| Papers [49-64] of 4382 :: [Page 4 of 274] | | Go to page : <— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 —> | |
|
|
Locke and Government, 2008.
This paper looks at John Locke's concept of government as a trust.
943 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses how John Locke conceives of government as a trustee, exercising power for the benefit of the society in general. The paper discusses Locke's "Second Treatise on Government" and how a critical requirement of goverment for Locke is that the power of government can never extend farther than the common good, and to be directed to no ends but the peace, safety, and good of the people. The paper concludes that Locke set the foundation for much of the political theory of western democracies.
From the Paper
"A trust is a legal arrangement under which one person (or entity), a trustee, exercises power over property for the benefit of someone else, the beneficiary. This power must be exercised for the benefit of the beneficiary in keeping with the concept of fiduciary duty (Black, 1680). John Locke envisioned government as a trustee for the benefit of society.
"As he explains in the Second Treatise on Government, beginning in chapter 9, entitled "Of the Ends of Political Society and Government," the individual gives up the rights he has in the state of nature in order to enjoy the security of a governed society. In the state of nature, "he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest, and subject to no body" (ch 9, 123), but "the enjoyment of [this freedom] is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasion of others" (ch. 9, 123). To gain the benefits of order, he will give up his freedom, but only so that he can improve his condition."
| |
|
Dual Relationships in Counseling, 2008.
This paper discusses the danger of dual relationships in the counseling field.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 43.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the dangers of dual relationships within the mental health field. The writer maintains that counselors and therapists should avoid establishing or allowing the establishment of dual relationships within the context of their professional capacity. The writer concludes that this is not only an ethical imperative with respect to the client/patient continuum but also extends to dual relationships among patients in group therapy settings as well as relationships between coworkers and colleagues.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Dual Relationships in Group Therapy
The Counselor/Client Continuum
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Clearly, these negative developments that arise due to the existence or the establishment of dual relationships can have a very real and a potentially very harmful impact on the counseling process within the group therapy setting. Yet, all of these negative attributes can just as easily develop within the dual relationship context in the single-patient counseling environment or in the back office relationships that arise within the clinic or treatment facility setting. In all instances, the effectiveness and the objective of the counseling process is undermined and made almost irrelevant due to the dual relationships allowed to develop."
| |
|
John Locke's "Second Treatise on Government", 2008.
A look at how John Locke expresses his belief in "Second Treatise on Government" that the English did the right thing in replacing the reigning monarch, James II, with William of Orange.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 49.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke wrote the Second Treatise on Government at a difficult time in English history - when the English had just driven out the reigning monarch, James II, replacing him with William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The paper further relates that while prominent political theorist decried this as a violation of the divine right to kings, Locke believed that the English had done the right thing and set out to prove this view. The paper then looks at how Locke expresses this belief in his "Second Treatise on Government".
From the Paper
"An individual's body is property belonging only to that individual. Anything that the individual removes from the state of nature by the labor of the individual's own he invests with labor by the very act of removing the thing from the state of nature. In doing so, the individual makes it his own property, appropriating it exclusively to himself. The labor which the individual invests in goods in taking them from the state of nature makes that the individual's property. Whatever he takes out of a natural state is improved by taking it out of the natural state."
| |
|
Hildegard and Sex Complementarity, 2008.
A discussion of equality of the sexes in Sister Prudence Allen's article "Hildegard of Bingen".
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 99.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper takes a close look at Sister Prudence Allen's article on Hildegard of Bingen, entitled "Hildegard of Bingen" (1985). The paper maintains that the article's main point is that Hildegard was the very first person to articulate the theory of the complementarity of the sexes. The article claims that this complementarity theory was original to Hildegard; thus Hildegard made a significant contribution to the history of the concept of woman in relation to man. The paper agrees with the article, concluding that Hildegard did indeed succeed in vindicating the equality of woman with man by presenting a cogent, comprehensive and multifaceted argument for the complementarity of man and woman.
From the Paper
"However, the important point is that Hildegard balanced this notion with a defence of the quality of woman and man, based on a metaphysical framework of sex complementarity in heaven and in the world. For example, in procreation, while man deposits the cold seed, it is woman's warmth that must grow the seed. Similarly, in heaven male saints are equal to but different from female saints; while on earth woman and man have equal access to both the private and public spheres of activity (Allen, 1985)."
| |
|
Bible Literacy at School, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of Bible literacy and looks at the advantages of Bible courses in public schools.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this essay the writer employs logic to assert that Bible literacy should be integrated into public schools for the purposes of ethical and moral instruction. The writer maintains that such courses would expose young people to the Judeo-Christian tradition upon which the nation of America was founded. Finally, the writer maintains that Bible literacy allows for some meaningful discussion about religion and its applicability to different life experiences within a safe and predictable structure. In the final analysis, the writer notes that Bible study classes can open up new vistas of understanding and offer children the sort of moral instruction they might not receive elsewhere.
