| Papers [161-176] of 446 :: [Page 11 of 28] | | Go to page : <— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 —> | |
|
|
Skin Color, 2009.
Investigates if sunlight is a factor in the geographical distribution of skin color.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at how the the ozone, skin structure and sunburns affect complexion and pigmentation. A complex description of skin color based on the analysis of reflected light is presented in the paper. The writer warns that maps of geographical distribution of skin color should be interpreted with caution.
From the Paper
"Sunburn ranges from mild discoloration to extreme blistering, depending on the time length and circumstances of exposure of UV light, and also the racial and individual characteristics of the person should be taken into consideration. The three basic responses are erythema, hyperplasia, and tanning. Erythema, the reddening of the skin, tends to appears a short time after a mild dose of erythemal sunlight and eventually fades away. The redden results from dilation of blood vessels in the dermis, which are reached by very little UV light."
| |
|
Energy Policy in the United States, 2009.
This paper discusses electrical demand in the United States and its effect on energy policies.
1,292 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the need for an energy policy in the US that would encompass energy needs for both automotive and residential use.
The paper reveals that the United States,however, currently lacks a comprehensive long-term energy policy that will accommodate future needs. The paper specifically focuses on electrical demand in the United States which comes primarily from coal fired and nuclear plants with wind and solar and water energy providing a small percentage of the power the U.S. consumes.
From the Paper
"As energy needs in the United States grow at an exponential rate our energy policy and infrastructure need to be reviewed and reformed to accommodate the future. We will face many challenges due to an increasing energy demand and an aging electrical generation infrastructure. The first energy policies in the United States focused on burning wood for heating, later coal, and finally petroleum. The United States currently lacks comprehensive long-term energy although three Energy Policy Acts have been passed, in 1992, 2005, and 2007. These acts include provisions for conservation, such as the Energy Star program and grants and tax incentives alternative energies but lack any outline for future growth in the energy sector. Much of today's regulation is on the state level."
| |
|
Forging Apocalypse, 2009.
Looks at literature and science to evaluate if humans are forging an apocalypse.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that humanity's ability to control its environment and the creatures within it gave it the chance to create civilization and culture; however, man's technological advances may be the cause of its downfall or apocalypse. To find support for this premise, the author reviews Philip K. Dick's novel, "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". The paper argues that AI (Artificial Intelligence), robotics, nanotechnology and nanomedicine may be the next step towards progress; however, the author concludes that the future is still blurry.
From the Paper
"People have already started to create self-replicating programs used to wreak havoc on our computer networks called computer viruses. A computer virus is a program that can replicate itself from file to file, alter programs, and even steal information. The "Pakastani Brain" virus, discovered in 1986 is believed to be the first computer virus. Although computer viruses are fabricated, they do possess many of the criteria we use to classify living organisms: self-reproduction, information storage for reproduction, metabolism, functional interaction with its environment."
| |
|
Energy Harvesting from Human Locomotion, 2008.
A look at harvesting energy from human locomotion.
1,748 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This research paper discusses the possibility of capitalizing on the wasted power of human locomotion by harvesting energy from it. The scientific principle behind energy harvesting devices is explained; with the use of piezoelectric materials, which can be crystals, ceramics, and polymers, an electrical potential is generated when mechanical force is applied. The author goes on to introduce some of these energy harvesting devices such as knee braces and wearable backpacks before discussing the pros and cons of each device. The paper concludes that although small human locomotion-powered generators are not yet ready for the mainstream with furthering advances in materials, design, and electronics we may all someday be generating power as we walk. This paper includes figures.
From the Paper
"A third approach for mounting generators on people comes in the form of a wearable backpack. This device would use the constant up-and-down motion of a person walking to drive an electromagnetic generator. A weight inside the backpack is suspended on springs and oscillates with each step. This detail of operation reveals another benefit of a backpack-style generator: as the weight is suspended on springs it doesn't travel completely with the body as a fixed weight would. Instead the weight only travels a portion of the distance of the backpack, meaning that it is not necessary for the wearer to lift it as high as normal with each step."
| |
|
Protection From Radiation, 2008.
This paper looks at health and safety regulations that protect the public from radiation exposure.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses the radiological health program (RHP) that has been mandated to control the uses of radiation and to protect the public's health and safety and the environment from accidental and avoidable radiation exposure. The paper also examines the response to the Chernobyl accident and the ensuing establishment of the international nuclear safety program (INSP) and highlights the advancements that have been made in the technology of nuclear safety.
