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Is Governmental Transparency Vital to a Democracy?, 2008.
This paper summarizes and critiques the New York Times editorial called the "White House Shell Game," while also speaking generally on the topic of governmental transparency.
821 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at a New York Times editorial called the "White House Shell Game," which stresses the importance of transparent government. Specifically, the paper discusses why governmental transparency is important to any democracy and whether or not the editorial presents a persuasive argument for a more open style of governance from the Bush Administration. The paper also briefly summarizes the thesis of the editorial, its analysis of the problem, and its aim. In the end, the author asserts that governmental transparency is important - but the editorial's argument would have been more compelling if it was not so clearly motivated by political calculations.
From the Paper
"Consequently, the New York Times is right to chastise the Bush Administration for trying to avoid the (potential) censure of the public by trying to limit, to the fullest extent possible, the scope of the Freedom of Information Act. The problem with the Times editorial, unfortunately, is that there is a disagreeable amount of political partisanship involved: after all, the Clinton White House was notoriously secretive as well - that Administration was wracked by fund-raising scandals, the specters of Whitewater and Travelgate and other problems that were kept tightly under wraps - and no one can recall the New York Times aggressively challenging the commitment of President Clinton's team to open and transparent government."
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Critical Incident Management, 2008.
This paper analyzes the influence of scenario-based planning in institutional strategic management for security organizations.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the influence of scenario-based planning within the policy measures found within critical incident management (CIM) for security organizations. The writer notes that with terrorism and natural disasters, such as 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, this form of policy creating apparatus is helping to insure that authorities, organizations, and other people involved in security have a set of guidelines to follow in case of a future emergency. Many security agencies are currently using a scenario-based policy to enable officials and security personnel to adapt and understand emergencies and to follow set rules to keep order and stability in these types of organizations. The writer concludes that the primary facets of scenario-based planning are an influential part of how institutional strategic management is now being incorporated into modern security organizations.
From the Paper
"The role of scenario-based planning within security organizations has been a major influence in how policy in constructed for disasters or violent threats to any agency. Security firms have often used various models to help bring about possible scenarios to help create order and return normal functionality to many processes that include the safety of personnel, financial security, and the way that the organization is able to solve possible problems. With a new policy initiative focused on the necessity future scenarios, there is a general consensus through these organizations to bring forth ways to handle problems through their possible causal factors, rather than having to react with uncertain immediacy to events that were not premeditated."
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U. S. Arms Sales to the Middle East, 2008.
This paper looks at the United States' sale of weapons to countries in the Middle East.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how American corporations sell armaments to countries and organizations in the Middle East. The paper relates that the countries that purchase these weapons are currently allies of the United States. The paper concludes by questioning the wisdom of selling weapons to nations that might one day be America's adversaries.
Outline:
What Countries are the U.S. Selling Arms To?
Who are the Largest Recipients of the Arms?
What Companies or Corporations Provide these Weapons?
How Public is this Knowledge?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the British newspaper, the London Telegraph, the United States has initiated three 10-year multi-billion dollar deals with various counties in the Middle East in order to combat countries and organizations that are perceived as threats, such "Iran, Syria, and al-Qa'eda" (2007, par. 1). According to this article, "the Bush administration said it had agreed a 10-year, $13 billion (L6.4 billion) deal with Egypt and a $20 billion deal for Saudi Arabia" a deal which was announced only 24 hours after a $30 billion deal was made with Israel (London Telegraph, 2007, par. 1). The terms of these deals do not restrict these countries to arms purchases."
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Woodrow Wilson's "The Study of Administration", 2008.
A paper that describes and details the essay "The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper critically analyzes the administration policies and ideas set forth in an essay by President Woodrow Wilson entitled "The Study of Administration". The paper describes Wilson's thoughts about using ministrant (function of the government) and constituent ideas to represent political and apolitical branches respectively and relates that constituent functions were given very important tasks, such as the protection of liberty, life, and property, while ministrant functions were necessary for advancing societal interests. The paper concludes that Woodrow Wilson attempted to outline a coherent and somewhat revolutionary idea about public administration and politics and how each should be separate, yet work together.
