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Effects of Cocaine on Fetus, 2008.
This paper discusses the prenatal development and how it is affected when the mother uses cocaine.
1,142 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that medical science has shown that the use of drugs by a woman who is pregnant has a profound effect upon the fetus both during pregnancy and after the birth of the child. The writer then explains that the objective of this work is to research prenatal development of the fetus and the effects that the mother's use of cocaine has upon the fetus. The writer maintains that cocaine-exposed infants prior to their birth are more likely to be low birth weight, shorter in length, have behavioral problems, be born much earlier than normal, as well as experience structural abnormalities and to have respiratory problems and complications related to heart deformities. The writer concludes that cocaine use during pregnancy by the pregnant woman creates a significant risk for the fetus.
Outline:
Introduction
Reproductive Risks of Cocaine
Teratogens
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hepper states that three major principles guide the development of the fetus which are: (1) development proceeds in a cephalocaudal direction, or from head to foot; (2) development proceeds from the basic to the more specialized; and (3) development proceeds in order of importance. The most critical time for exposure during the embryonic period or the period of "organogenesis" as this is the period when the formation of the main organs of the body begins. Exposure during the fetal period, which is from around nine weeks from the conception cause delay and impairments in the fetus' growth. It is interesting to note that ..."
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Master Tung's Acupuncture Treatment for Back Pain, 2008.
An analysis of the history and development of Master Tung's acupuncture treatment for back pain.
3,396 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a critical review of the literature, a series of case studies and illustrative vignettes to provide a history of acupuncture. It discusses its typical applications and methods and how the techniques developed by Master Tung have been refined and improved by his followers over the years. The paper provides a summary of the research, salient findings and recommendations.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Preliminary Review of Related Literature
A Brief History of Acupuncture
Master Tung's Acupuncture
Modern Applications of Acupuncture
Constraints to Acupuncture
From the Paper
"While the application of acupuncture techniques has proven efficacious for a wide range of conditions, including chronic back pain, there are some constraints involved in its use with some people who appear to be genetically incapable of benefiting from the practice. For example, scientists have determined that certain strains of mice do not appear to respond to the pain management potential of acupuncture because they lack the necessary genetic opiate receptors. In this regard, Cargill (1994) reports that, "Some people who do not respond to needling--a 10 percent minority--may fail to do so because they, too, genetically lack these requisite neural receptors" (p. 41). Other people, particularly in the West, may simply believe that such complementary and alternative medical approaches will not work for them, thereby creating a self-fulfilling prophecy as to the efficacy of the approach. Despite these constraints, though, it appears that the benefits of properly administered acupuncture techniques far outweigh any potential constraints, and this forms the essence of the purpose of the proposed instant study."
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Military Health Care, 2008.
Looks at the debate around military health care.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the development of programs to privatize military health care, in an attempt to cut costs has created much debate for the last ten years. The writer points out that the adequacy of availability for standard care as well as combat or on duty injuries and illness care is questioned all over the nation, as many individuals claim difficulty in access and high cost as barriers to receiving even the most basic care, including follow up care for injuries sustained in the line of duty. This problem is especially troubling to families left alone while a parent is serving in combat.The paper stresses that the danger of privatization is pricing soldiers, their families and veterans out of the system with co-pays and fees that exceed their ability to pay.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Discussion
Summary
From the Paper
"If such programs are cut, or if fees price these families out of the system, where they may have the coverage on paper but rarely use it because they cannot come up with co-pays and or deductibles to do so would be an even greater blow to the nation, and specifically to the millions of military families, living with very low compensatory wages, and previously guaranteed benefits, such as health care. If such care, loses it guarantee through budget cuts not only with the soldiers themselves be hurt, but their families will be further burdened."
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Collaboration in Nursing, 2008.
This paper provides a concept analysis of collaboration in the field of nursing.
1,681 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the definition and usage of collaboration in nursing and healthcare. An exemplar format is used in order to provide a clear practical meaning to the information given. The exemplar demonstrates the ways in which collaboration in nursing can be used to provide better quality of care for the patient and increase the support network available to the nursing staff. The writer maintains that the concept of collaborative patient-centered care in the primary health care setting is essential to ensure that the patient receives optimal treatment. The writer concludes that collaboration not only provides a better quality of care to the patient, but also ensures that every member of the health care team is acknowledged as a valued contributor.