From the Paper
"To begin with, moral instruction for America's young people is vitally important; without it, the future becomes a bleak landscape, indeed, and the country's vitality and march forward into progress on a host of social and political issues are both compromised. An ancient article first appearing near the turn of the last century pointed out that the Bible can capably serve as a foundation for moral guidance and instruction - albeit the understandable desire not to give offense to non-Christians, or even Christians who adhere to specific branches of one of the world's great religions has always made the introduction of the "Good Book" into a classroom an extremely controversial matter. Still, with so many of today's children coming from homes wherein one or even both parents are often temporally or emotionally unavailable, having a strict delineation of moral imperatives articulated to them in the relative calm and safety of the "typical" classroom is quite important. Furthermore, it should be added that basic elements such as selflessness, looking after others, living one's life in accordance with high moral virtues, and assiduously avoiding things like sloth, avarice, or lasciviousness are precepts which can be readily adopted by most anyone - regardless of whether one is Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist or affiliated with some other religion."
| |
|
Charles Darwin, Critical Inquirer, 2008.
This paper discusses Charles Darwin as a historical example of critical inquiry.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that one of the most famous and controversial historical inquiries in natural science was propagated by Charles Darwin, who hypothesized the theory of man's evolution and the origin of species. The author points out that Darwin was not swayed by the masses' acceptance of the Bible's version of creation. The paper relates that Darwin spent years doing quantitative research through experimental breeding of animals and plants and depended on the professional judgment of specialists in the natural sciences as an ingenious way to give authority to his concepts and theories.The paper states that, although Darwin's theory has been substantiated as scientifically sound, there is still a rift for many between science and religion when it comes to the theory of evolution. The author concludes that Darwin's critical inquiry has demonstrated that, although one may face criticism and ridicule, giving up on a hypothesis or a valid theory is not an option.
Table of Contents:
What Was the Example?
Did the Example Occur Inside or Outside the Paradigm of Prevailing Belief?
What was the Plan of Inquiry Followed by the Investigator, Scholar, or Artist?
How did the Example Demonstrate Insight and Higher-Order Learning?
What Lessons from the Example can be Applied to Your Own Graduate Work
From the Paper
"Prior to Darwin's investigation into the origin of species, most did not dare examine man and nature in such a way for fear of persecution. As stated, questioning God and creationism was considered taboo, yet Darwin had the insight to look beyond such machinations of society and investigate the natural selection he observed around him during his travels. It is this insight that assisted Darwin in noticing patterns in nature, correlations between these patterns, and interactions between events that suggested that his hypotheses had validity. This is how Darwin came to design his projects involving animal and plant breeding."
| |
|
Morality, Happiness and Duty, 2008.
Explores issues of morality, happiness, and duty through the writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Svetlana Palmer, and Sarah Wallis.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines and compares Mahatma Gandhi's work, "Hind Swaraj", Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's play, "Nathan the Wise", and Svetlana Palmer and Sara Wallis' book, "Intimate Voices from the First World War", in an effort to explore how these philosophers viewed issues of morality, happiness, and duty. After examining each of the works, the paper poses the question, "is there happiness in fulfilling ones duty?". The paper then answers that each man has to determine that for himself.
From the Paper
"Gandhi was a true believer in the laws of karma. Causation and retribution he believed linked all people together. He believed that through an action there is personal growth and moral awareness. Gandhi firmly believed that man reaps what he sows. One of his most famous quotes reflecting how man should behave is as follows: "An eye for an eye is a terrible way to blind the world." How does this relate to happiness, duty and morality? Morality is easy to see in Gandhi's ideology."
| |
|
Mill's Utilitarianism, 2008.
This paper explores John Stuart Mill's approach to utilitarianism.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 72.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper explains that utilitarianism is based on the pursuit of pleasure. The paper then focuses on Mill's belief that it is not the quantity of pleasure that is important, but rather the quality of that pleasure, both on the individual and the social level. The paper explores the implications of this approach and analyzes its merits and drawbacks. The paper reveals that there are significant flaws in Mill's approach that undermine the effectiveness of the proposal specifically and utilitarianism in general.