From the Paper
"Health is a key factor in the scope of any kind of nuclear services or work. Many steps are taken to ensure that each individual is protected as much as possible when involved in dealing with any type of radiation. A program called The Radiological Health Program has been established to set guidelines and regulations that protect the public and keep all involved safe.
"The Radiological Health Program (RHP) has been mandated to control the uses of radiation and to protect the publics' health and safety and the environment from accidental and avoidable radiation exposure. This has been accomplished through the registration of radiation (x-ray) machines, licensing of radioactive materials, inspections, and enforcement actions, to ensure total regulatory compliance."
| |
|
Remote Sensing, 2008.
A look at the many applications of remote sensing, including the areas of agriculture, forestry, and urban development.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 116.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the history and uses of remote sensing. The paper specifically focuses on how remote sensing is used in agricultural applications from row crop to forage management, but also discusses its application in the fields of forestry and urban development. The paper looks at how remote sensing can be an invaluable resource for many business and professionals and how it has become a large part in how many people conduct their business. The paper concludes that remote sensing technology has evolved greatly over the last 30 years since the launching of the first space remote sensing satellite. One would believe that in the future, there will be many more advances and applications of this highly advanced technology to improve our knowledge of the earth. Several color images are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Applications of Remote Sensing in Field Crops
Remote Sensing in Other Applications
From the Paper
"Remote sensing can be very useful for many applications. It provides a unique perspective of from which to observe large regions. Remote sensors can measure energy at wave lengths which are beyond the range of human vision. (ex., microwave, ultra-violet, and infrared wave lengths.) This energy, called electromagnetic radiation, is emitted in waves that are able to transmit energy from one place to another. For example, this paper, plants, animals and air are reflecting and emitting a wide range of electromagnetic waves. Remote sensing is possible from nearly any site on earth."
| |
|
Carl Sagan, 2008.
A review of one of the most famous scientists of all time, Carl Sagan.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses how Carl Sagan revolutionized how the world looked at space and the search for intelligent life beyond our planet. The paper talks about Sagan's popular PBS television series "Cosmos" and his novel "Billions and Billions", specifically focusing on the chapters on abortion, religion and science.
From the Paper
"Born in 1934, Sagan grew up in a working-class Jewish neighborhood of New York and attended urban public schools in New York and New Jersey. The University of Chicago provided him scholarship support when he entered in 1951, and he continued there for graduate work, receiving his doctorate in astronomy in 1960. After two years as a postdoctoral in biology at Berkeley and Stanford, he joined the Harvard College astronomy faculty as Assistant Professor until 1968 and then moved to Cornell University to become Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary studies."
| |
|
Ion Mobility Spectrometry, 2008.
An analysis of the use of ion mobility spectrometry in the detection of explosives.
1,928 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is one of the most widely used and most promising of the methods available for the detection and identification of explosives today. It looks at how two independent principles and the foundations of this technique are that ions can be created at ambient pressure from radioactive materials and how these gas phase ions can be characterized rapidly for mobility in weak electric fields. Several diagrams are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
How it Works
Instrumentation
Sample Introduction
Ion Formation
From the Paper
"The electric field is established via a voltage divider and a series of conducting rings stacked between the ion shutter and the detector. In the drift region, there is a drift gas at constant pressure, which may be between 1 Torr and atmospheric pressure depending on the configuration of the IMS instrument. The ions experience a number of collisions as they pass through the buffer gas. These collisions hinder the ions progress to the detector. Larger ions move slower through the drift tube due to greater collision cross sections causing more collisions. Smaller ions, on the other hand, move faster as their collision cross section is smaller and therefore they encounter fewer collisions. This explains how the separation via shape and size is possible."
| |
|
Nuclear Energy, 2006.
An argument in favor of using nuclear energy.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper argues that the disadvantages associated with nuclear energy are not as great as some of the disadvantages of other forms of energy. Specifialy, the paper argues that nuclear power provides much economic growth and does not degrade the environment unless, of course, an accident of some sort, such as Three Mile Island in 1979, were to occur. The paper further argues that nuclear power is obviously a very sustainable source for the generation of electricity.
From the Paper
"In the early 1970s, the cost of a two-unit nuclear plant was about $1 billion, due to the great amount of materials needed for construction. For example, at one plant in the mid-1970's, 270,000 cubic yards of concrete, 17,000 tons of reinforcement bars, 11,000 tons of steel, 250,000 linear feet of large boring pipe, 240,000 feet of small boring pipe and 6,700,000 feet of cable was needed for construction. Presently, the cost has skyrocketed, due to inflation and the increased price of materials."
| |
|
Solar Cell Manufacturing Process, 2008.
