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Freud and Nietzsche, 2008.
Compares Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche's conceptions of the human self.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that both Freud and Nietzsche wrote at length about what it is that keeps people from achieving happiness and fulfillment. The author points out that, by rejecting the claims and holds of religion upon truth and its value in elevating the human condition, Freud and Nietzsche were revolutionaries. The paper suggests that, while both take similar approaches and appear to be judging the world from an objective standpoint, they both, especially Freud, clearly fall into their own subjective traps in delimiting the nature of the self, its habits, its inadequacies and its reason for being.
From the Paper
"Clearly, for Nietzsche, it is this desire to impose order upon the world that is the basic human drive, that which distinguishes people from animals, and is a basic need that all people share--which tells us why language exists, and science, and the law. This ability to impose an ordering on the world is what makes us human, the fundamental drive that creates order allows us to maintain that order and to be social beings. Perhaps it is the social aspect which is the real, underlying drive and which creates our need to believe that the world which surrounds us is classifiable, quantifiable and static."
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Donald Trump: A Representation of Capitalism, 2008.
This paper utilizes pop cultural figure Donald Trump as a case study in which to contrast capitalism and communism.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper applies the ideological framework of the theory of communism, specifically as expounded by Karl Marx in "The Communist Manifesto" to the contemporary pop cultural figure of Donald Trump. The paper focuses on Trump's appearances in the television series "The Apprentice" and also includes relevant background on Trump himself. The paper then shows how Trump, with his wealth of private property and his interests advanced with the willing aid of the mass media, best exemplifies some of the most prominent and popular qualities of capitalism in both its positive and negative aspects.
From the Paper
"Probably no single individual best personifies the capitalist frame of reference as does billionaire real estate developer Donald Trump. He came into the public light in the 1980s, and became one of the first celebrity businessmen of recent times, working in a field in which most businessmen preferred to keep a low profile and stay out of the public eye as much as possible. The mass media willingly accepted Trump's self-promotions and played him up as the archetypal capitalist and "self-made man." From the standpoint of Marx, a relevant critique would begin by noting that despite the myth of individual achievement contained in this persona, Trump in fact came from a very successful family, his father having already been a multi-millionaire real estate developer in New York City (Slater 44.)"
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Logic, Induction and Relevance, 2008.
This essay deals with the issue of how relevance is established for an inductive argument, and how this process can be encouraged and supported based on an argument given by Patrick Hurley in his paper, "A Concise Introduction to Logic".
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper presents an analysis of inductive reasoning based on Patrick Hurley's text on the terms "necessary" and "sufficient". The author states that it should be somewhat easier to demonstrate relevance for an inductive argument, as the association to be established is not as strong as in deductive reasoning. Also, based on criteria established in this paper,the author asserts that, in order to establish relevance in an inductive argument, one must establish that the criterion being argued for is a necessary condition. However, the author asserts that in order to support establishing relevance for an inductive argument, one should insist that each premise be rigorously examined to ascertain whether it is in fact necessary.
From the Paper
"In Hurley's terms, we might say that what we need to establish relevance for an inductive argument would be to show that the stipulated criterion was a necessary condition. However, because we are only trying to show a probable connection, we do not need to show that the criteria was a sufficient condition, nor do we need to establish that it is relevant by showing that it is a sufficient and necessary condition. In Hurley's terms, what is necessary to evaluate the strength of an argument is to know 'whether the probability of the conclusion rests upon the evidence given in the premises' (Hurley 379). What Hurley is really saying here is that the strength of an inductive argument rests partly on the relevance of its conditions."
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Ethics and Minors, 2008.
This paper looks at a legislative issue and discusses the matter of contraceptives furnished to a minor.
