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Black Holes, 2002.
This paper discusses in depth the reality of black holes.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper describes in depth test results and discoveries on black holes and whether or not they do exist. Special emphasis is placed on a discussion of Cygnus X-1.
From the Paper
"The only ways that we can detect black holes are to see the bending of light, or to examine the waves that they put off. The first thing discovered was a X-ray source in the constellation of Cygnus. This was then called Cygnus X-1 for its first X-ray source. No one knew for sure where this was coming from because X-ray telescopes cannot give that precise of a location. Later, in the spring of 1972 a new unexplained radio source was found in the same general area as Cygnus X-1. They identified this as an optical star known only by its classification number HDE226868. While we were finding this, the X-ray source for Cygnus X-1 showed up once again. They examined the data between these two objects, and made the conclusion that they were related. Most likely as a binary pair, with the star, and the unknown object, Cygnus X-1, orbiting around each other (DeGennaro). A binary pair is a pair of stars that orbit around each other, in this case one is a black hole, and the star orbits around it. As it orbits the immense gravity from the black hole strips gas from the normal star. As it falls it is moving at such a speed that the friction causes it to heat up to several million degrees, and this heat then causes the x-rays (McClintock)."
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Disaster at Three Mile Island, 2000.
A report on how nuclear reactors work, what kinds there are and what happened at Three Mile Island.
3,245 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 125.95
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Abstract
This report investigates the effects of the nuclear reaction accident at Three Mile Island. It includes a chronology, a detailed description of the after affects, and highlights ways to prevent future disasters such as Three Mile Island. The author also examines the process that nuclear reactors use to harness nuclear energy, and describes the many types of reactors out there.
From the Paper
"Three Mile Island? To many, those three words are associated with other words like ?nuclear meltdown?, ?radioactive release?, and ?damaged environment.? Many people know very little about how a nuclear reactor works, what kinds of nuclear reactors there are, exactly what happened at Three Mile Island, and how many dangers could have been prevented. The truths behind these ideas, and facts to back them up are all apparent in this paper."
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Lasers: A Detailed History and Description, 2001.
Details the history and components of the laser.
1,302 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper contains information about the construction and parts of a common laser. The paper also provides a detailed description of how the laser works and discusses some of the dangers and negative aspects of lasers. The paper also covers the different uses of the laser such as leisure use, business use, and home use. Lastly, future possibilities for the laser and how it can still benefit society with uses not yet explored are discussed.
From the Paper
" Lasers are high intensity beams of light emitted from a unit consisting of a flash bulb, a ruby, and opposing mirrors. Theodore Maiman first introduced these extremely strong light beams to the world in 1960. The beam emitted by the laser is very intense and can be damaging or harmful. Although harmful, lasers are also very useful tools for a wide array of tasks. Lasers are used for everything from eye surgery to leveling a ceiling. Lasers are an innovation that has withstood the test of time with people finding new and creative uses for this spectacular invention."
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Nuclear Reactors and Energy, 1998.
An examination of the process by which nuclear reactors produce energy.
3,015 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how a nuclear reactor produces energy. The paper includes a discussion of fission, radioactivity, types of reactors and how they produce electricity.
From the Paper
"All modern nuclear reactors operate on the principal of nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom is split when it absorbs a free neutron after a collision occurs between the atom and the neutron. Splitting the nucleus of the atom releases large amounts of nuclear energy contained within the nucleus. Once the nucleus of the atom is split, multiple neutrons are released which are used to split nuclei of other atoms, causing what is known as a chain reaction. The chain reaction will continue as long as an average of one neutron per fission is absorbed by a nucleus. By harnessing and manipulating the energy that is released, other types of energy can be obtained. The power developed by nuclear fission has been used by man to create, as in the driving of an electric generator and for propulsion, as well as destroy, as in the release of atomic explosion. Whereas the fission in a nuclear reactor is precisely controlled to prevent a nuclear meltdown, the fission in an atomic explosion is not controlled and the shock wave produced by the splitting atom and its resulting chain reaction is equal to several thousand tons of TNT."
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The Origin of the Universe, 2001.
An in depth look at several evolutionary theories and their relevance.
4,000 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 145.95
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Abstract
An article about various theories which describe the origin of the universe. The author investigates each theory: steady state theory, geometric theory, small bang theory and big bang theory and provides a personal opinion about the relevance of each.
From the Paper
"Since the dawn of intelligent man, humanity has speculated about the origins of the universe. There is evidence, which indicates that the universe started around 15 billion years ago. This is probably the greatest discovery imaginable; however, the universe still seems to be a very controversial subject. Most scientists agree that there was a beginning but there is a lot of speculation of how it (the universe) actually started. The much-celebrated Greek philosopher, Aristotle, denied the fact that there ever was a beginning. He and his associates believed in the eternal existence of the universe, they also tried to prove that the universe was static, and was unchanging in time. However, there is evidence, which suggests that the universe is changing with time."
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Quantum Mechanic Theory of the Atom, 1999.
A detailed explanation of the basic principles of the Quantum Mechanic Theory of the atom.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This essay explains the basis of Quantum Mechanic Theory of the atom, which describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. The author examines this theory and provides a detailed analysis of it.