From the Paper
"Utilitarianism has become all but synonymous with John Stuart Mill, not surprisingly since he literally wrote the book on the subject. In Utilitarianism, Mill (1861) writes, "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied" (p. 153). This is a central point in Mill's philosophical and ethical approach, one that has significant implications for utilitarianism. An examination of the merits and drawbacks of this position reveals that there exist significant flaws in Mill's approach, flaws that undermine the effectiveness of the proposal specifically and utilitarianism generally."
| |
|
Existential Psychology, 2008.
An overview and personal application of existential psychology.
866 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses how the existential approach to psychology begins with the recognition that the individual is responsible for his or her own mental state. On a more personal level, the paper looks at challenges the author has faced and how he responded to those challenges.
From the Paper
"Existentialism is related to earlier conceptions of how humans are related to the universe, such as that of Kant, and it can be seen as one aspect of the larger search for meaning in every human life. The overwhelming nature of the universe has always left human beings trying to find a reason for their own existence and some evidence that they matter. Psychology seeks to understand both this search and the processes underlying it, and existentialism is one of the structures developed by the human mind to explain its own importance in the universe."
| |
|
Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, 2008.
This paper compares the writings of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, social theorists who observed the behaviors and idiosyncrasies of groups of people to determine how a modern society can make itself better.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that, while Max Weber explores the rational for religion and government, Emile Durkheim's biggest concern in his writings is how society can maintain its integrity in the modern era. The author points out that the differences between Durkheim and Weber are few although they did observer society from opposite ends of the spectrum. The paper relates that, while Durkheim focused on the social aspects of society, Weber focused on the economic aspects and bureaucracy. The author underscores that both philosophers felt a need to break away from the traditions that surrounded them, to modernize society and to help it evolve. The paper states that Weber's understanding of the connotations of people's actions gave him insight into the evolution of a modern society; whereas, Durkheim was a Darwinist who believed that basing science on a single hypothesis was not a reliable choice.
From the Paper
"Durkheim is often referred to as the father of sociology. He was concerned that shared religious and ethnic backgrounds prevented society from maintaining its integrity. Along with Herbert Spencer Durkheim broke society up into categories defined by the function they held in society and whether or not they contributed to the health of society. Durkhiem was opposed to Weber's view that society was a sum of its parts. He believed that the action of individual people is what created a healthy society. His theory was called methodological Individualism."
| |
|
Charles Lambert's "Social Theory", 2008.
A comparison and contrast of social theory and classical theory.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts social theory with classical theory, noting that a comparison of the two brings together a modern view that man is his surrounding with the classical view that man makes his own surroundings. The paper outlines the differences between the two theories but also points out that both theories are connected in their basic need for understanding man's relationship with himself and within society and that both theories observe the interactions of man.
From the Paper
"American social theory varies from European social theory in that Americans are self reliant in the observations of their surroundings. We do not look far beyond the obvious. We study our surrounding and base our perceptions on the immediate rather than the past. European social theory takes into account the ramifications of our past colliding with our present. This collision develops into the social theories that govern our actions. In European social theory, there is still a certain about of classical rhetoric that is used to permeate the observances of the present."
| |
|
Compatibilism and Free Will, 2008.
This paper argues that compatibilism is a plausible view of free will if one subscribes to soft determinism.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper specifies that, if the reader holds that certain events in life will invariably lead to certain other events but that human beings are allowed the "space" to make decisions for themselves within broad parameters, then determinism and free will are congruent. The author examines key concepts that enter into this discussion and how they "fit" together. The paper utilizes a deterministic story, which allows an array of causal accounts for each event and relates how free will conflict with this story. The paper concludes that compatibilism really can serve as an adequate philosophical theory as long as one accepts the notion of soft determinism and the idea that people can exercise their free will within certain deterministic parameters.
From the Paper
"All that has been discussed thus far leads to the inclusion of a deterministic story that allows for an array of causal accounts for each event. In this case, a man with limited schooling loses his job; he finds himself broke and desperate; with his life crumbling, he turns to crime to sustain himself. A deterministic view would hold that the man's fate was sealed from the beginning because of his lack of education or his lack of mental acuity. Consequently, his options were limited from the start and he was compelled to make the decisions he made."
| |
|
The Meaning of Life, 2008.
A research study on the meaning of life.
1,969 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides an adequate research methodology to outline how age and different characteristics or measurement criteria affect the general notion of how an individual accounts for his existence. The paper explains that the meaning of life ,in this study, is analyzed outside the realm of philosophy. The paper then points out that psychology is one of the few social sciences that provides the necessary objective rather than subjective analysis of such a loaded question. The paper then explains the research design and all the variables.