1,608 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the current health care issue which needs to be brought to the attention of legislators and for which nurses need to develop a political action plan is the availability of contraceptive supplies or procedures to minors. The writer points out that many states recognize that parents should have the right to make health care decisions for a minor child but that in certain cases, the minor needs access to confidential services. The writer discusses that under the Title X family planning program instituted in 1970, contraceptive services and other reproductive health care services have been available to all individuals who need them, irrespective of age. Meanwhile, the writer notes that debates over parental consent or notification have been taking place at both the state and federal level, and that states tend to favor parents taking responsibility for the decisions of their minor child.
From the Paper
"On the basis of Greipp's model, the consumer forces driving the policy consist of teenagers who have made the decision to become sexually active as opposed to parents who wish to have the responsibility for their children's choices. In many cases, the consumer includes the entire community which believes that parents need to either make or at least collaborate with their adolescent children about major decisions. Motivators include parents' desires to influence their children regarding the most significant decisions of their lives. Motivators also consist of parental concerns for the current and future physical and psychosocial wellbeing of their children.The ethical principle of beneficence and the moral theory of deontology also can be motivators for both parents and the community as they strive both individually and collectively to fulfill what they perceive as their obligations to their children. "
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Proof of the Existence of God, 2008.
An argument suggesting that the existence of God cannot be discounted.
1,265 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper look at why it is erroneous to assume that God does not exist. It discusses the teachings of St. Thomas of Aquinas, the shortcomings of the "Big Bang" theory and the arguments mustered by St. John Damascene. The paper then discusses the questions and concerns raised by J. Scott Turner of the State University of New York in his paper, "Why Can't We Discuss Intelligent Design?" The paper contains an appended original source.
From the Paper
"Put in the simplest terms, proponents of the view that God exists argue that there is an intentionality, a purposefulness, to every design we find in nature. In short, each and every living organism seems perfectly suited to its varying functions, and this set of characteristics suggests that, contrary to the Darwinian assumption that evolution took place haphazardly and by accident, it was instead guided by some kind of purpose that modern science can only guess at. Needless to say, if intelligent design is involved, than an intelligent designer is also involved - and that means the existence of an unseen God with powers beyond the comprehension of human beings."
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Emmanuel Kant and Lying, 2008.
A comparison of Emmanuel Kant's categorical imperative and utilitarianism with regards to lying.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Emmanuel Kant's philosophy on lying and compares it to the philosophy of utilitarianism. It describes Kant's categorical imperative and how it can be utilized in a situation that may involve lying. The paper presents a case where there is a question of whether to lie or not and discusses the possible philosophies of how to deal with the dilemma.
From the Paper
"At first, utilitarianism seems perfect for resolving such a dilemma. The problem is that the utilitarian is focused only on happiness, and happiness in this dilemma is false. The person's happiness also is just temporary and will end sooner or later, anyway. For a person who is faced with such a dilemma, the most helpful idea is Kant's categorical imperative. The reason is that it shows a practical point about human beings. It is not always wrong to lie because sometimes the truth is as bad as or worse than the lie. The only way to make a decision is to ask whether what we will do should be done by all individuals who happen to be faced with the same dilemma. When we are faced with an impossible or really difficult situation, then the categorical imperative provides a means to deal with that dilemma."
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Christianity, Buddhism and Evil, 2008.
Examines the concepts of evil and suffering in Buddhist and Christian religious tradition.
2,512 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the personifications of evil in the Christian and Buddhist traditions. The writer discusses how these personifications of evil through Satan in Western Christian tradition compare to the personifications of evil through Mara in Buddhist traditions. The paper shows the important similarities and differences within the two concepts of evil and suffering. The writer concludes that in both cases important similarities and differences can be noted and the roots of these can be found in respective religious teachings.
Outline:
Evil and Suffering
The Two Embodiments of Evil: Mara and Satan
Hell in Early Buddhism and Christianity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Again, we can find some similarities and differences between hell in early Buddhism and Christianity. In both cases, hell is a symbol of suffering and pain. As such it is used as a device of fear, as a tool to make the followers behave in accordance with moral values and teachings of the doctrine. However, while the Buddhist hell is only one realm of existence in which soul spends only enough time to clean itself and enter another realm (and can re-enter it again from a higher realm later), Christian hell is a place of eternal suffering. This clear difference arises from the differences in the religious doctrines."
