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Socrates and Justice, 2007.
This paper analyzes the theme of justice in Plato's "Republic".
2,013 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates the theme of justice within the dialogues that Plato brings forth between Socrates and the opposing factions of Thrasymachus and Glaucon. The paper explains the two aspects of Thrasymachus and Glaucon's objections to Socrates' notion of justice. The paper then describes how Socrates answers these arguments.
From the Paper
"Socrates responds to Thrasymachus in a way that defies the notion of justice as being merely for those in power. Much to the disagreement of those that are arguing with Socrates, he argues that Thrasymachus's argument about injustice is being represented as a virtue. Furthermore, he argues that injustice cannot be a virtue, simply because it is devoid of wisdom. The idea around these objections to Thrasymachus's immoral stance on the issue relates to the idea of justice serving the greater good of the city-state, rather than the commonly held view that justice is for the rich or powerful."
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The Baroque Era, 2007.
An analysis of the key aspects of baroque era philosophy and painting styles.
986 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the key aspects of baroque philosophy and painting, which became manifest during the 17th and 18th century. It describes the works of various artist from this period and examines how realism, a strong appeal for decoration and humanism are the key aspects of Baroque painting styles and philosophical discourse. The paper describes the key aspects of the painters and important thinkers of the baroque period as seen in their major works.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the baroque era offers various styles of painting that are unified in their reality, details, and the most important aspect of the era: humanism. The underlying reality of life after the medieval period showed signs of the classical revival of Platonic thought and realness, which was previously dominated by the mythic sensibilities of the 16th century and earlier. These three aspects of baroque painting and history define the historical revival of classical thought in this period of European history."
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Death, Life and Meaning, 2007.
This paper compares Thomas Nagel's and Epicurus' philosophical visions of death.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Thomas Nagel's understanding of the significance of death as being bad in contrast to Epicurus who does not consider death as bad. The paper argues that Nagel's argument is the more sound of the two as he recognizes the fundamental asymmetry in our valuations of life and death. The paper attempts to show how Epicurus' argument is invalid in its basic premise given its limited conception of the meaning of death.
From the Paper
"Nagel's argument that death is bad is rendered particularly strong by his willingness to address opposing views from the outset, and thus carefully establish the boundaries of his argument. For example, Nagel decides to leave aside the complex debate over whether we are "immortal" in some fashion - immortality implying continuation of consciousness in one form or another - and define death as being the absence of any "conscious survival" (Nagel 31). Similarly, he is equally careful to restrict the valuation of life to one's subjectivity instead of viewing it in an objective sense. This removes complications that may come from an "objective" viewing of the valuation of life from the perspective of others (Nagel 31). Having thus carefully framed the boundaries of his argument, Nagel presents his key contention with regard to the "asymmetry" in our understanding of the significance of death versus life."
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Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, 2007.
This paper compares the philosophies of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
1,083 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the similarities present in the beliefs of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The paper looks particularly at their logic and argumentation, their views towards knowledge and how best to acquire it, what love signifies for them and their definitions of existence. The paper shows how while the similarities between the three are significant, Aristotle appears to be the non-conformist in the group in some important respects.
From the Paper
"About Socrates' logic and argumentation many things can be said. For one thing, it appears as though he proceeds from generally-accepted facts to general conclusions based upon those facts. Like Plato, it appears as though Socrates believes that real knowledge could not be achieved through the human senses but only through philosophical inquiry into metaphysical items. By comparison, Plato viewed logic (and, within that, argumentation) as being similar to a mathematical proof inasmuch as the terms being used to arrive at a higher state of understanding must be clearly defined and the procedures by which one may define terms and/or deconstruct "figures" - so that the relations between their parts may be clearly established - must be clearly defined, as well (White 2002; please see Hogben 1999)."
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Christianity and Western Philosophy, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of Christianity on western philosophy from the time of the Roman Empire.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the rise of Christianity during the time of the Roman Empire, its contributions to western philosophical thought over the last fifteen hundred years, and some significant philosophical issues of the present day that have been "Christianized" and/or deeply influenced by Christianity. In particular, the paper contends that a case can be made that the works of Thomas Aquinas and Saint Augustine helped popularize Aristotelian and Platonic philosophy and laid the groundwork for the "man-centered" philosophical leanings of the early modern, Renaissance period.