Outline:
Introduction
Defining Collaboration
Defining Attributes
Model Case
What the Concept is Not
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Although there are various perspectives apparent for the concept of collaboration, this piece will concentrate on the concept from the perspective of patient-centered care. From the literature review it is possible to compile a set of defining attributes for the concept of collaboration. These characteristics are reflective of the ways in which the parties involved interact to meet a common purpose. Firstly, collaboration involves the establishment of a common purpose to all parties involved. There should be a clear definition of the various roles which each party will take to achieve this purpose. Each member taking part in the collaboration should be respected as a valued partner in the collaboration. Each partner's knowledge and skills should be respected and utilized, with every partner participating in achieving the purpose. It is only if all of these defining attributes are met that the concept of collaboration is achieved as opposed to simply referral."
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Childhood Sexual Abuse, Dissociation and Self-Destruction, 2008.
This paper looks at the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior.
6,829 words (approx. 27.3 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 223.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that living with a chronic mental illness or problem can be exceedingly difficult, and those that struggle with dissociation often experience many of the same problems. The writer points out that the basic assumptions of the psychiatric model are inconsistent with nursing practice, and therefore nurses who are asked to treat those who have chronic mental, behavioral, or emotional problems often have a great deal of difficulty adjusting their feelings and beliefs about what the patient should be treated for to fit in with the guidelines proposed by this model, which can cause disagreements and issues between doctors, patients, and families. A critique of the psychiatric medical model shows that this particular model views emotional problems that stem from abuse and other issues as though they were diseases. The writer then provides a review of related literature and looks at various related assumptions in this regard.
Outline:
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dissociation
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behavior
Studies Examining all Three Variables
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Because the diagnostic tests for mental and emotional issues are so rigid and strict, the whole person is not examined. The lack of flexibility creates a restricted view of the individual who has come to seek help, and the process of giving patients these diagnostic tests becomes not one of helping them, but rather of classifying them into a specific category. While it is acknowledged that it is important to attempt to find what is 'wrong' with these individuals in order to treat them in the most appropriate way, individuals must be studied and classified on an individual basis. No two people who act the same way are exactly alike, and the diagnostic tests make it far too easy to assign someone to a category without really understanding the depth and nature of their problems."
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The Influence of Diet on Fertility, 2008.
A review of a study, "Semen Quality of Fertile U.S. Males in Relation to Their Mothers' Beef Consumption During Pregnancy," by S.H. Swan, F. Liu, J.W. Overstreet, C. Brazil and N.E. Skakkebaek, on the effect of diet on pregnancy.
6,574 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 24 sources, APA, AU$ 218.95
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Abstract
The paper is a review of a study on the effect of diet on pregnancy and discusses the relation of men's semen parameters to their mothers' intake of beef during their pregnancies. The study, "Semen Quality of Fertile U.S. Males in Relation to Their Mothers' Beef Consumption During Pregnancy," by S.H. Swan, F. Liu, J.W. Overstreet, C. Brazil and N.E. Skakkebaek, which is included with this paper, is well-documented with references and tables. The paper relates that partners of pregnant women took part in the study and recorded whether the male's mother had consumed beef or not and whether or not the consumption of beef during pregnancy had any effect on their son's fertility.
Outline:
Methodological Aspects
Research Design
Methods
Interpretive Aspects
Ethical Aspects
From the Paper
"How were issues of reliability and validity of the measures adequately addressed? The deciding variables for the subjects were analyzed statistically, and the mother's beef consumption was compared with their son's recorded sperm concentration. Sub fertile men's sperm concentration was examined in relation to the amount of beef their mothers consumed during pregnancy, and all men's sperm count was transformed with a logarithmic base 10 in order to distribute the parameter more evenly. Other factors taken into consideration in the analysis were the men's age, smoking, alcohol, body mass index (BMI), history of STD, abstinence time, and their own meat consumption. The mother's age, whether or not she smoked, whether or not she nursed her son and her meat consumption were initially examined in the model. This selection of variants was based on their proven importance in past studies, biological plausibility, sufficient numbers and evidence of the effect on the strength of the association with beef consumption."
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The Spread of Bacteria on University Campuses, 2008.
A discussion of the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American University Campuses.