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Human Rights, 2008.
Argues in favor of global human right protection.
2,415 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that human rights should be practiced and protected around the world because they are the inherent right of every human being. The author of the paper points out that it is much easier to proclaim human rights than it is to grant and preserve them and states that it is critically important to extend human rights to everyone because humanity can never truly consider itself civilized if human rights are being violated anywhere in the world. The author also examines human rights problems, such as totalitarian dictatorships, theocracies, the abortion debate, the death penalty and genocide.
From the Paper
"The history of human rights has been rather bleak, for throughout most of human history, war and conquest have been pervasive and the brute force of rulers has determined the structure of societies. Under such conditions, human rights have been irrelevant. The vanquished were enslaved and the lower classes in every society were at the mercy of the classes above them. It was only when the Enlightenment generated the development of democracy that human rights began to recognized and protected in developing democracies."
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Galileo and Luther on Rationalism and Empiricism, 2008.
An analysis of the philosophies of Martin Luther and Galileo with regards to empiricism and rationalism.
2,032 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, as the explanatory power of empiricism began to grow apparent, rationalistic modes of belief and dogmas began to conflict with the verifiable truths the empirical approach to knowledge was uncovering. The paper then discusses the different schools of thought from which these philosophies have emerged in the Western tradition. It particularly focuses on the philosophies of Martin Luther and Galileo.
From the Paper
"Evolution implied that humans possessed a common ancestry with all animals and even plants. It may have been a matter of interpretation as to whether the earth revolved around the sun or not, but the concept that man is an ape who has been gradually evolving for 3.5 billion years fits nowhere into traditional Christian beliefs. Consequently, the theory--although as close to scientific fact as any fact ever inferred from the natural world--has remained controversial and not widely accepted in the west. So, it has only truly been in the past century and a half that science and religion have come faced off in a battle of wills. Still, the argument should be moot: empirical evidence may indicate one thing, but if an individual is willing to believe in an all-powerful being, they must also acknowledge that such a being could configure the world in any way imaginable--just as Galileo's Dialogue concluded."
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Science and Religion in the 17th Century, 2008.
An analysis of the interaction between science and religion in the 17th century.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the intense interaction between science and religion in the 17th century had an ultimately positive effect on human civilization over the succeeding centuries. The paper explains that these interactions produced played an instrumental role in generating the Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed the world, freed humanity from the bonds of religious dogma, and produced long-term benefits ranging from greatly expanded scientific learning to the dramatic emergence and development of democratic systems of government. The paper then points out that religion and science also clashed in the 17th century because they offered incompatible answers to humanity's existence, to the functioning of the universe, and to humanity's place in it. In the context of this discussion, the paper briefly examines the works of philosophers and scientists like Nicolas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo and Tycho Brahe.
From the Paper
"After lengthy observations and calculations, Kepler eventually discovered that although Copernicus had correctly concluded that the planets of the solar system all orbited around the sun, he had been mistaken in assuming that planetary orbits were circular instead of elliptical. The most positive contribution of Copernicus was his theory that the earth rotates each day on its axis, that it revolves on an annual basis around the sun, and that other planets also revolve around the sun. Yet as revolutionary as this theory was, it was not proven to be true until Galileo observed the heavens and made some startling discoveries that provided that proof."
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Margaret Newman's Nursing Theory, 2008.
An analysis of Margaret Newman's health as expanding consciousness theory and a comparison of the theory with Martha Rogers' unitary theory.
1,893 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines Margaret Newman's history, including the development of her health as expanding consciousness theory. The paper also examines the basic tenets of the theory and discusses two examples of expanding consciousness in nursing practice. Finally, the paper compares and contrasts Newman's theory with that of Martha Rogers' unitary theory.