From the Paper
"The Quantum Mechanics Theory describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. Quantum Mechanics is also referred to as Wave Mechanics. The theory of quantum mechanics tells us that in the atom, electron waves are standing waves. This theory was devised by Max Planck in 1901. He stated that light is emitted by the atoms of a luminous body in separate packets or bundles of energy called quanta or photons. One or more of the electrons revolving about the nucleus of an atom can be made to jump from one orbit to another. As they do so one or more photons are emitted. This energy radiates from the luminous body as electromagnetic waves. The energy content of a photon determines the length and frequency of the wave. Wave mechanics views the probability of finding an electron at a given point in space."
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Lighting and Solar Energy, 2000.
This essay discusses the invention of the light bulb and solar power.
2,639 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two distinct inventions: light bulbs and solar energy. First it discusses the incandescent light bulb and its inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, and explore the differences between incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs. Then the long history and increasing importance of solar power and its modern applications are discussed.
From the Paper
"On December 31st, 1879, after years of work and many experiments, Thomas Alva Edison gave the first demonstration of the incandescent light bulb at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He was assisted in his invention by Francis Upton, a Princeton Graduate who supplied the mathematical and theoretical expertise that Edison lacked. This invention established Edison?s reputation as the world?s greatest inventor. Before his invention, electric arc lighting was used to produce light. In this lighting system, lights were connected in a series circuit, so if one failed, the rest of the bulbs on the circuit also failed. (First Public Demonstration?)
Edison was able to spend so much time and money on the invention of the light bulb because of his reputation as an inventor. He had the support of financiers such as J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts. They established the Edison Light Company and loaned Edison $30,000 for research and development. (First Public Demonstration?)"
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Terminal Ballistics:The Study of Firing of Projectiles, 2000.
A detailed discussion of certain aspects of terminal ballistics with special reference to impacts on the human body.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper defines types of ballistics and goes into depth on terminal ballistics, velocity, and one-stop shots. The author discusses the effects and actions of the projectile upon impact of a target specifically the human body. What happens when a bullet strikes human flesh? Dismisses several theories in the field using FBI research.
From the Paper
"The study of the firing of projectiles, their flight and how they strike a target is called ballistics. There are several categories of ballistics including internal ballistics, external or exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Internal ballistics is concerned with the behavior of the bullet or projectile from the moment it is fired until it leaves the gun barrel. Exterior ballistics deals with the flight of a projectile after it leaves the barrel. One major effect of the bullet?s flight is the pull of gravity, which causes the bullet to immediately drop after leaving the barrel and fly on a parabolic path. Terminal ballistics however, is concerned with when the bullet hits a target and the effects produced by that bullet."
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Electromagnetic Fields and their Effects on Health, 2000.
A look at current issues in toxicology such as EMF's and their effects on human health.
2,160 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
An in depth look at electromagnetic fields and their effects on health aspects such as breast cancer, leukemia, tumors and increase in hormone levels. The author argues that no clear evidence shows that EMF's do cause human health defects, yet many studies have proved to be inconclusive making EMF's potential harmful products that need further investigation.
From the Paper
"Electromagnetic fields, or EMF's, are invisible lines of force that surround all electronic devices and wiring. Researchers have explored the question of whether low- frequency electromagnetic fields can cause breast cancer, among other types of cancer, for roughly two decades now. Numerous studies have been conducted attempting to discover a link between EMF's and breast cancer, but most have been inconclusive(Rembert, 1997). They have neither come up with solid support for the hypothesis that EMF's cause breast cancer, nor managed to put it to rest(Taubes, 1997). There is no conclusive scientific evidence at this time showing a direct link between EMF's and breast cancer."
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Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Influence on Physics, 1997.
1,390 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the life of Sir Issac Newton and the points of his life that brought forth his great advances in the realm of physics and mathematics.
From the Paper
"As a child Sir Isaac Newton took little interest in what was being taught to his classmates (Bixby 90). Instead, he found ways to fulfill his desire to learn. He marked where the shadows fell in his yard in order to keep time, thus producing his sundial (Rattansi 12). His interest in rushing water inspired Newton to build a windmill. He created the first horseless carriage. In addition to the pursuit of his numerous boyhood interests, Newton spent time with his landlord as the apothecary and concocted remedies for the illnesses of the locals (Christianson 16)."
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The Carnot Cycle, 2000.
A look at the historical development of the Carnot Cycle.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the theory behind the carnot cycle. It also goes through the influence of Nicholas-Leonard-Sadi Carnot, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), and Rudolf Clausius. The paper includes pictures and diagrams as supplements to the text.
From the Paper
"All of the heat input is supplied at a single high temperature and all the heat output is rejected at a single lower temperature. The Carnot cycle is completely reversible since there are no ?one way? processes such as explosions or throttling actions. The isothermal and adiabatic processes of the Carnot cycle are idealizations of actual processes. The direction of either process may be reversed by only a slight change in the external pressure. In addition, there is no friction present and the working substance is always extremely close to equilibrium."
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The Life and Work of Marie Curie, 2000.
