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Adam Smith, 2008.
This paper outlines the philosophies of Adam Smith, the economic and political visionary.
873 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper explains Adam Smith's background and his moral and economic philosophy. The paper looks at how Smith perceives the nature of work and the relationship between working people and society at large.
Outline:
Background and History
Smith's Moral Philosophy
Adam Smith's Economic Philosophy:
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Adam Smith (1723-1790), was a professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University and a visionary economic political theorist who pioneered a capitalist theory that was to become known as laissez fair economics. His most influential written works were An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which he authored in 1776, fittingly, the same year as the birth of the United States, where his approach to economics was to be embraced and implemented more extensively than any other nation."
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An Analysis of Biblical Terms Used for Counseling, 2008.
A research paper examining the debate over secular, as opposed to religious, approaches to counseling.
4,744 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, AU$ 175.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses examples of Biblical terms and their relationship to modern counseling concepts and terminology. The paper also takes into account the secular- religious debate. The central thesis that is explored in the paper is that Biblical terms can not only provide a useful tool for counseling in a social and cultural contact but that a study of these terms extends the understanding of counseling concepts and widens and enriches the area of discussion, research and application.
Outline:
Introduction
Research Methodology
Analysis
Healing
Discussion
Correlation with the terms wisdom and communication
Counsel
Discussion
Help
Summation and Conclusion
From the Paper
"However a slightly different emphasis which relates to modern counseling is found in Isaiah 40:31. "Yet those who wait for the LORD Will gain new strength; They will mount up with wings like eagles, They will run and not get tired, They will walk and not become weary" . This refers to the enhancement of the ability to help others through the strength and wisdom provide by God. This aspect is more directly referred to in Romans 16 "That ye receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself also. This tendency towards helping others is dependent on God and the physical and spiritual assistance an insight that He provides.
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Helen Longino, 2008.
A discussion on Helen Longino's essay "Subjects, Power, and Knowledge: Description and Prescription in Feminist Philosophies of Science."
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper states that Helen Longino's essay "Subjects, Power, and Knowledge: Description and Prescription in Feminist Philosophies of Science" draws upon the distinctions and tensions between the normative and descriptive traditions in the theory of knowledge, trying to integrate and examine the way in which the feminist accounts of science have impacted the theory of knowledge acquisition. The paper explains that Longino's focus is mainly on the epistemology of science. The paper also states that in Longino's opinion the identification of nature as female and the scientific mind as male, and the privileging of explanatory models of control over those constructed around relations of interdependence may question the validity of the scientific method itself.
From the Paper
"The nature of the relationship between observation, data, and theory, which represent scientific discourse have been considered arguments against unconditioned subjectivity and empiricism. The arguments rely on the fact that if the scientific knower is considered an individual who should be freed from external influences in order to produce acceptable knowledge the puzzles introduced by observation and certain evidential relations will remain unsolved."
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Dostoevsky, Science and Free Will, 2008.
This paper discusses the beliefs of Fyodor Dostoevsky concerning science and free will.
1,724 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Notes from the Underground" and his concern that if science is used as the only tool to discover meaning and lay blame, then human emotion and free will will no longer exist. The paper explains how Dostoevsky worries about the loss of responsibility for one's actions, which would eventually allows people to legitimately act with cruelty. The paper also shows how his words foreshadow the times that would come, when the German "scientific" culture would convince millions to take the lives of innocents in WWII.
From the Paper
"Dostoevsky, lived in a time when science and new ideas were coveted all over the world, but when his homeland Russia oppressed it with zeal. Bureaucracy and administration censored new findings and ideas with a vengeance so great even great literary minds such as Dostoevsky would spend some time in exile in Siberia as a result of "subversive" wittings and political affiliations. Though Dostoevsky was initially sentenced to death, with several of his affiliation members, his sentence was commuted to four years of exile in Siberia, only after he and his fellow liberals were standing outside for some time awaiting execution. (Dostoevsky vii)"
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Environmental Determinism and Probabilism, 2008.
Defines the theories of environmental determinism and probalilism and their application to understanding mankind.
1,390 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that environmental probabilism states that almost all or any behaviors may be probable within one or in any environment; whereas, determinism states that it is the physical environment and not social conditions, which shape a person's character and behaviors. The author points out that the concept environmental probabilism has emerged as a direct result of reactions to the supposed shortcomings and inadequacies of environmental determinism. Although these environmental theories today are being used in anthropological research to better understand the exact role human beings play in nature, the paper concludes that hopefully more theories related to these theories will emerge soon, which will explain human behavior in a more succinct and terse manner.