From the Paper
"Wilson was determined to make reforms and labeled areas that were functions of the government "ministrant" and those that were not, or were apolitical, he labeled "constituent" (Clements 320). These constituent functions were given very important tasks, such as the protection of liberty, life, and property, while ministrant functions were necessary for advancing the societal interests (320). Although these labels appear to be incorrectly given as ministrant areas were given what really appeared to be political functions such as labor regulation, communications, transportation maintenance, education, and conservation efforts."
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Machiavelli and the Prince, 2008.
An analysis of the message of Niccolo Machiavelli to the Prince in an historical context.
1,002 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince" is a realistic guide to political action and statecraft written in the midst of the turbulent Italian Renaissance by a writer who, through his diplomatic work on behalf of Florence, was well-acquainted with the political world of his time. This paper, with reference to Machiavelli's text, argues that its basic message to the Prince (the hypothetical reader of the work) is that he should be both ruthless and cynical in order to gain power and rule well. Moreover, the paper shows that, through a setting of Machiavelli's ideas in their historical context, a successful leader in Italy during the 1500s had to act in a realistic, if ruthless, manner if the leader could ever hope to unite Italy and free the country from its foreign occupiers.
From the Paper
"One of the strengths of The Prince is how Machiavelli supports his arguments with references to actual political figures and events of his own time or of history. Thus, Machiavelli frames his basic message - that a Prince must be both realistic and ruthless in order to be a successful leader - within his contemporary context of Renaissance Italy in the 1500s. This is a significant point, for this context not only supports Machiavelli's arguments but also - it may be argued - provides the explanation for why Machiavelli is saying what he is saying at that particular time."
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Socialization of Immigrants, 2008.
This paper looks at personal and institutional responsibility for socialization with regards to immigration.
789 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that it is evident that history has forced most immigrants to the US to take on the responsibility of socialization individually, without support from social organizations. The writer further relates that, in the initial mass immigration that occurred during industrialization, this philosophy lead to the formation of cultural communities across the US that worked to support cultural members and the greater social order as well. The writer then points out that, as time has progressed, however, there have been millions of immigrants that have arrived in the nation, both legal and illegal, who have relied solely on these cultural communities for socialization. Ultimately this has created a separation between cultural communities and the larger social order because there has been a lack of organizational or institutional support for immigrants. The writer then asserts that it is therefore apparent that it is time for institutions and individuals to fulfill their social contract with society and assist immigrants in becoming socialized. The writer concludes that it is only through this dual effort that one society will function for the greater good, which includes fulfilling the needs of all cultural groups and prevents segregation of cultural groups from the greater social order.
From the Paper
"For example, millions of illegal immigrants are demanding that they be given their citizenship because of their extended stays within the country. This demand is supported by numerous groups within the Hispanic culture that believe that crossing the border into the United States and functioning in society without incident should be sufficient grounds for citizenship. Yet, the opposing viewpoint to this argument suggests that by offering citizenship to this population, the country is degrading the efforts of other immigrants that have followed legal pathways to becoming citizens. Clearly, the latter argument supports the intentions of society to conduct immigration through legal processes, while the initial argument supports a cultural desire that strays from the legal structure of the nation. Additionally, it should be noted that the first argument serves to separate the needs of one group from the needs of the greater society, while the second argument insists upon a universal format for immigration.
"Therefore, demanding that immigrants should be responsible for their own socialization process in which they create their own resources and opportunities is possible. However, without the support of social organizations that essentially allow for a universal understanding of American life and the American culture, individuals rely on cultural communities that support only a particular culture's way of life and not the nation."
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Breyer's Active Liberty Approach, 2008.
A review of Justice Stephen Breyer's active liberty approach to interpreting the US Constitution.
1,577 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how US Justice Stephen Breyer takes issue with originalism as an approach to interpreting the US Constitution and advocates what he calls active liberty, which is a far more activist way of interpreting the Constitution. The paper also describes the intellectual profile of Justice Breyer in the context of his work, his life, his writing and his peers and argues that Justice Breyer's active liberty perspective is a useful one for dealing with the complex constitutional issues that arise in our dynamically evolving society.
