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Medicare in Canada, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of privatized health care in Canada.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer points out that the vast majority of opinion about privatized health care in Canada is firmly against such a proposal. At the same time, there are also a number of very strong arguments put forward in favor of privatization. The writer discusses that in some ways the question is misleading because privatization already is at work in parts of Canada, and the country has a mixed system. The most negative views come from critics who focus on the costly and inefficient privatized system in the United States. At the same time, the Canadian universal health care system has been plagued for years by problems between the federal government and the various provinces related to financing and delivery. The writer notes that Medicare in Canada is also proving to be inefficient and costly, and is a source of division between the federal and provincial governments. The Canadian system is held as an ideal because of the principles of health care. The writer argues that what is needed in Canada is reform of Medicare which could take the form of privatization or a mixture of private and public.
From the Paper
"Privatization, according to the CHC, will actually increase wait times for health services more than ever, and will also drive health care costs up. All those services which are of better quality would be provided privately simply because there would be more plentiful resources. There also would be a fundamental change to public resources which would be used to subsidize the private system.
"One argument for privatization in Canada is that the five principles originating in the Canada Health Act of 1984 no longer apply because of new trends in care delivery. According to Lewis and Donaldson, ever since the 1960s, fewer and fewer health services have been governed by the rules of Medicare. The logical course to take consists of a free market approach by which health care is a commodity; this would result in a more efficient system. Privatization actually has several meanings, and the Canadian health care system actually has operated as a combination of both public and private."
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Families in China and the U.S., 2008.
This paper discusses families in China and the United States, focusing on the issues of poverty, economy and culture.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of families in relation to China and the United States. The paper further explores the issue of poverty and the struggle of the family unit in both countries in relation to economic concerns. A discussion of families in rural and urban areas, as well as the manner in which families live in these locales is examined. The concept of social class is presented and discussed in relation to how social class impacts the family unit and how societal beliefs exist that create barriers to altering the lives of the poor. Finally, the issue of culture is examined and the differences between China and America with regard to culture and living in the family unit are explored.
From the Paper
"The United States is considered a country that is the leading power in the world, while China continues to experience economic hardships and needed development. In both countries, however, the focus on the family is a concern because the family is believed to be integral to society. The Chinese families that exist in the modern world experience many of the same difficulties that are found by American families in rural and urban areas. This includes poverty, which is the number one social issue that impacts family units in both nations. Additionally, in both countries the issue of social class standing is apparent, with the poor often being outcast from the social order and forgotten. In China there has been a significant push to change the conditions for the poor, however, there are still those families that have been unaffected by governmental programs, which has been the case in the United States for decades. While these similarities exist between Chinese and American families, the greatest factor that separates their place in society is culture. The manner in which families conduct their lives because of social expectations and the beliefs related to gender differences and children impacts families in China differently than in America. However, it is clear that regardless of the cultural variances that affect families in these nations, within both cultures families are consistently attempting to survive and continue the progress of each generation in the hopes that eventually the family will know success."
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Is Racial Profiling Legal?, 2008.
This paper explores the unresolved issue of racial profiling in the interests of public safety.
3,570 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 161.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the balancing of the due process and equal protection guarantees contained in the 4th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution. The paper studies the conviction of a small time drug dealer and describes his appeal that he was a victim of racial profiling. The paper uses this to show how the balancing of civil liberties and public safety is a tough question for the courts.
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is a rallying cry of those that feel they were unjustly stopped by the authorities. It was prevalent during the "War on Drugs" of the 1980's and 1990's, and now it is surfacing in the new conflict of the 21st Century, the "War on Terror". But, the real issues in Criminal Justice are searches, seizures, and admission of evidence to obtain convictions. The attacks of September 11th brought terror to the forefront, but the United States was attacked prior to 9/11, and many other attempts were thwarted. The question is; how to we protect ourselves in a free society? The public is protecting against unreasonable search and seizure by Federal Government by the 4th Amendment and from State and Local governments via the doctrine of "selective incorporation" of the 14th Amendment. (Black 1979)"
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Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, 2008.
This paper looks at business and legal considerations for the acute care nurse practitioner.