From the Paper
"Reportedly, Winston Churchill made the statement that a human being shapes a building, and thereafter, the building shapes him. He meant to say that there exists a subtle relationship between one's building and one's behavior; environmental psychologists have found this to be true after extensive research on the subject. The relationship is viewed through a list of possibilities and probabilities, and this then is the principle upon which 'probabilism' is based. This concept has given rise to the idea that there is a probability of the built environment playing a positive or a negative role on organizations and campus environments."
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Moral Relativism, 2008.
A debate on the pros and cons of moral relativism.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether or not moral relativism is correct or not. The writer presents both sides of the argument and includes opinions of several authorities on the subject. The paper concludes with the writer's own opinion on moral relativism.
Outline:
The "Yes" Side
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opinion
From the Paper
"Throughout history, different people at different times and places have held divergent, sometimes opposing, moral views, even within the same society (Harman 1996). The ancient Greeks once strongly believed, for instance, that their god Zeus produced thunder. That science changed that strong belief. Today's Greek people will ascribe thunder to natural causes and conditions. This shows that what a particular society or individual strongly believes in or observes can and does change when new and convincing evidence demands that change. Another example is the origin and nature of black holes, which have not yet been scientifically explained. The dictates of morality appear to proceed from convention or understanding among people of a particular era and place. The fact is that people within that particular era and place themselves form different shades of understanding even about a specific matter. There appears to be no strict, basic or generalized moral demands or requirements for differences in understanding or view about something. Because people's beliefs are relative, it follows that their behavioral norms, described as ethics, are also relative. Thus it is correct to say that morality and ethics, which are determined or perceived individually and subjectively, are also individual and subjective rather than absolute (Harman)."
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The Authentic Self, 2008.
An examination of the relationship between the individual and society and the concept of the authentic self.
902 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of the authentic self. It describes the theories of Enlightenment thinkers and the differences between these thoughts and the views of postmodernism thinkers. The paper also discusses the relationship between the individual and the society in which he lives. Additionally, the paper discusses the freedom that comes to the individual with the acceptance or rejection of the authentic self.
From the Paper
"Postmodern notions that explode notions of the authentic self seem more fruitful than merely reacting against notions of selfhood provided by social institutions with an insistence upon a pure 'authentic self.' To follow Heidegger's mode of resistance would seem to require some form of social withdrawal, to avoid the dangers of inauthenticity. Accepting that the notion of an authentic self is a fiction frees the individual from the burden of having to find a fixed answer to the question of 'who am I?' Finding one's self can seem just as much of a burden to finding an answer to the totality of existence a la Hegel, or constructing the end of history, a la Marx. Postmodernism's humor and playfulness may partly come from its techniques of pastiche and parody, but may also lie in the fact that it does not take itself or 'the self' too seriously in a refreshing fashion, in contrast to other philosophical schools."
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Ethical Theories, 2008.
A discussion on numerous ethical issues surrounding the widespread use of technology.
1,671 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses three ethical theories as they apply to technology, utilizing Vincent Ruggiero's application of reasoning in ethics. The technological area that the paper focuses on is the use of educational materials that are freely accessible online. The paper describes a case where a teacher uses an article that was freely available online for classroom purposes and explains that an ethical issues arises when the teacher distributes the article to the class. The paper then analyzes whether the teacher's actions are ethical or unethical using Vincent Ruggiero's criteria as well as several other different ethical theories, including Utilitarian theory, Kantian ethics, and Aristotle's moral theory. The paper concludes that the teacher's actions can be described as either ethical or unethical, depending on which particular theory is applied but that Ruggiero's criteria in evaluating these types of situations assists us in looking at the entire picture. Only by examining all of the potential effects and consequences of our actions are we able to make the correct moral decisions.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis
Theories Applying to the Issue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Several different ethical theories can be applied to the issue of using copyrighted materials found on the Internet for educational use. Three ethical theories to examine under the case are Utilitarian theory, Kantian ethics, and Aristotle's moral theory. According to Utilitarian theories, an action is right if it promotes the best consequences. Under these theories, the best consequences are those in which happiness is maximized. According to Utilitarian theories, the teacher's use is acceptable because the best consequence to be promoted through the use of the material sis the furtherance of education."
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David Hume, 2008.
An overview of the views and writings of David Hume.
1,831 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper describes the work of David Hume and refers to him as "probably the greatest philosopher to write in English". The paper then goes on to explain Hume's ideology as well as his interests in the social sciences including economics, politics and literature and their place in the development of mankind.
From the Paper
"Adam Smith is normally noted when discussing the beginnings of economics. However, it was his friend, David Hume, who wrote the "Political Discourses" as part of Essays and Treatises, part 2 of Essays Moral and Political, who is believed to have been a major influence. Hume is probably the greatest philosopher to write in English, and it is chiefly as a philosopher that he is read in modern times (Chappell), not only because of his enlightened ideology, but because of his interests in the social sciences including economics as well as politics and literature and their place in the development of mankind. His philosophical writings were wide and deep, especially on the balance of trade and thoughts on mercantilism."