From the Paper
"Many of the provisions of the Constitution are somewhat vague. Indeed, it is notoriously difficult to write legislation that is entirely unambiguous in all situations. This means that at times, a judge's task of interpreting and applying the law can seem more like an art than a science. Some judges favour textualism, which means that they try as hard as possible to stick to the letter of the laws as written. For example, Justice Antonin Scalia advocates "originalism," meaning that the courts should attempt to stick to the original meaning of constitutional texts (Ryan). However, other judges tend to be more activist, and have even been accused of using their position to pursue their own agenda, in effect legislating from the bench. "
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The Development of The American Welfare System, 2008.
A discussion of the development and changes to the welfare system in the United States.
3,422 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 25 sources, MLA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the modern welfare system as it exists in America and describes how it grew out of the cataclysm of the Great Depression. It looks at the division between social insurance and welfare to an increasing emphasis on disability. The paper suggests that welfare in America came from the uncertain efforts to match European states which had far more advanced systems.
From the Paper
"The Clinton administration forced a number of changes to the welfare system through executive action, requiring teen mothers on welfare to stay in school and requiring mothers to identify the fathers of their children as a condition to receiving welfare. These actions were intended to contribute to the education of welfare recipients and to hold men accountable for child support. To pressure non-paying parents, the administration used federal law enforcement against people trying to avoid child support by crossing state lines. These efforts did manage a change in the welfare system, with significant reductions of the number of people on welfare and increases in child support collections (Clinton)."
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Analysis of Intelligence Support for Homeland Security, 2008.
This paper is a critical analysis of the United States' intelligence support for homeland security in dealing with the prevention of terrorist attacks.
3,574 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the degree of progress being made in intelligence support for Homeland Security. The paper notes that the progress is primarily due to the expansion of government surveillance powers through the authority of the USAPatriot Act, the issuing of executive orders by the President authorizing controversial NSA wiretapping and other covert anti-terrorism measures, new intelligence programs, and recent modifications of FISA. The author states that these actions have enabled the Intelligence Community to improve and expand their efforts to prevent terrorist attacks on the United States, but that numerous problems still need to be overcome if future attacks are to be prevented. Furthermore, the author argues that there is increasing fear that far too many intelligence related government activities are covert and classified, which heightens the risk of abuses of power.
From the Paper
"In addition to dealing with domestic consequences in the form of Congressional oversight investigations and court challenges based on civil liberties and privacy issues, Intelligence Community officials also face the possibility of being indicted and prosecuted by the International Criminal Court. American government personnel involved in detainee interrogations are at the greatest risk because of their participation in controversial activities such as renditions and the ongoing use of enhanced interrogation techniques.
"The Bush Administration opposed the establishment of the ICC and argues that granting such a court with the global power and jurisdiction to bring American citizens to trial could lead to abuses. The current occupant of the White House and various cabinet officials have publicly expressed concerns about the ICC on various grounds, but the underlying reason for U.S. opposition to the International Criminal Court is that American Intelligence Community personnel, government agency officials, and soldiers could be brought before the ICC to be prosecuted for violations of international law and the Geneva Conventions."
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John Locke, 2008.
This is a historical study and analysis of John Locke's philosophy towards the American Declaration of Independence and his influence on the American Revolution.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the importance of John Locke's philosophy on the American Declaration of Independence of 1776. The paper analyzes various segments of Locke's "The Second Treatise of Civil Government," the philosophical influence of the 'government by consent' for American leaders who sought to create a new representational republican government. This paper argues that the basis of Locke's philosophy on governing is readily applicable to the way and manner in which personal liberties took a greater value in early America. By understanding the premise of life, liberty, and the pursuit of individual liberties, Locke's philosophy represents a major influence on how America's revolution created a republican government that denied absolutist governmental institutions within this historical period.