From the Paper
"Similarly, the philosophical rise of Christianity in the first centuries after the death of Christ was helped immeasurably by the fact that its early adherents went to considerable lengths to defend the "logic" of Christianity and to link it to Neo-Platonism. One Christian theologian and philosopher of the late-second and early-third centuries AD, Origen, became especially influential by showing how Christianity had its philosophical antecedents in not only Neo-Platonism but in Greek and Roman Stoicism, as well. In the end, Christianity came into intellectual acceptance in part because its focus upon the existence of a "unified and perfect being" residing at the center of the transcendent world was comprehensible to educated Romans reared on the dictates of Neo-Platonism (McGill 2005). "
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"The Cambridge Quintet", 2007.
A review of John Casti's work "The Cambridge Quintet: A Work of Scientific Speculation" and Ludwig Wittgenstein's arguments.
1,338 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews John Casti's work "The Cambridge Quintet: A Work of Scientific Speculation". It describes Casti's clear bias towards Alan Turing's views and suggests that he did not give Ludwig Wittgenstein the opportunity to argue as strongly as he might. The paper then suggests what Wittgenstein could have been allowed to say in order to strengthen his position.
From the Paper
"While on the surface the reader's immediate inclination may be to agree in spirit with Wittgenstein, his reliance on such metaphorical terms within the construct of human language is a disingenuous and vacuous platform. The terms he employs that refer to emotion are terms that humans themselves often have difficulty agreeing on both in context and in substance. Upon further reflection the rational reader realizes that a machine, just as any human does, can be taught the textbook definition of these terms which forms the foundation of their use. Yet, beyond such topical conceptions, both humans and machines are likely to vary greatly in both degree and application of how these emotions are conceived and used. In that way, machine logic would be no different than typical human communication patterns in conveying meaning."
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"The White Heron", 2007.
This paper focuses on the moral philosophy of the character of Sylvia in Sarah Jewett's "The White Heron".
2,527 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Sarah Jewett's short story "The White Heron", where the main character consistently demonstrates that she has the inner strength that allows her independence from the world. The paper focuses on Sylvia's strength of character and powerful convictions. The paper discusses Plato's beliefs of morality and how Sylvia is the epitome of the virtuous human being that Plato found difficult to imagine.
From the Paper
"In Sarah Jewett's short story The White Heron, the main character consistently demonstrates that she has the inner strength that allows her independence from the world. Although she has been controlled by her parents and her grandmother, their power over her exists only on the surface of her existence because the character is guided by a conscience that is more powerful than the will of others. This conscience allows the character to see the world in a different manner than those around her, as she places a higher value on life than on monetary gain. Therefore, while others strive to take any opportunity to find relief from poverty, the character has the strength to embrace it rather than toss aside what she values most."
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Application of Nursing Models, 2007.
This paper discusses the application of nursing models presented by Sister Callista Roy, Madeleine Leininger and Betty Neuman.
2,160 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that as the demands on nurses and the nursing profession have increased over the last several decades, it became evident to many nursing professionals that the ideology related to nursing practice had to be changed. The writer notes that cultural, environmental and mind-body considerations were significantly important because these factors were known to impact patients and their health. However, the writer points out that as more information became available through practice, it was also apparent that each person had to be evaluated independently in order for health care professionals to have a clear idea of all issues that affected the patient's well being. The writer then discusses that Roy, Neuman and Leininger each developed approaches to nursing practice that were intended to provide a well established vision of the person, which could be used in preventative medicine, as well as in the event of illness. These theories lead nurses to be capable of treating the whole individual, while providing the quality care that nursing is intended to ensure.
Outline:
Introduction
Leininger and the Transcultural Nursing Model
Application of Lieninger's Sunrise Model
Environment and Population
Cultural Values
Religious and Philosophical Factors
Kinship and Social Factors
Political and Legal Factors
Economic Factors
Educational Factors
Health Care System
Roy Adaptation Model
Application of the Roy Adaptation Model
Scientific and Philosophical Elements
Self-Concept and Group Identity
Role Function
Environment
Health and Adaptation
Nursing
Neuman Systems Model
Application of the Neuman Systems Model
Basic Structure/Energy Resources
Stressors
Line of Resistance
Optimal System Stability
Prevention/Intervention and Nursing
From the Paper
"The transcultural model, therefore, is comprised of numerous factors that must be taken into consideration if the proper care is to be presented for each individual patient. The most significant of these factors is culture. According to Leininger, the culture that an individual belongs to affects every aspect of that individual's existence. The elements associated with a culture are taught to the person from the time of birth and consistently impact thought, religious beliefs, behaviors and how the person relates to the health care environment."