1,417 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer explains that the legal definition of a nurse practitioner differs between states and that the scope of practice of a nurse practitioner also varies considerably from one state to another. The writer also points out that as all nurse practitioners in every state perform physician services in critical care, they must conform to their particular state's requirements. The writer then points out that while Medicare requires that a nurse practitioner be authorized, under state law, to perform any service that is billed, state laws governing nurse practitioners' scope of practice differ to a significant degree. The writer maintains that numerous hospitals and other facilities are uninformed about the rules and procedures related to billing for nurse practitioners' services. The writer concludes that while research has indicated that nurse practitioners provide the same quality of care in acute care settings as do physicians, the same demands are made on them with the potential for legal problems.
From the Paper
"The nurse practitioner's services are reimbursed through the facility fee or Diagnostic Related Group payment to the hospital. The main opportunities for billing nurse practitioner services are located in evaluation and management procedure codes. While the patient pays 20 percent of the physician fee schedule rate, Medicare pays 85 percent of 80 percent of the Physician Fee Schedule rate for physician services billed under a nurse practitioner's provider number. The American College of Nurse Practitioners maintains that this problem is the result of a problematic annual update formula so that Medicare payments to all providers of services are threatened with reductions each year. Since nurse practitioners receive just 85 percent of the reimbursement that physicians obtain, the reductions are substantial. Within the current system, payment updates for providers are linked with the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth."
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Corporations Vs. Democracy, 2008.
This paper explores whether corporate power challenges the concept of democracy.
2,259 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how in American society corporations exert a great deal of influence and control, giving rise to complaints that big businesses, through lobbyists and other means, affect Congress to too great a degree and so make the concept of democracy meaningless. The paper provides a literature review on corporations and democracy as well as an economic analysis of capitalism and democracy. The paper also shows how preventing corporations from exerting detrimental effects on democracy will protect the basis of democracy itself.
Outline:
Introduction
Positive Analysis
Normative Analysis
From the Paper
"The political system indeed perpetuates a number of social, political, and economic inequalities between classes, racial groups, and other social and economic divisions. American government and politics are not neutral and any government action produces winners and losers, those who get benefits and those who pay most of the costs of those benefits. The ideal of the American system, as embodied in the Constitution, is to limit the separation between winners and losers and to see that no one group is always to be found in either category. This is an ideal that is not always met, and the effort to achieve this ideal itself entails ethical concerns about the rights of the citizen in a democracy."
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Marxist Interpretations of Hamlet, 2008.
A Marxist interpretation of William Shakespeare's "Hamlet".
1,808 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer examines Hamlet from a Marxist perspective. It is shown how the class structure associated with a feudal society drives the action in Hamlet. Particular attention is placed on the relationships between the royal family and their courtiers. The writer notes that these relationships show how the class system associated with a feudal society results in an aloof upper class that exploits a subservient lower class. The writer concludes that a Marxist criticism looks at how class, material production and the history of material production can influence a work. The writer maintains that Hamlet can be successfully analysed using a Marxist perspective.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis
Historical Context/Material Context
General relationship
Upper Class Exploitation of Lower class
Lower Class Encouraging their Exploitation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Denmark in the twelfth century was a feudal society. This meant that the economy was based primarily on agriculture and wealth was determined by how much land a person controlled. Feudal societies have a very strong class hierarchy with clearly defined upper classes and lower classes. In this type of society the upper classes essentially lived pampered lives of luxury by controlling the land and exploiting the lower classes. Essentially the upper classes control the means of production (land) and the lower classes sell their labour in order to survive. As a result of these material relationships the upper class is clearly dominant and the lower classes are subservient to them."
"This type of relationship is clearly apparent in Hamlet. The upper class lives in absolute luxury and is mostly preoccupied with their personal issues."
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The British Constitution, 2008.
This paper explores the separation of powers within the "unwritten" British constitution.
2,018 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
The paper studies the separation of powers and the common law of the United Kingdom by looking at the rule of law as articulated in British case law and by discussing the division of rights and responsibilities between the legislative branch of government, the judicial branch of government and the executive branch of government. The paper then explores the broad concept of parliamentary supremacy. The paper shows clearly how a separation of powers exists within the British constitution.