From the Paper
"The ultimate act of revolution must stem from a dissolution of the laws that had once formed the unity of government. Locke also proposed this solution when a government had violated its own laws, especially through the corruption of those that rule or make these laws in association with the people. For the Founding Fathers, the ideology of representational government had become paramount, as they had virtually no rights to legally debate or vote in laws that might be beneficial for them, as well as the British government. They defined these beliefs through Locke's understanding of the inherent right of those being ruled to have a legal representation, even under a monarchy..."
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Just War, 2008.
This paper looks at the concept of a just war from a theological point of view.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that a major issue facing society has particular currency at the present time, and that is the problem of war and how to justify a given war as a just action. Indeed, from a theological point of view, the writer relates that the first issue is whether war is allowed at all and then whether a given war can be justified and on what basis. The writer points out that scriptural evidence on the issue is often contradictory and may be based on the historical factors prevailing at the time a particular passage was written. However, the writer maintains that there can also be seen a progression in thought as the needs of one era give way to a broader and more comprehensive view of the question.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Old Testament Support
Conclusion
From the Paper
" In his writings from this time, pacifism would remain a central motif, an idea that he pioneered and for which he was proud to have been the instrument for bringing the idea into the open. The idea had first appeared in the western world among the teachings of the early Christians, and they had drawn the same conclusions from the teachings of Christ as did Erasmus. As the Roman world became Christianized, however, a different attitude toward the bearing of arms was developed in service of the Christian state, an idea that would be bolstered by St. Augustine, who developed a theory that a war to resist aggression or to enforce justice was not only permissible but was a Christian duty. The way enforcing justice was defined, though, nearly any war could be supported. St. Thomas Aquinas followed Augustine in promulgating rules for the just war and created guidelines as to what was just and unjust .."
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City Council Support Staff, 2008.
A report analyzing the cost effectiveness of hiring support staff for city council members.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study intended to determine the feasability of hiring support staff to assist city council members with their workload. The paper discusses several aspects of the study, including data collection, cost implications and recommendations. The paper concludes that the reasonable cost of obtaining an employee support staff member for each City Council member is well worth the City's resources sometime in the future.
Table of Contents:
Background
Data Collection
Analysis
Coordination
Cost Implications
Recommendations
Specific Role of Public Policy Analyst
From the Paper
"At present, however, it is recommended that two secretaries be hired, one for half of the City Council, and one for the other. Further, it is recommended that two research assistants, or Public Policy Analysts, be hired, one for half of the City Council, and one to perform duties for the other half. This will allow each City Council member to perform their duties and responsibilities at an optimum level and capacity. Each new staff employee would assist the City Council members by alleviating their overwhelming workload, coordinating meetings, performing research on important legal and administrative issues."
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Police Training, 2008.
This paper discusses what are the necessary components of police training on deadly force and looks at how it can benefit society.
2,269 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that police training on deadly force is a necessary prerequisite for social order and to maintain the efficiency and integrity of the security forces. This paper highlights the major elements of the police training program that are necessary, while simultaneously highlighting aspects of the political, social, and economic environment that either pose an opportunity or threat to the proposed training initiative on deadly force. This paper gives a through outline of the important aspects of how a training process for deadly force should be developed. The analysis also integrates aspects or theories related to formal criminological training methodologies or functions that are integrated with other efficiency parameters related to social justice, social norms and behaviors, as well as other aspects of conflict resolution within the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Major Elements of Police Training Paper
Section 1: Principles of an Effective Training Strategy
Table 1: Training Modules & Leadership
Literature Structure
From the Paper
"McElvian provides a through analysis of how police shootings affect citizens' behavior and uses this framework to show how police training on deadly force will have an effect on the outcome. Similar articles that model societal change and behaviors with interlinkages with police training on deadly force include the articles by Remsberg, Lewinski and Hudson, and Weeg. These papers are presented below and even show how training on deadly force affects efficiency and improves the effectiveness of police departments. Many of the articles above also show provide universal characteristics on how police training on deadly force can be considered effective and efficient. The table below highlights the articles that will be utilized for the paper."
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Is U.S. Foreign Policy Moral?, 2008.