8,634 words (approx. 34.5 pages), 19 sources, APA, AU$ 263.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus on American university campuses. The paper explains that methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) gained public fame as the notorious "flesh eating bacteria." MRSA is serious because, unlike non-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus, it does not respond readily to a host of antibiotics commonly used to treat such illnesses. This paper utilizes the results of a survey done on MRSA and university students to develop a plan that can be used by American college campuses to help control the spread of MRSA among the student population. The paper points out that MRSA is typically associated with a hospital setting, but as outbreaks began to occur that were obviously not of a hospital origin, a new classification system was developed. The paper then looks at how this classification system has more to do with disease prevention and community health than clinical treatment of the disease.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Results
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions
Appended is a survey questionnaire
From the Paper
"MRSA has been the subject of many clinical studies. There is an abundance of information one the various drugs that have been developed to help combat the disease, its history and mutations, and methods of control in various populations. A majority of the literature has focused on MRSA in the healthcare setting. However, there is a growing body of literature that addresses MRSA in settings other than in hospitals. The reason for this growth in interest regarding Community Acquired MRSA is the growing number of outbreaks on college campuses, particularly among sports participants.
Literature focuses on the clinical aspects of control and treatment. However, there is little information on the reason for the growing concern on college campus."
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Nursing Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses nursing theory, specifically in regards to self-care facilitated by Dorothy Orem's model and the mid-range theory of the community health model.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of nursing theory as not simply a philosophical abstraction, but as also useful for the demands for "description, explanation, prediction and control" during nursing work and study. Having a background in nursing theories can prove helpful because theories give clues as to what to ask, what to observe, what to focus on and what to think about when a nurse is under pressure or dealing with a noncompliant patient. The paper asserts that even grand theories have a practical emphasis. They can offer validation of the patient's cultural differences and self-empowerment and actualization through facilitating patient self-care. Self-care facilitation is a stress in many of the grand theories, as Orem's theory likewise attempts to address self-care deficits such as patient noncompliance with a dietary or physical fitness regime. There is always inevitable overlap between models, as contemporary nursing models and grand theories all strive to be limited to a focus on problems in nurse-patient situations or problems in person-environment interaction to be of use in practitioners in the field. Furthermore, the paper looks at the use of middle range theories in nursing, which some assert are more useful and more easily tested in practice. These mid-range theories act as subsidiaries of grand theories, and draw a great deal of their philosophy from grand theories. The major categories of knowledge reflected in different contemporary nursing models and grand theories, which include needs-based approaches, interaction-based approaches, outcome-focused approaches and humanistic approaches can be placed through the use of mid-range theories in a very specific context, such as pain management, or health promotion.
From the Paper
"Orem places a strong emphasis on exercise and physical activity that the patient can achieve him or herself. In the Community Empowerment Model, the nurse can provide counseling how to achieve such goals in the context of the patient's specific community and cultural environment (Extract from "Medicare Primary and Consumer Directed Care Demonstration: Health Promotion Nurse Intervention Model," 2002). The importance of exercise is directly derived from Orem's stress upon the need for the nurse to help the patient with such basic self-care modalities as nutrition, hygiene (including better sleep hygiene), mobility (including exercise), medication, and more empowered behavior. Orem also stresses patient empowerment in the context of direct nursing care, where the nurse has direct contact with client and/or family, along with Orem's the belief that self-care deficits are the result of environmental situations (Mayo, 1997).
"The environmental impact upon self-care also illustrates how the Community Empowerment Middle Range theory springs directly from Orem's influence, along with the pragmatic and humanist philosophical influences gave birth to Orem's stress upon patient empowerment during the entire process of treatment. The Community Empowerment Model also incorporates multiculturalism into its philosophy. Both theories share the logical positivist emphasis which stresses situations and context dictating the course of treatment, and the importance of taking into consideration the environment of the patient."
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Jane Delano and the American Red Cross, 2008.
Looks at the career of nurse Jane Delano, especially with the American Red Cross.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the life and career of nurse Jane Delano. The paper specifically focuses on Delano's career as the director of the Red Cross Nursing Service. The paper concludes that Jane Delano is remembered today for her grit, her compassion, her intelligence and her calm demeanor, even when she was faced with the most disastrous situations.