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Socrates, 2008.
A review on the importance regarding the nature of civic duty, as described by Socrates in "Apology" and the "Crito."
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper states that within the "Apology" and the "Crito" several points of extreme importance to Socrates are outlined regarding the nature of civic duty. Some have said that the two works contradict one another in that in the "Apology", Socrates states that he would break the law if there were a law made that said he could no longer practice philosophy and in the "Crito" he outlines the dire responsibility to uphold the laws of the state, and in this case allow himself to be put to death, rather than fleeing. This paper argues that there is no contradiction in the messages of Socrates, as he is consistently alluding to the idea that the laws, though just, are being applied unjustly, in his conviction.
From the Paper
"Socrates, believes that his responsibility to Athens, and to god is to maintain the calling set for him, he does not say he would break the law if he was to be given the option of leaving the court never to practice philosophy again, he says he would rather die than live a life contrary to God by not practicing philosophy for the betterment of the world, and of Athens. In other words, his honor is to serve God and Athens and accepting such a sentence would be contrary to both. 'Wherever a man has taken up a position because he considers it best, or has been posted there by his commander, that is where I believe he should remain, steadfast in danger, taking no account at all of death or of anything else rather than dishonor." (p. 380) Socrates believes that the people who are accusing and convicting him in his trial are abandoning the truth and therefore living contrary to God and to the state of their own souls."
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Science and Religion, 2008.
A discussion on the relationship between the development of science and the teachings of religion.
1,591 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the great distance between the concepts imposed by science and religion. The paper relates that, in many aspects science and religion contradict each other or differ in the answers given to historical questions. The paper further relates that the contradiction between science and religion has always existed. This brings the question of whether religion is an ally or an enemy of science. The paper hen points out that there are many kinds of science and their relation to religion is different in each case. Furthermore, there are different kinds of religions and each finds a different relation to science and its studies. The paper then goes on to discuss how much science and religion contradict or complement each other. It begins this discussion with a look at not only how religions are very different from one case to another but also how science developed differently as well in zones where one specific religion was dominant.
From the Paper
"As much as the Christian version of creation left blanks unexplained and raised questions about its authenticity, the evolution theory may be criticized as inconsistent as well. For science it seemed illogical that the man was created in one day, copying the image of a being that supposedly has no face or body, and therefore, no image to create alike. The man is too strongly related to other animals as to be completely foreign to the other species. He has to be part of a group and live by the same rules that dominate the rest of the living creatures. There has to be a link between man and animals if there are so many similarities between all of the life forms on the planet, and there is a path than can trace man's origins to the same as animals'. But this theory leaves a great hole that makes it inconsistent and brings it to question as accurate."
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Homelessness in the United States, 2008.
This paper examines and discusses the issue of homelessness in the U.S.
5,977 words (approx. 23.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 205.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that within the United States, homelessness is defined as the lack of a dwelling or structure in which to reside. People who are homeless are also often unemployed, and many of them are disabled and/or have problems and struggles with drugs and alcohol. This paper explores the issue of homeless in the United States and, in particular, in the state of Massachusetts. Various issues that surround homelessness or that relate to it are also addressed so that a complete picture of the issue, how important it is, and who it affects may be seen. The writer maintains that the issue of homelessness is not one that will go away without help from the government and concerned citizens alike. The writer concludes that with effort, however, the issue can be lessened so that fewer and fewer people must spend their days and nights on the streets or in shelters, with nothing to call their own.
Outline:
The Definition of Homelessness
Historical Background of Homelessness
The Causes of Homelessness
The Emotional Implications of Homelessness
Help for Homelessness
From the Paper
"There is a long list of concerns over homelessness. It is important to touch on the main concerns here. The first one is the fiscal burden created by the high homelessness rate. When people are unemployed, there is a tremendous waste of productive power. The potential national output is not realized in a country where many of the people who could work are not working. It also hurts others, since the homeless and their families often live off of the state and/or off of the handouts of other people. This takes valuable resources away from others, and away from the national output.
"Another concern is the loss of freedom that homelessness creates. Some of the homeless are also socially excluded from many activities because they do not have the money or the status to participate. People who lack employment are often ridiculed or seen as being lazy, and this helps push them farther away from the rest of society. It causes a loss of freedom not just for them but for their families as well."
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Clifford Vs. Descartes, 2008.
This paper discusses W.K. Clifford's and Renee Descartes' respective points of view regarding evidence and belief.