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, the government of the United Kingdom is constrained by the fact that it must rely upon the will of Parliament for the passage of its legislative agenda and that all of it's (and, by extension, Parliament's) legislation and activity must conform to the dictates set forth by judicial review. Furthermore, the government does not have wide discretionary powers: the informal constitution of the United Kingdom, since at least Entick v. Carrington (1765) has often (but not always) made it clear that governments cannot do various things - like search peoples' homes - if there is no law authorizing such activity. The common law uncertainty indicated in the last sentence deserves some elaboration; to wit, the courts have sometimes been unenthusiastic about being called upon to keep the government within its legal bounds. A good example of this is Malone v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1979) where it was decided that wire-tapping was permissible in one instance even though no law existed authorizing wire-tapping."
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The Strategic Defense Initiative, 2008.
This paper explores the USA's controversial Strategic Defense Initiative, also known as "Star Wars".
2,058 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and outlines its emergence, its re-emergence under the administration of George W. Bush, and why it proved so controversial. The paper utilizes a sociological perspective, assessing what fears and preoccupations in American society have allowed the costly and untested SDI to remain a viable policy option. The paper concludes that paranoia about America's place in the world relative to the Soviet Union and a sense that the United States is always under threat of imminent attack, have made the SDI seem like a worthy policy consideration for the United States of America. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"To begin with, Ronald Reagan's advocacy of the "Star Wars" program in 1983 was rooted in an almost-religious faith in technology and in the hope it offered; in short, he wished to replace the politics of fear with a new politics that would encourage the nation's citizens to place their trust in the ability of (military) technology to protect them from any nuclear holocaust. Obviously, military types (the ones who would be overseeing something as enormous as the SDI) loved it because "Star Wars" gave them pre-eminence in the grand scheme of things; further, politicians in Washington were drawn to the SDI (and remain so today) because it afforded a vision of an America impervious to the dangers of the world and invulnerable to events happening elsewhere - and also invulnerable to the pressures contingent with having to be accountable to others beyond their borders for foreign policy decisions."
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Liberalism, Marxism and Feminism in Canada, 2008.
A comparison of Marxist, feminist and liberal approaches to social policy in Canada from the first nations period to the present.
1,453 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the Marxist, liberal and feminist approaches that are all concerned with the needs of the oppressed. The paper looks at the liberal perspective that is especially focused on the individual's human rights and highlights its similarities and differences to the Marxist approach of the capitalist and class system. The paper discusses the feminist perspective that is primarily concerned with patriarchy and women's oppression and notes the similarities and central differences to the other perspectives.
From the Paper
"The Marxist, liberal, and feminist approaches share a pivotal characteristic in common in that all three are concerned with the needs of the oppressed. The liberal perspective is especially focused on the individual's human rights. Overall, "the Liberal Party was ultimately successful in identifying public needs, designing solutions to national social problems, and finally implementing programs". When the Liberals developed their system of social security, they did so as one aspect of a comprehensive national policy designed for social improvement. In sharp contrast to the Marxist approach, the liberal perspective is accepting of the capitalist system as not only necessary but as beneficial for the disadvantaged classes. The Liberal Party worked in stages to achieve the welfare state, the first phase being made up of National Health Grants, along with the later expansions in 1951 of the old-age pension program, and the emergence of hospital insurance in 1957."
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Hispanics in California, 2008.
This paper explores the impact of the growing Hispanic population in California.
2,354 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the Hispanic population in California and analyzes their growth, racial identity and English proficiency. The paper looks at the ability of the Hispanic population to integrate into the United States through geographical stability, language diversification and economic strength. The paper highlights the need for educational improvement in order to maintain and support this large economic labor force in California. The paper concludes that this demographic will play a large socioeconomic and political role in the future of California.
Outline:
Introduction
Defining the Hispanic population
Are Hispanics a Minority in California?
Hispanics as a Staple Citizen
Racial Identity among Latinos
English Proficiency
Hispanic Education
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There is an intrinsic difficulty in defining the Hispanic due to the numerous stereotypes evolved from such trends as migrant seasonal workers and illegal immigrations. The most widely used and accepted terms are "Hispanic" or "Latino" (Ramos 14). The term Hispanic is normally applied to all those citizens who are Spanish-speaking and have a historical and cultural heritage or lineage linked to Spain. Latino refers to people originating or having a cultural heritage from Central and Latin America. This is important to note the difference between both classes, as it can become confusing and cumbersome in data analysis. Latino does not necessarily imply Spanish background and linkages, instead encompasses numerous languages derived from Latin e.g. Spanish, French, and Portuguese, which are commonly found to be spoken in some context in many Latin American nations (Ramos 15)."