From the Paper
"It must be noted that nurses have always been involved in the provision of services by the Red Cross, and most especially during times of intense conflict like for example a war, or during times of natural disasters, like floods or earthquakes. Historically, the Red Cross and its association with nurse's dates as far back as the time of the yellow fever epidemic in the year 1888, and thereafter, during the time of the Johnston flood in 1889."
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Healthcare for Immigrant Chinese, 2008.
A literature review studying the healthcare of recent immigrant Chinese.
5,765 words (approx. 23.1 pages), 32 sources, APA, AU$ 200.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the population of Chinese immigrants in the United States and points out that current first generation Chinese immigrants, whose previous healthcare in China, from 1950 to 2002, was under the Communist system, often have difficulties accepting the U.S. healthcare system. The paper defines culturally competent medical care as the provision of health and human services offered and delivered in such a way that are sensitive to language, culture and traditions of non-native immigrants, migrants and ethnic minorities with the goal of minimizing or eliminating long standing disparities in the health status of people with diverse racial, ethnic or cultural backgrounds.
From the Paper
"Changes in Chinese healthcare systems in the 1980s can be attributed to the privatization of the economy. The existing healthcare system was removed and nothing was made to take its place. Decentralization of the public health system and a lack of funding for public health efforts resulted in a significant decrease in public health education and epidemic disease control. It is with this background that many immigrants to the United States come to experience and perceive privatized health care. "
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Diet and Fertility, 2008.
An interpretive overview of literature relating to diet and fertility.
1,915 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a literature review dealing with with aspects aligned to the findings from the research article entitled, "Semen Quality of Fertile U.S. Males in Relation to their Mothers Beef Consumption during Pregnancy" by Swan et al. The paper also explores related and concomitant areas of concern that can shed further light on the hypothesis that the ingestion of steroids and other elements via beef by a mother may negatively affect sperm count.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Interpretive Overviews of the Links between Diet and Fertility
General Findings and Studies
Specific Indicators: Prenatal Diet, Environment, Ecology and Fertility
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An impressive overview of this aspect is 'Could hormone residues be involved?' by Frederick S. vom Saal. This paper was written partly as response to the study by Swan et al. Commenting on these findings; the author of 'Could hormone residues be involved?' suggests that, "There is extensive evidence that maternal nutrition and maternal consumption of specific nutrients, drugs and chemicals present in food during pregnancy and lactation can have consequences for subsequent pathophysiology of offspring.""
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Health Sector in Ghana, 2008.
This paper provides a research proposal for an extended security and privacy model for the health sector in Ghana.
5,339 words (approx. 21.4 pages), 23 sources, APA, AU$ 189.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that many developing countries around the world are faced with the dual-edged sword of a "brain-drain" of their healthcare professionals who seek better economic opportunities in other countries as well as healthcare infrastructures that require substantive improvements to bring them up to date. The writer points out that the Republic of Ghana is faced with this precise set of circumstances as it struggles to overcome the historic legacy of colonialism and the same economic and social developmental issues that have confronted many sub-Saharan African nations in recent years. One technique that has proven effective in recent years in facilitating the delivery of quality healthcare services to a wide range of consumers is the use of so-called "smart cards." The purpose of the proposed study is to consider the introduction of so-called smart cards in public and private health service delivery in the Republic of Ghana today. To this end, a critical review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature is presented, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Methodology
Preliminary Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Healthcare Issues Confronting Developing Nations Today
Smart Cards and Healthcare Delivery
Privacy Considerations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many developing nations are faced with some enormous challenges and obstacles to development, particularly when it comes to the delivery of effective healthcare services. For instance, healthcare professionals have long emigrated from developing to developed countries in search of better professional and personal opportunities; in recent years, though, this trend has become even more pronounced. Chronic shortages of nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare practitioners around the world have fueled the migration from less affluent to more affluent countries, but also between poor countries and between wealthy ones as well. As a result, there is a growing global labor market for all types of professionals in health care today. Moreover, the globalization of the health-care labor market has had a profound effect on the ability of many national health-care systems to deliver vital services to their citizens. The most dramatic impact is being felt in the least developed nations, where there has been a tremendous increase in emigration."
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The Disabled, 2008.
Looks at the economic, human and social capital of the disabled.