An analysis of the steps involved in the process of solar cell manufacturing.
968 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the process of solar cell manufacturing and looks at each step of the process in detail. The paper describes the processing stages of chlorine-free polysilicon production and describes the purity requirements for the silicon used in solar cells. The paper also briefly looks at the changes in the solar cell manufacturing industry over the past few years.
From the Paper
"The very last step of manufacturing a solar cell is adding the electrodes (electrical contacts) and interconnection strips. Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another, creating a solar panel, and then to the receiver of the produced current. The contacts must be very thin (at least in the front) so as not to block sunlight to the cell. Metals such as silver, nickel, or copper are vacuum-evaporated through either a photo-resister, silkscreen, or they can be deposited on the exposed portion of cells that have been partially covered with wax. All three methods involve a system where the part of the cell on which a contact is not desired is protected, while the rest of the cell is exposed to the metal. And finally, the interconnection strips are soldered into place. Flux is applied to cell interconnection strips before soldering to act as a deoxidizer. It ensures better adhesion between the solder and solar cells. This provides positive contact for an electrical current and greatly lowers the probability of the current shorting out. After applying the solder and flux, the cell surfaces need to be cleaned with a chlorofluorocarbon compound."
| |
|
The Meaning of Life, 2008.
A discussion of the different views of the meaning of life.
764 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the different views--scientific, philosophical, religious--on how to tackle and how to best answer questions regarding the meaning of life. The paper explains that science contends that the meaning of life is centered on the origin of life, both in terms of biological life and the universe itself. The paper then points out that, it is uncertain whether science can really tell us what is most significant in life in a philosophical sense. The paper also looks at how the meaning of life is said to be the question which was at the very heart of the classical moral philosophy initiated by Socrates. The writer believes that the only important thing is that you live your life in a way that you don't have regrets or you don't step on other people's feelings or rights.
From the Paper
"Another philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard, argued that life is full of absurdity and the individual must make his or her own values in an indifferent world. For Kierkegaard, an individual can have a meaningful life if the individual relates the self in an unconditional commitment to something finite, and devotes his or her life to the commitment despite the inherent vulnerability of doing so.
"These are but instances of how different people give different answers to the most-asked question about life. There are a million other contentions and concepts, may they be philosophical, religious or scientific in nature. These contentions and ideas depend on how one's beliefs are patterned or how one's experiences have shaped this belief system, or, maybe, his or her set of goals."
| |
|
Film: "Daredevil", 2008.
This paper uses the powers of the blind superhero, Daredevil, from Mark Steven Johnson's 2003 film "Daredevil", to explain the Doppler effect.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that, in order to battle effectively criminal scum in Hell's Kitchen, blind superhero Daredevil, from the film "Daredevil", must use the Doppler effect to dodge bullets and to envision his surroundings. The author points out that a radioactive accident left Daredevil blind as a child but intensely amplified his remaining four senses. The paper relates that, to understand how Daredevil uses the Doppler effect, the viewer must know that sound waves are the result of vibrating particles in any material. The author continues that the Doppler effect is the frequency change of a moving sound source. The paper describes two instances, in the film, where Daredevil knew where the bullet was without seeing it by using the Doppler effect.
From the Paper
"Daredevil uses sonar by listening to the water droplets echo from hitting the ground around him as it reflects or bounces off an object. He can envision his surroundings by establishing that the longer it takes for the echo of the water droplet to come back, the further away the object is. Recall that when he uses the Doppler Effect he learns if the object is moving toward or away from him. With his super hearing abilities, he can tell if the object that the sound waves are bouncing off of is as small as a grain of rice or as big as a truck."
| |
|
Physics of Batman, 2008.
A discussion of the physics involved in the 1989 Movie "Batman".
1,179 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 52.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the physics of the survival techniques of the superhero Batman, by using a scene from the 1989 self titled movie : "Batman" as an example. The paper explains how the film reveals that Batman must have super human strength to be able to survive a fatal crash with such a corresponding large force unharmed. The paper discusses how the plane's mass, changing velocity, and force would kill a normal person and how Batman must have super-strength to survive such a crash. The paper then shows how the physics displayed in the movie were the concepts of force, impulse, and momentum and were accurately illustrated and correctly represented.