Outline:
Research Questions
Literature Review (Background Research)
Study Design: Variables
Results: VAR Frequencies: Analyzing Meaning of Life Categories for Age Cohorts; Non-Parametric Test (Spearman's Correlation); Independent Samples Test (t-test for Equality of Means)
Discussion
From the Paper
"As it relates to the idea that specific sources of meaning in life are different in younger compared to older persons; this study proves that this is not the case, in fact, there is a great degree of consistency across age cohorts, as it relates to the categorizations of meaning of life between the two groups (see figure 1 above). What is even more interesting is the similarities between the relative VAR frequencies between the two groups.
"Commitment to meaning in life and the degree of meaning did not have a strong linear relationship; this shows that irrespective of age criterions, individuals associated the relative meaning in life independently from commitment."
| |
|
Role of Women in the Church, 2008.
This paper discusses whether female egalitarianism in the Church is undermining the leadership of the Church by contradicting the scriptures of the Bible.
2,968 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 21 sources, MLA, AU$ 141.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this study, the writer presents a critical review of the arguments surrounding the egalitarian position of women in church. Ideally the idea is to get an understanding of whether the necessary hypothesis is grounded in the scriptures of the Bible. More importantly, the writer maintains that there has to be a critical review of whether the egalitarian approach is simply an adaptation of changes in society as it relates to gender roles. The writer questions if the Church is imitating how society treats women. If this is the case, the writer argues that it should be that society imitates the church's value and leadership structure. The writer discusses what the Bible has to say about the issue.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Working Outline: Structure & Dissertation Categories
From the Paper
"The egalitarian position as presented by Datu is that, since the Bible teaches that all people are created and should be equal, then the Church has a duty to advocate gender equality and equity in churches, and more so in church leadership . Many theorists ground the general egalitarian movement in the foundations and teachings of Jesus Christ, and other New Testament principles. Datu highlights the fact that female egalitarianism is a necessary prerequisite for the success of the church, since the role of women cannot be undermined. Datu also shows that the current opposition of the movement is due to societal pressure and that the historical process shows that female egalitarianism and female leadership in the church was not uncommon in past periods, however cultural prejudices and defined gender roles in society, have created an atmosphere that not affects female leadership in the church."
| |
|
Social Choice Theory, 2008.
This paper looks at three social choice theories and argues in favour of Robert Nozick's theory.
1,229 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses three different types of social choice theory; John Rawls' theory, basic utilitarianism and Robert Nozick's theory of libertarianism. The paper argues that Nozick's theory of emphasizing human dignity and autonomy is the greatest of the three social choice theories because it secures the freedoms and prerogatives of all individuals.
From the Paper
"In its simplest form, Social Choice Theory is fundamentally concerned with the "aggregation of individuals' preferences into a collective preference; based on this social preference a collective decision can be taken" (Haake, para.1). To elaborate a little more fully on what can be quite a complex topic, social choice theory is a branch of decision theory preoccupied with the process and outcome of a social choice procedure to which all affected parties agree to be bound (Davies, para.2). In summation, social choice theory is about making the best choice globally for everyone. Suffice it to say, John Rawls, utilitarian theory, and Robert Nozick have their own differing views on the considerations that should be borne in mind when assessing how social choices can be made."
| |
|
The Philosophy of David Hume, 2008.
The paper provides a brief overview of David Hume's theories and beliefs.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper looks at Hume's examination of causation and the problems inherent in it, his theory of perception, his theory of knowledge or what he might call "inner perception" and finally his theory of the self. The paper also offers a brief look at his ideas on morality and religion. The paper concludes that the fact that Hume's "metaphysical microscope" continues to be found a provocative source of thought and philosophical contemplation three centuries after its author's death, is a testimony to the power of Hume's work.
From the Paper
"David Hume remains one of the most well-known and influential of British philosophers due to the broad scope of the ideas and the depth of analysis that are exhibited throughout his voluminous writings. His philosophical outlook has been described as something of a syncretism between naturalism and skepticism, and he builds upon the work of predecessors such as Berkeley and Locke while going beyond them on a number of levels. He is known for a profoundly skeptical epistemology in which he dissects and invalidates received wisdom and "common sense" about various topics including the nature of causation, the self, and religion; as a result, he was often denounced as "atheistic" by contemporaries, but his thought was a vital influence on later thinkers such as economist Adam Smith and philosopher Jeremy Bentham, not to mention (in the 19th century) Charles Darwin ("David Hume" 1.)"
|
|
|