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Combatting Terrorism, 2008.
This paper discusses terrorism focusing on Al Qaeda and presents a counter terrorism training plan.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses a plan designed to meet the needs of operatives charged with the difficult task of countering the terrorist threats posed by Al Qaeda. As is well known, since the devastatingly deadly attack on the people of the USA, which has come to be known as 9/11, counter terrorism has become of paramount importance. The writer notes that an important step in countering terrorism is to attempt to understand the motivations of terrorists. The writer points out that by studying the Al Qaeda manual that is available on the Internet, one can enhance one's understanding, so that terrorists may be better understood and can be fought more effectively.
Outline:
Introduction
The Nature of Terrorism in the Modern World
Combating Terrorism in the Modern, Globalized World
What we can Learn from the Al Qaeda Manual
From the Paper
"Thus, we can reasonably expect that the USA will continue to be attacked by terrorists for the foreseeable future. The challenge then is to find the best way to counter it. To do this, we must bear in mind what experts such as Wilen have pointed out: that we cannot beat terrorism by operating only in a reactive mode, as has largely been the case up till now. Rather, we need to operate in a preventative manner. For example, we need to integrate information in order to know about terrorism attacks before they happen, and then take steps to prevent them. This will be a much lesser drain on our resources than cleaning up the mess afterwards. Consider, for example, how much better it would be to prevent a nuclear attack on New York, than to attempt to repair the damage afterwards, especially given the fact that land affected by nuclear fallout cannot be inhabited for 70 years."
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The Role of Power, 2008.
This paper explores the role of power in policy development and implementation.
1,243 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews what power is, why it is important to understand power when dealing with policy-makers in a local district, what the major sources and types of power are and what form they assume in a fairly small community in the state of Georgia. Finally, the paper looks briefly at how power is used (or should be used) in school organizations vis-a-vis the shaping of educational policy and what ethical issues power raises in this context. The paper concludes that power, when it comes to implementing educational policies for children, must be balanced by the recognition that professional aspirations and objectives are secondary to doing what is best for pupils.
Outline:
Abstract
What is Power?
Why is it Important to Understand Power?
What are the Major Sources of Power?
The Types of Power
Sources/Types of Power in Bibb County, Georgia
How is Power Used in School Organizations to Shape Educational Policy? What Ethical Issues does Power Raise?
From the Paper
"Suffice it to say, it is important to understand power when talking with, and working with, policy-makers in one's local district because understanding what power really is constitutes a first step towards identifying those who really have it. In other words, people who appreciate and recognize power will be able to seek out those who, directly or indirectly, shape policy decisions. More than that, every local district is different and local "power hierarchies" will be different, as well. For instance, local school boards in a rural community will not only have a different make-up than school boards in a large, urban setting, but will most likely emphasize issues and concerns (and, by extension, the people articulating those issues and concerns) that would be of little or no import to school board trustees in the latter context. Understanding the social and cultural milieu in which a school board operates, in other words, is paramount to understanding which groups, persons, and organizations must be brought "onside" if any educational initiative-slash-proposal is to achieve success."
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Hurricane Katrina, 2008.
An examination of the way the American government tried to manage hurricane Katrina.
2,462 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the steps taken by the government of New Orleans and President Bush to try and manage hurricane Katerina. It explains how people evacuated the city and how some were unable to leave. The writer criticizes President Bush for not acting sooner and points out that by many accounts, many average Americans understood more of the disaster in New Orleans that the President did. The writer discusses how in the electoral debates of 2000, Mr. Bush had said natural disasters are a "time to test your mettle", but Bush failed with Katrina as he seemed overwhelmed with the problem and confused and defensive about what to do. The writer points out that confronted with the crisis in New Orleans, Mr. Bush was unable to summon either clear thinking or firm governance. The writer concludes by asking how a system that is meant to protect its people failed so badly.