From the Paper
"In the unfortunate event that a plane happens to crash, the crash is almost always fatal. Why is this? The answer lies in the physics of the crash, particularly impulse and momentum. Momentum can be defined as the product of an object's mass and its speed. The definition of an impulse is force multiplied by time (Kakalios 49). So the equation is Force x Time = Mass x Velocity. This equation states that a change in momentum is caused by a force applied over time. Objects with larger momentum are harder to stop than objects with a smaller momentum. This is because a momentum change over a long period of time will result in a small force to stop an object while a momentum change over a short period of time will result in a large force to stop an object."
| |
|
"Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina", 2006.
A critical analysis of the "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina" by Galileo.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how, in his letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, Galileo argues that explanations of physical phenomena are not matters of faith. It discusses how he consistently attacks his opponents and counters their arguments on the basis of two flaws, while defending his own work and the place of science in society. By constantly emphasizing the significance of the Bible and his own devout nature, the papers attempts to show how Galileo's clear arguments succeed in proving how the domains of religion and science can be balanced without demeaning one or the other.
From the Paper
"Galileo upholds and supports the significance of his scientific work and of science in general, not by humbling religion but by refuting the beliefs of those associated with it. In turn, he accuses them of wrongdoing in the name of Catholicism. By attributing this as the sole reason for any discrepancy between science and religion, he begins to attack his opponents. He does so in a very direct and precise way. First, he makes it clear that many of his opponents are ignorant of the current scientific developments, even those that are compatible with Catholic doctrine. The fact that Galileo had supporters from the Church proves that even the controversial points could be studied, as long as their legitimacy was not openly acknowledged. This justifies Galileo in accusing his adversaries of a complete lack of knowledge and understanding of science. "
| |
|
Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006.
This paper defines and analyses gamma-ray bursts.
1,316 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that about once a day, somewhere in the universe a burst of gamma rays appears as if out of nowhere. It lasts a very short time, no more than a few seconds, and then disappears. The writer points out that during the event, the level of radiation from the gamma-ray bursts is so high that it overwhelms any other gamma rays coming from other cosmic sources. It has also been observed that most gamma-ray bursts have an afterglow in the x-ray, and sometimes even optical, wavelengths ranges. The writer maintains that the research into gamma-ray bursts will continue until their nature is finally understood. The writer concludes that while this research goes on, the accumulated information and the intermediate hypotheses are already helping astronomers and cosmologists to better understand the universe, particularly the time when it was just beginning to form.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Research Goals
History
Analysis
Future Research
From the Paper
"Despite the inconsistent nature of these bursts, some patterns have been identified. One prominent distinction is between long and short bursts, those over 2 seconds and those less than that. Analysis of almost 2,000 gamma-ray bursts recorded by the BATSE device on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory between 1991 and 2000 showed that each falls into one of two groups: the short bursts have closely-spaced high-energy photons; the long bursts' photons appear to have lower energy and are more widely spaced.
"Another pattern that was discovered is related to the degrees of brightening and fading that the bursts exhibit over time in various channels of the measured energy spectra over the life of the burst. This analysis showed that different bursts release their gamma rays at different rates in different energy spectra When plotted, these variations manifested themselves as 5 distinct patterns: flat, crescent (or double-crescent), loop, lobe and island."
| |
|
The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2008.
A analysis of the political, sociological and physical implications of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the events prior to the explosion of the atomic bombs over Japan at the end of World War II. The paper discusses these events in political, sociological and physical terms and then describes the actual bombing of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Lastly, the paper discusses the American public's thoughts about the bombing and briefly looks at today's world of nuclear warfare.
From the Paper
"In terms of peace, the United States forced Japan into more negotiations as we saw in the Potsdam Conference and brought about the end of the war. Had we not used the atomic bomb, the cost of the war, the numbers of deaths on both sides, and destruction could have been considerably worse if we tried to invade Japan. Therefore, this was the best possible solution once the U.S. warned Japan over and over again, through different means of communication what they would bring about if they did not end the war on our respectable terms. The atomic bomb was not essential to ending the war and keeping U.S. causalities to a minimum but was justifiable in terms of world peace. Many weapons of killing were brought into action during this time and few soldiers would deny that they would have to justify it. It was the mere fact that the U.S. physicists learned how to split the atom, and store the energy into a bomb. The Nazi's in Germany would use a bomb like this on us and more than likely so would the Japanese if they discovered these scientific advancements. We did not have a major motive to enter World War II until after Pearl Harbor. This heightened production in the economy, unity as a nation, mobilization and developments in science. Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were justifiable if they were strictly military targets. Japan declared war on the U.S. after the attack on Pearl Harbor which was not a formal declaration. If we were at war with Japan, we would have been prepared and ready for an attack, that however, was not their intent as they surprised our nation."
|
|
|
