatized by the health care system. In these cases, there are invariably abuses of human rights. Such abuses lead to inadequate care, as well as intolerable stress, exacerbation of physical illness, and in some cases mortality (Crisp, 2004). As a consequence, the psychosocial needs for such individuals are not understood or addressed. Many users of mental health services are beginning to reject traditional psychiatric ideas of mental illness and instead have chosen the concept of mental distress (Rogers & Pilgrim, 2005). The PMH nurse while acting as advocate may wish to point out to these consumers that the concept of mental distress is not adequate since it does not portray the experience or suffering involved in mental illness. The PMH nurse, when working with advocacy or consumer groups, makes use of a collaborative approach and must demonstrate expertise with the use of collaborative strategies (CNA, 2002). The nurse also participates in learning and teaching opportunities with consumer groups."
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Coping With a Disabled Child, 2008.
This paper focuses on the emotional support necessary for parents of a disabled child.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper refers to the article "Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability" by D.R. Falvo and discusses the reaction of parents when a child is born with or develops some form of disability during childhood. The paper discusses the stress that can take the form of grief, denial, depression or guilt. The paper explains the positive outlook parents should have and discusses the benefits of support groups and grief counseling. The paper emphasizes the importance of parents understanding that they still have a whole, but different, child.
From the Paper
"When a child is born with or develops some form of disability during his or her childhood, the parents almost inevitably suffer significant feeling of loss and grief. The process that they undertake is similar to that of someone who has experienced the loss of a loved one, or of a special person in their lives. The totality of this grieving depends on a number of factors. It is influenced by 1) the condition itself, 2) the disparity between the individuals' personality pre- and post-disease or disability, 3) how the affected individual and his or her family perceive the new condition, 4) the resources with which the person can respond to the disease or disability, and 5) the amount of support that an individual can derive from his or her family or society at large (Falvo, 2005, p. 1)."
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