A look at her life and impact in the fields of physics and chemistry.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper is a biography of Marie Curie's life, as well as her work and impact in the fields of physics and chemistry. It also pays particular notice to radioactivity. The paper is based on the strong theme that ?nothing in life is to be feared, only understood,? a quote attributed to Marie Curie herself.
From the Paper
"Marie?s childhood was not a perfect one by any means. She was the fifth child in her family, and soon after she was born, both of her parents lost their jobs as teachers. Despite losing their jobs, Marie?s parents still managed to instill into their daughter the value of education, and had taught her to read by age 4. Her parents also instilled in Marie a sense of duty. This, combined with the family?s economic circumstances lead Marie to lead ?the most Spartan of lives.? [?Marie Curie?, Minist?re des Affaires ?trang?res de la R?publique Fran?aise, 1.] Marie?s childhood continued to be harsh, as she had to deal with the deaths of both her mother, and one of her sisters by age 11. This only served to create a sense of ?agnosticism that would later bolster her faith in science,? [?Marie Curie?, Minist?re des Affaires ?trang?res de la R?publique Fran?aise, 1.] however. Despite the many setbacks that seemed to litter her childhood, Marie persevered. In spite of the long hours she spent helping cook meals for the boarders that her family had taken in, at age 15, Marie won a medal for excellence at her high school, where the examinations where administered in Russian. She dreamed of someday becoming a scientist?something that was not socially-acceptable for women to do in Poland in the 1880?s."
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An Explanation of the Principles and Uses of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, 2001.
A look at the many advantages of this technique, and in what applications it can be used.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 96.95
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From the Paper
"Although the properties of supercritical fluids were know, it was not until 1958 when Lovelock suggested that a supercritical fluid can be used as a mobile phase in chromatography. Now, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is widely used in extraction, fraction, and chromatography. SFC has many advantages over other chromatography methods. It allows one to separate many substances that cannot be analyzed by gas chromatography. Its applicability is limited by volatility and thermal properties of many organic compounds. Although less volatile compounds can be analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, very long analysis time and very small column diameters are needed in order to achieve good separations due to the limitations of solute diffusion in the mobile phase. SFC is able to overcome these difficulties and allows high-resolution separation at low temperatures with short analysis times."
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The Life and Work of Physicist James Clerk Maxwell, 2001.
A biography of Maxwell, the physicist who created the modern theory of electromagnetism.
2,265 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 94.95
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From the Paper
"If someone were to mention the names of Albert Einstein, Benjamin Franklin, or Thomas Edison you would automatically think of them as great leaders and ingenious inventers. Their names are quit familiar through out our society due to their accomplishments in the past. Certainly, if I threw out the name of James Clerk Maxwell, some people would sit there and ponder whether or not the name sounds familiar to them. James Maxwell should be known and acknowledged just like the people I mentioned earlier. James Clerk Maxwell is one of the many inventors, who?s contributions in science and math, has changed the way the world works in the 21st century."
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Waves Versus Particles: Scientific Theories of Light, 2000.
A look at the evidence supporting the theory of light as a particle as opposed to the evidence in favor of the wave theory of light.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the two competing theories of light. The first part of the paper details the evidence supporting the theory of light as a particle, including both the most prominent scientists and the most conclusive mathematical data (Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, etc.); the second part lists the evidence in favor of the wave theory of light, including prominent supporters and the most concrete scientific evidence (Young?s double-slit experiment, Clark Maxwell?s mathematical equations). The paper concludes by detailing the newest theory to encompass both the particle and wave theories.
Particle Theory
Einstein
Isaac Newton
Scientific Evidence
Photoelectric Effect
Compton Effect
Wave Theory
Huygens
Scientific Evidence
Young?s Double-slit Experiment
Maxwell Clark?s Mathematical Equations
The Dual Nature of Light
From the Paper
"If it is part of the material world, it is certainly, by dint of its surpassing subtlety, the part that is closest to the spirit, said Johannes Kepler in his description of light (Holt, 1). As elusive and mystical as the Almighty, light has been a companion, rivaled only by oxygen, to mankind since men first trod upon the earth, an eternal, comforting friend. It terrified and was deified by the men and women of religion; it fascinated and frustrated the theorists, the scientists, and countless cracks; and yet for both it offered an enigma to be solved, a question worthy of an answer. Thus, from the foothills of Classical Greece to the stone castles of Italy and Germany, humanity found itself hounded by a question seemingly so basic: What is light? This question remains only marginally answered at the end of this century, three millennia after the Greeks first hypothesized about the subject. Although centuries upon centuries of labor and experiments have led to millions of dusty binders and folders, only two camps ever gained the blessings of science in a quest for a solution: those who believed light to be a particle and those who believed it to be a wave. "
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A Rolling Sphere and the Kinematics of Constant Acceleration, 2000.
A detailed outline of a scientific experiment designed to show that the kinematics of constant acceleration are valid when applied to a rolling sphere.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This experiment investigates the relationship of the horizontal displacement of a metal sphere, descending from an inclined plane falling through a vertical distance. With the speed of a metal sphere V0x, and the height of the ramp y, we can find the horizontal distance squared X?.
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