From the Paper
"On Sunday, August 28, New Orleans Ray Nagin asked residents to evacuate the city. (Newsweek 2005a p. 46b) Nagin had actually delayed the evacuation notice, giving up on valuable time to mobilize resources, because any evacuation would disrupt a tourism based economy. If Nagin evacuated unnecessarily, he would cost the city millions of dollars per day in lost revenue. (Time, 2005a; Newsweek, 2005a) Even as he called for evacuation, Nagin acted tentatively, apparently unsure at the outset that he could make the evacuation mandatory. Later he was advised that he did have authority to order a mandatory evacuation."
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The National Rifle Association, 2008.
This paper examines the history of the National Rifle Association (NRA), its organization, tactics, principles and record as a lobbying body.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in 1871, the National Rifle Association (NRA) was organized by two Union army officers, who were upset by the poor marksmanship of their troops during the Civil War, to provide civilians with firearms training and to encourage shooting sports. The author points out that the NRA established a Legislative Affairs Division in 1934 and, forty-one years later, the Institute for Legislative Action to lobby legislators actively. The paper relates that the organization's emphasis upon the utility of guns in protecting law-abiding citizens is a major reason for the NRA's success. The author concludes that, while NRA is often criticized sharply, it deserves credit for its political acumen, for spearheading gun education initiatives and for introducing the "other side" in the gun control debate.
From the Paper
"Not to be overlooked, the NRA is not afraid to play "hard-ball" as its punitive campaign against House Republican Peter P. Smith a number of years ago makes clear; in fact, the NRA - by as early as the late 1980s - was well-known on Capitol Hill for its ambitious mass-mailing programs and for its ability to mobilize its membership (and presumably sympathetic private citizens, as well) to "flood" representatives with letter and mailgrams. In addition to the tactics discussed above, the NRA has become well-known for distributing copies of videotape outlining its position on controversial issues ..."
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Machiavelli's "The Prince", 2008.
This paper discusses how Niccolo di Bernardo Machiavelli's political thinking was profoundly shaped by lessons of history.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at Machiavelli's "The Prince" and his controversial political teachings that a wise prince should not feel himself bound by morals but should consider the needs of the state. The paper discusses how Machiavelli draws lessons from classical and recent history that are always filtered through his real-world experience. The paper maintains that it is this grounding in real-world historical examples that distinguishes Machiavelli's political guides from that of earlier theorists and supports the continuing validity of his work even in the present day.
From the Paper
"In contrast to earlier political philosophers such as Plato or Aristotle, whose political theories are primarily based upon logical argument with "real-world" political illustrations and applications being secondary, Machiavelli's political thinking was profoundly shaped by the lessons of history as filtered through the contemporary political events of his own time. For example, the political battles and intrigues of the Medici family, who dominated Florence through much of Machiavelli's youth, gave him insights into both successful and flawed political strategic thinking. In Machiavelli's The Prince and The Discourses he explores how past and present political events can be viewed as examples that illustrate general political rules or maxims which can guide a leader or prince in political action (Bondanella and Musa 1979). As modern scholars note, this characteristic of Machiavelli's work distinguishes him from earlier philosophers, and grounds his political theory in real-world experience."
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The Separation of Powers, 2008.
This paper illustrates the importance of the separation of powers in British law.
1,782 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the doctrine of separation of powers that requires that each branch of the government not encroach on the domain of the other. The paper compares the British Constitution to the American Constitution. The paper then looks at the establishment of the Gun Courts in Jamaica and the Home Secretary's decision to enforce a greater sentence on the young murderers of James Bulger and explains how these rulings were inconsistent with the separation of powers. The paper shows how when the public outcry is at its height, decisions are taken that override the separation of powers and place the rights of the individual at risk.
From the Paper
"The British system has both the judiciary and the legislature creating the law, it is equally difficult to see the separation of power. Starting from the Lord Diplock's statement on separation powers and its firm root in the history of the British constitution, the history of its evolution begins in the mid 5th century. (Knappen p. 3) The study of the development of the constitution is as much a study of the history of the British Isles as it is a legal review. The British constitution is a reflection of the history of the British people. There have been many attempts to have a constitutional convention and produce a single written document, but the constitution is in essence rewritten every time Parliament passes a new piece of legislation. The sovereignty of Parliament has always remained paramount in the establishment of a separation of powers."
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