1,515 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, traditionally, disabled people have been marginalized and discriminated against not only in the workplace, but also by agencies, such as healthcare facilities, which are meant to help them. The paper then explains that, on the other hand, significant progress, including legislation, has been made in the effort to help disabled people integrate into society. The paper stresses, however, that this is not enough. Rather than claiming to treat them equally, the workplace and healthcare agencies should be investigated and work together in order to provide for the specific needs of the disabled.
From the Paper
"James H. Rimmer (1998) agrees to some extent. According to this author, there has been very little study on how to promote the health of people with disabilities. Indeed, while improvements have been made in health promotion for the general population of the United States, very little has been done to do the same for disabled people and their needs.
"Part of the reason for this is the emphasis on disease and disability prevention rather than addressing the disability once it is there."
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MRSA on American University Campuses, 2005.
This paper is a research plan of a study to be conducted on whether attending University increases the risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria, and the implications of this.
772 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
The purpose of the study is to assess whether those attending a university in the USA are at risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the university setting. The risk is assessed by determining whether there are higher incidences of MRSA carriers in the university setting than in other areas of the community, as this may signify that those carrying MRSA have acquired the bacteria through university attendance. As a secondary objective, the study aims to compile a set of recommendations which would aim to reduce the likelihood of contracting MRSA in the university environment.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose of the study
Methods
Required Readings
Anticipated Bibliography
From the Paper
"The second phase of the study would comprise of a direct study of students at my university, in order to discover the numbers of students who currently carry MRSA. A sample of students would be selected, with selection being based upon that student not being at particular risk of MRSA, i.e. not having been hospitalized in the last year, or having undergone surgery of any kind within the last year. There may also be other exclusions which would be included from the findings of the literature review. These students would then have samples taken in order to test for the presence of MRSA; such testing would need to take into account participant confidentiality. The literature review would be used in order to elucidate a specific method for sample selection, using articles involving similar successful studies.
"From the findings of the testing for MRSA, it would be possible to establish whether there are indeed higher levels of MRSA in the university population by contrasting the results with any results obtained in the literature review; it may also be possible to contrast with results from other universities. The results can also be used in order to aid in the composition of recommendations to reduce the risk of contracting MRSA while attending university."
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The Doctrine of Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy, 2008.
Looks the doctrine of informed consent and patient autonomy as applied to modern medical ethics.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the doctrine of informed consent and patient autonomy emphasizes the dilemma that modern medicine experiences when faced with the issue of a patient's right and autonomy to decide what is going to be done to his or her own body once he or she is committed to a healthcare unit. The paper then points out that the once unquestionable acceptance that the patient should leave him or herself completely in the care of the medical staff seems to be outdated. The paper then goes on to define the concepts of patient's right of patient autonomy and the physician's obligation of informed consent. The issue may appear to be simple; however, there are many aspects to this doctrine. These are discussed in the paper.
From the Paper
"Wear also identifies many other aspects and medical situations where informed consent and patient autonomy can be harmful from a medical point of view, rather than beneficial. According to Wear, the two bioethics concepts can be termed as 'fast ethics', as in 'fast food', that is, a compromise between real ethical principles and no principles at all. Wear emphasizes thus that the ethos itself and its functionality may be seriously undermined in such cases where the doctors are confronted with the spontaneous behavior of the patients who are confronted with the truth about a serious illness or condition."
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The American Medical Association, 2008.
An analysis of the goals and achievements of the American Medical Association (AMA) over the years.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the achievements of the American Medical Association (AMA). It begins by describing the mission statement of the AMA and its goals and then discusses how it goes about achieving those goals. Next, the paper discusses some of the highlights and landmarks in the earlier development of the AMA. It looks at the AMA in a contemporary setting and finally discusses marketing with regards to the AMA.
From the Paper
"Marketing is also facilitated by the involvement of members and the medical community and in this regard the marketing strategy involves the distribution of flyers, posters and brochures as well as "Why join the AMA" talking points cards. (Marketing the AMA) This is also facilitated by the free print-on-demand services that the Website offers. Marketing to the public is also promo toted by extensive media exposure. This refers to the public health proposals, recommendations and resolutions that are made by the American Medical Association. For example, the AMA stand against smoking has achieved a high media profile, which I turn has promoted the Association's ideals and aims."
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