1,311 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that while Descartes relied upon rationalism to its furthest extents to indicate what propositions were likely to be true and what false, Clifford expressed an extreme form of empiricism with regard to metaphysical truth. The paper shows how these two points of view are utterly incongruous in the real world, as well as within the realm of philosophy.
From the Paper
"To a large extent, Clifford's and Descartes' points of view regarding evidence and belief could not create a more stark contrast. Whereas Descartes relied upon rationalism to its furthest extents to indicate what propositions were likely to be true and which were likely to be false, Clifford expressed an extreme form of empiricism, with regard to metaphysical truth. According to Clifford, it is morally wrong in every instance to believe any proposition for which there is insufficient empirical evidence. However, he does not provide a clearly workable formula or method by which to determine at what point evidence becomes sufficient to ascribe one's belief to a given proposition. Descartes, from his rationalistic point of view, explicitly suggests a manner by which claims can be said to be false--if there is sufficient cause to doubt them."
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Carlyle and Personal Freedom, 2008.
A discussion of Thomas Carlyle's views on personal freedom and its limits, as presented in his work "Past and Present".
3,665 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 146.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the issue of the importance of personal freedom and its limits in the work of Thomas Carlyle, "Past and Present" written in 1843. The paper refers to the beliefs of John Stuart Mill and then explains Carlyle's view of freedom that personal freedom must be limited by the communal good otherwise it produces bad consequences for all.
From the Paper
"The book Past and Present was an effort to explain the social order of Britain at a time of crisis, the crisis being an economic crisis then prevailing in England. The Industrial Revolution was changing the nature of work and the society organized around work, and the process was now affected by a recession that led to the closure of factories, the loss of jobs, an increase in the slums of the cities, and more people starving in the streets. This crisis caused Carlyle to consider the nature of the leadership the nation then had and to compare them to leaders from other eras and other situations."
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Dream Interpretation and Metaphysics, 2008.
A research paper to determine the impact of culture on dreams and dream interpretation.
8,893 words (approx. 35.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 267.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the role that archetypes play in the grief dreams of Americans with different cultural backgrounds, to determine what role, if any, culture plays in the dreamscape. The paper provides a literature review on grief dreams and studies the grief dreams of people from different cultures, including African-Americans, Vietnamese-Americans, Mexican-Americans and Indian-Americans. The paper describes the results that show that while cultural aspects may not change the basic content of grief dreams, it is clear that one's cultural orientation can certainly change how one views and interprets a grief dream and the archetypes present in such dreams.
Outline:
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Review of Literature
Chapter Three: Methods
Chapter Four: Results
Chapter Five: Discussion
Chapter Six: Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Every person dreams. Whether the dreamer remembers those dreams, or believes they drift into a dark see of absolute nothingness in sleep, the fact is that all people demonstrate the brain and eye activity that researchers know is associated with dreams. However, given that so many people fail to remember their dreams, it is clear that not all dreaming is memorable and productive. Even those dreamers who remember the majority of their dreams may find most of them to be insignificant and inconsequential. Likewise, even those people who find most of their dreams to be absolutely unmemorable occasionally have a dream that they believe reveals something significant. "
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Ancient Cultures and Human Life, 2008.
This paper looks at ancient cultures and discusses the purpose of human life.
1,188 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer notes that in ancient cultures human life was the center of interest for everything. The writer maintains that the entire construction of civilization was based on the human as the main preoccupation and the most important element in the world. The writer points out that modern concerns about the environment, animals and other conflicts that place humans on an equal position with the rest of the planet were weak or nonexistent many centuries back, when the sole interest that captured the attention of common people was to understand how their own society worked. The writer discusses that in every culture, from the very beginning of the civilized world, humans have tried to achieve control over their lives, to understand how it functions and to dominate it. The writer concludes that the concept of human life has changed dramatically during the past centuries and society has started to develop based on practical progress, material achievements and palpable ideas that appear from the same curiosity that inspired the ancient societies to develop.
From the Paper
"The human was the main subject for all the forms of expression in ancient societies, from art forms like poetry and theatre, to practical activities like politics. Their humanist vision left messages about their way of living and thinking, their spirit and preoccupations, ideas and feelings. The human life itself is the very subject they reflect in all of their artistic and intellectual expression.
"Roman and Greek society had almost the same vision about human life and manifested their ideas almost in parallel ways, due to the great influence that the Greek society had over the Roman world. They valued their leisure and commodities in a way that modern civilization would never understand. For them time was relaxed and positive feelings cultivated. In the ancient conception human life was created to enjoy and grow spiritually, not to constrain and suffer as it was conceived in later centuries. They worshipped leisure and inner peace in the same way that modern society worships hard work and effort."
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