Table of Contents:
Margaret Newman
The Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness
A Critique of Newman's Theory
Newman's Theory and Rogers' Unitary Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Newman's theory is not particularly accessible to most people in or out of the nursing profession. Neither is it particularly congruent with reality. Referring back to McKenna, this theory does not appear to be a nursing theory as such, because it does not treat nursing as a unique profession (1997, p. 234). McKenna discusses the analysis of 62 nursing theories in terms of how their internal validity would stand up to testing. Of the 62 theories, McKenna indicates that only nine reached adequate levels of empirical testing. In the case of a grand theory such as Newman's empirical testing is difficult at best; it would seem unlikely that sufficient testing could be done to test its validity. In summation, then, while Newman's abstract theory may produce some basis for discussion, as a nursing theory its practical use is negligible."
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Economic Realities and Human Freedom, 2008.
An analysis of the philosophies of J.S. Mill, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx with relation to economic realities and human freedom.
2,139 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophies of J.S. Mill, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx. It argues that these philosophers' notions of human freedom are intimately entwined with their respective attempts to address and rectify the increasingly intolerable economic order of the day. More specifically, the paper maintains that Mill's notion of human freedom actually works to preserve the status quo, while Rousseau's and Marx's do not shy away from calling for a complete and systematic overthrow.
From the Paper
"The same can be said of Marx's understanding of nationalism. In The Communist Manifesto, that thrilling duel between bourgeoisie and proletariat, he famously writes that, "The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish countries and nationality. The working men have no country. We cannot take from them what they have not got" (Marx and Engels 174). According to Marx, nations and nationalism, like religion, are illusions, as the working poor are barred from participating in the political life of the nations that work to ensure their miserable living standards. Here, Marx erred badly. His instance on the irrelevancy of national differences is, obviously, one of the necessary preconditions for socialist revolution, but the history of the past century emphatically highlighted the link between the poor and nationalism. Poor people are, in fact, far more willing to don uniforms and sacrifice their lives in war than are the sons and daughters of the wealthy, and a casual glance at the disproportionately high representation of this nation's poor in the armed forces attests to the power of nationalism. And yet, Marx would likely argue that illusions, powerful as they may be, are still illusions. Accordingly, much of his work aims to unveil systems of thought that hinder human freedom."
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On Leadership: Sun Tzu, Clausewitz and Machiavelli, 2008.
A summary and review of the assessments of leadership of Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz and Niccolo Machiavelli.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses aspects of leadership as discussed by Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz and Niccolo Machiavelli as well as the evaluation of one's situation in decision making and the shortcomings of incorrect planning and strategic action. The paper emphasizes that leadership is in no small part the ability to sort through the chaos of a situation and to persevere in imposing order. The paper states further that the ability to discern and to be flexible in one's approach, coupled with the relentless pursuit of a goal, are the keys to final success.
From the Paper
"In this conduct toward the goal, there is no substitute for lucid thought. Discernment, and with it the ability to be flexible in one's approach, coupled with the relentless pursuit of the goal, are the keys to final success. A strategic leader often has control over nothing more than his own talents: his imagination, his creativity, and his intuition. The skilful and successful leader is the one who can, in the chaos of a situation, use these attributes, along with their "iron will and a powerful sense of purpose" to overcome the chaos and the opposition that confront him. Remarkably, one of the most profound statements that Clausewitz made about war remains true about war and about virtually any demanding situation:"
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Nursing and Ethical Considerations, 2008.