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Emotion and Morality, 2007.
This paper explores Immanuel Kant and David Hume's ideas on morality and emotions.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Kant's belief that fulfilling responsibilities could only be a rational choice, as opposed to an emotional choice. The paper looks at Hume who, on the contrary, believed that moral judgments were related to sentiments. The paper explains how Kant and Hume apply their theories to women. The paper concludes that Hume's theory of morality would appear to be the most applicable to human beings of the 21st century.
From the Paper
"Immanuel Kant devised the categorical imperative in relation to morality. In the categorical imperative moral decisions were "objective, rational and freely chosen" (Cash sec. 1). Morality, according to Kant, could not be determined by the emotions of a human being. This is because morals require the decision making to be associated with the duties that each person is required to fulfill. Kant argued that fulfilling responsibilities could only be a rational choice because emotions would lead the person to consider only what he wanted, rather than what needed to be done. Consequently the individual had to accomplish moral actions based on principles, which could not be related to emotions because emotions were subjective, while principles were factual (Cash sec. 1)."
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A Personal and Professional Dilemma, 2007.
This paper is written from a personal point of view and concerns a personal and professional dilemma.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer relates that, while registered at the University of Phoenix as a student, she was also pushing her business more aggressively by advertising as a grant writer. She further explains that, as a single parent with an enormous amount of responsibilities, she needed to look for extra resources to maintain stability. The writer then notes that when focusing on research for each client, her studies were pushed aside, as well as her family responsibilities, and her grades began to slip. The writer also relates that, within this dilemma, she realized that she would have to organize her life better before she lost everything, including her health and her children's respect and trust. The writer then describes the way she organized her life so that she could fulfill both her professional and personal responsibilities.
Outline:
Describing the Dilemma
Analyzing the Dilemma
Evaluating the Dilemma
From the Paper
"Each day I would check for emails from potential clients but would not be interested in writing for them due to the subject matter or the markets involved. One day I received a telephone call from a former client that expanded her business and needed my services again. The client informed me that other companies have been expanding and needed my services. Conference calls were set up for introduction and discussions into sending proposals to various foundations. I mailed out several contracts totaling 45 and began to receive early portions of monetary retentions."
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Capitalism, 2007.
A review of Karl Marx's views on the capitalist society.
709 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses capitalism and its relationship with democracy. It also discusses the relationship between socialism and democracy in today's society. The paper discusses the development of social theory and then describes Karl Marx's theories on the capitalist society and discusses why capitalism continues to thrive in today's society.
From the Paper
"Two of the important principles of behavior associated with economics are reciprocity and redistribution, and these feed certain universal elements of human nature. The first is associated with the sustenance of the family and is related to family and kinship, while redistribution is a territorial and society-wide effect. More complex civilizations actually test the limits of reciprocity and strain efforts at redistribution, but still they do address these underlying conceptions of human nature. Large-scale economies are run with an understanding of redistribution, and human beings work for their families on the basis of reciprocity. Capitalism does so in spite of the view of Marx that it does not, which is why capitalism continues to thrive and to seek ways of mitigating the tensions that remain."
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Socratic Justice, 2007.
An analysis of Socrates' views of justice as described by Plato, Xenophon, Aristophanes and Aristotle.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Socrates' interest in logically establishing certain central, important truths, for example what constitutes justice, and what constitutes the good. To discuss Socrates' views, the paper analyzes dialogues and other writings of his pupil, Plato and writings by Xenophon, Aristophanes and Aristotle. It describes his notion of justice (or morality) as an ideal that could be timeless.
From the Paper
"As we have seen, Socrates believed in a notion of justice (or morality) as an ideal that could be timeless. He believed that it consisted in balance and harmony, and most importantly in the triumph of truth and reason over passions and selfishness. This ideal of justice could be realized both in the individual person, and also in the state as a whole, or the polis. And although at the end Socrates chose to submit to ignorance, fear and procedural justice, there is no reason to suppose that he ever deviated from his quest for truth, or from his belief in justice as an ideal form of harmony and truth."