This paper discusses whether considerations of morality have a substantial role in U.S. foreign policy strategy.
1,127 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at America's past foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union and Communism. The paper also discusses the war against terrorism today and reveals that the true incentive behind the war in Iraq may have been financial, although there were moral victories attained as a result. The paper concludes that while morality should certainly have a substantial role in U.S. foreign policy strategy, in recent years, the financial goals of the United States seem to outweigh the altruistic ones.
Outline:
Introduction
The Past and U.S. Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy and Communism
Morality, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism
Moral Victories May be the Outcome of Financial Gain
Conclusion
From the Paper
"United States foreign policy has always been about political relationships for financial gain combined with moral idealism (Fox 2000). Therefore, morality has played a substantial role in U.S. foreign policy strategy, and should continue to do so. Whether this "morality" is genuine is questionable, and lately the U.S. has appeared to many to be the equivalent of a greedy bully, seeking financial benefits with no care for assisting the impoverished, oppressed, and/or those who may benefit from a morality driven U.S. foreign policy. These U.S. foreign endeavors are done under the guise of morality, which often result in more harm than good for the citizens of nations that such U.S. foreign policy is choosing to target, which is immoral in its very nature."
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China's Threat to the World, 2008.
An analysis of the basis of the threats that China poses to the rest of the world.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why China has been viewed as a threat since the 1949 revolution. Specifically, the paper looks at the various forms that this threat has taken, such as a military threat and economic threat. The paper also describes and explains the history behind these threats and their relationship to the economic and political power of China and then looks at who the threats are directed towards.
From the Paper
"Chengxin Pan points out the position China has long held in the American imagination and finds that much of the threat is itself imaginary. He cites debates in the U.S. over whether China constitutes a strategic threat to the United States or an economic bonanza for the United States. Pan finds that the answer given often depends on the area of interest to the scholar giving the answer. A current threat recently found by some scholars is job loss in the U.S. as some manufacturing is moved to China and as companies like Wal-Mart outsource certain manufacturing to China, citing a U.S. congressional panel that found that at least 760,000 U.S. manufacturing jobs have migrated to China since 1992."
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Challenges in Intelligence, 2008.
This paper looks at the greatest challenges facing the intelligence community in the US in the coming years.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that several serious challenges must be overcome within the next few years if American interests are to be well-served by those entrusted with accumulating information on the country's enemies and with formulating strategies for overcoming those enemies. The challenges include unimaginative policy-makers, an unwieldy bureaucracy, imperfect human resources management, the need for international collaboration in a day and age when America is deeply unpopular around the world, the unfortunate trend towards the politicization of intelligence-gathering activities, and slovenly knowledge management. The writer notes that while arguably none of them is any more important than the others, all of them, if taken as a collective, can lead to a paralysis of the intelligence community that might prove, quite literally, deadly. The writer concludes that American intelligence has a host of challenges, from unimaginative policy-makers, to bureaucratic inertia, to combating America's unpopularity overseas, to poor knowledge management, that must all be overcome as quickly as possible.
Outline:
Summary
References
From the Paper
"Another major challenge will be coming up with a more stream-lined decision-making process for all branches of government - not simply the CIA or FBI or any other explicitly intelligence-gathering department. This commitment to efficiency, as most can imagine, is vitally important when it comes to things like protecting American nuclear arsenals from successful infiltration or attack. According to the General Accounting Office, the Department of Energy took nearly two years to develop a new Design Basis Threat capable of accurately assessing the possible size and capabilities of terrorist forces - in no small part because the DOE's review and comment process for developing policy is cumbersome, to say the least. Clearly, one of the great challenges facing America today is coming up with a means by which the bureaucracy can be made to work more efficiently so that all those associated - even peripherally - with the intelligence community are responsive and flexible in a day and age when responsiveness and flexibility are desperately needed. All in all, given as the country's nuclear arsenals are so enticing to sophisticated terrorist outfits with considerable human and financial resources, streamlining the decision-making and implementation process (particularly with regards to things like DBT development) is simply imperative."
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