This paper discusses roles, ethical considerations and the effectiveness of the acute care nurse practitioner and clinical nurse specialist.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer addresses three important themes for the acute care nurse practitioner (ACNP) and the clinical nurse specialist (CNS): ethical principles and ethical issues in patient care, professional resources available to help the ACNP, research highlighting the effectiveness of the ACNP and CNS in acute care. The writer also covers five ethical principles that guide the ACNP/CNS in their practice and notes that the move to procedure-based medicine requires the nurse to make more serious life-or-death decisions for the patient than in the past. The writer concludes that whereas the primary burden of patient care decision-making was placed on the physician in the past, the nurse must now weigh various ethical imperatives in order to make the right decision for the patient at the time.
Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Principles for the ACNP and CNS
Nonmaleficence
Utilitarianism
Justice
Fidelity
Veracity
Autonomy
Ethical Issues in Patient Care: Advance Directives
Ethical Issue in Patient Care: Clashing Ethical Requirements
Professional Resources
ACNP/CNS Effectiveness in Acute Care
Patients Spend Less Time in the Hospital
ACPN/CNS' Have Been Given Greater Responsibility
Increasing Cost Pressures Require Greater Nurse Participation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The legal aspects of patient treatment have come to the fore, but should not be regarded as equivalent to ethics issues. Much of what happens in the privacy of the intensive-care suite, the hospice or the general floors happens outside the purview of the medico-legal profession.
"Nurses make decisions today about patient care that they have not had to make in the past. Part of the reason for this is that hospitalized patients, on average, are sicker than they were in the past (mainly due to the shortened stay periods) and the need of physicians to leverage their care decisions with better-educated specialist nurses."
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Philosophers' Conceptions of Human Freedom, 2008.
Compares Karl Marx's conception of human freedom to that of John Stuart Mill and Jean Jacques Rousseau.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that philosophers have long pursued a deeper understanding of the nature of human freedom. The paper describes the beliefs of Jean Jacques Rousseau, which purport that human freedom is achieved through the rejection of the modern and the material in an effort to reach a more primitive and natural human state. The paper then relates that John Stuart Mill accepts modern society but dictates that it must be structured to facilitate happiness in the greatest number of society's individuals, thus arguing that human freedom is achieved through personal-political freedoms. The paper then suggests that both of these philosophies are too unrealistic, allowing for little or no clear path toward freedom. The paper concludes that a more realistic Karl Marx provides the idea that society can only move toward freedom after understanding the material conditions of society.
From the Paper
"Marx would say that this definition of freedom is too abstract. By Marx's terms, Mill's definition is not really freedom because it does not take into consideration the many factors of politics, society, and history. For example, a man in Mill's ideal society cannot achieve freedom simply through the pursuit of happiness and the lessening of pain. The man must still work, whether or not he is encouraged to choose the type of work. In a capitalist society, a larger body or industry will inevitably control his work."
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The Purpose of Life, 2008.
An analysis of the views of various ancient philosophers and authors on the purpose of life.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how philosophers and writers throughout the ancient world pondered the meaning and purpose of life, and wrote works such as "The Epic of Gilgamesh", "Allegory of the Cave", and the "Apology of Socrates" in order to express their philosophical beliefs about human existence. Mores specifically, the paper looks at how the unknown Sumerian author of the "Epic of Gilgamesh" defined the purpose of life as a heroic but doomed pursuit of glory and immortality. In contrast, it shows how the ancient Greek philosopher Plato defined the purpose of life in "Allegory" and "Apology" as the pursuit of 'being' virtuous.
From the Paper
"The Epic of Gilgamesh (2007) examines the purpose of life from an ancient Sumerian perspective but complements many of the themes of Plato's Apology and Allegory. The anonymous author tells the story of King Gilgamesh of Uruk, who was punished by the Sumerian gods for oppressing his people. Gilgamesh rules harshly over Uruk and burdens his people with immense construction projects he thinks will glorify his kingship. The walls and temples he commands to be raised are intended to win him lasting fame, but his hubris infuriates the gods, who create Enkidu in order to teach him lessons he must learn. Along with Enkidu, Gilgamesh embarks on adventures but is still defiant of the gods. "
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