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Rhetoric and Judges, 2007.
This paper explores the role of rhetoric in the judicial process.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Aristotle's philosophical work "Rhetoric", which outlines the principles of effective persuasion. The paper discusses how rhetoric also serves as a powerful tool for the type of legal reasoning employed in the making of judgments in the judicial process. The paper concludes with the hope that members of the judiciary always prefer discovery of the better argument, reason and rigorous analysis over persuasion, emotion and dazzling effect.
From the Paper
"The art of rhetoric arose in 5th century Greece, a time when traditional religion, morality, and politics received criticisms that significantly affected traditional attitudes about these subjects. According to historian Frank Thilly, it was also a time when public life offered a group of professional teachers called Sophists, men skilled in verbal persuasion, a wide-opened arena for practicing their arts of "oratory" and "rhetoric". (43)"
"However, rhetoric did not receive a systematic treatment until the 4th century, by the hands of the philosopher Aristotle. In his philosophical work called Rhetoric, Aristotle outlined in detail the principles of effective persuasion. Although rhetoric is an extremely useful instrument for writers and orators, it also serves as a powerful tool for the type of legal reasoning employed in the making of judgments in the judicial process."
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Aristotle and Friendship, 2007.
This paper offers a personal opinion on Aristotle's ideas of friendship among equals.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Aristotle's beliefs about the requirement for equal intelligence and reciprocity for true friendship. The writer concedes that some of Aristotle's points are correct. The writer contends, however, that to say that the intelligence of a person is directly related to his/her value and that people of different intelligence cannot be friends, is elitist and untrue.
From the Paper
"Jena Vanier states that "Aristotle bases the value of human beings on their rational and intellectual capacity alone", and therefore cannot conceive of the possibility of true friendship among unequals. I agree with this statement. In fact, the truth of this statement can be shown by reviewing Aristotle's ideas about friendship. I also think that Aristotle is for the most part correct - although not completely. As I will show, the idea that true friendship cannot be possible between people of different intelligence can be attacked quite strongly."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper deals with the controversial issue of stem cell research.
1,393 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the issue of stem cell research has to do with a conflict between the need for scientific research on the one hand, and the moral issues associated with the sanctity of human life on the other hand. The writer discusses that taking human life is certainly reprehensible to most people's moral code, but there is also the issue of all the good that could come out of stem cell research, in terms of alleviating human suffering. The writer points out that the issue of funding stem cell research in the U.S.A. remains steeped in controversy and subject to severe restrictions. The writer concludes that if it continues and does one day yield almost miraculous cures, this might have an extremely positive impact on the US economy - but it might also yield even more complex moral issues, as to who gets to reap its benefits, and who does not.
From the Paper
"There is clearly a strong case to be made for this point of view. Harvesting stem cells implies that the embryo is denied the chance of growing into a human being, so it is clearly not to be taken lightly. On the other hand, proponents of stem cell research argue that in normal life, human eggs are frequently fertilized but fail to implant in the woman's uterus. Thus, a fertilized egg should not be seen as a human life, but only as potential human life - without the same rights and privileges of an actual human being. Apart from this theoretical point, proponents of stem cell research point out that in practice, the embryos utilized never had any hope of growing and being born anyway."
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Social Justice, 2007.
This paper explores the idea of social justice; that a society should provide equal treatment to all its members.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the concept of social justice and argues that social justice is fundamentally about giving people what they deserve, as well as fundamental things they need. The paper focuses specifically on how the "rewards" of society should be apportioned if social justice is to be achieved. The paper concludes that a just society is one in which basic services are readily available to all, but where the "perks" of modern living are made available in proportion to one's social utility.
From the Paper
"One of the cornerstones of any philosophical discussion devoted to social justice is the idea that people should be given what they "deserve". Among other things, this means that people who do wrong should be punished according to the severity of their crimes and that people who "do good" or who achieve excellence in their field of endeavor should be rewarded for their actions. Obviously, things like punishment and reward go to the heart of our criminal and civil justice system and it may be said, at least to the extent constitutional safeguards in America ensure that punishment is (usually) proportionate to the offense in question ("U.S. Constitution: Eighth Amendment" 2006), that America has developed into a society fairly cognizant of social justice ideals."
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