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Effects of Tobacco, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of smoking on the individual.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the history of tobacco's inculcation into mainstream culture and looks at the pleasure it provides smokers. The writer also discusses the health risks involved in smoking tobacco, addiction and second hand smoke. The writer maintains that organizations that are raising awareness about the dangers of smoking are no doubt creating a healthier environment for everyone. The writer then concludes that though quitting is difficult, every smoker should make every effort to break the habit. This step would not only benefit them, but also everyone they associate with, casually or otherwise.
Outline:
Introduction
The History of Smoking
Smoking and Health
The Allure of Smoking Tobacco
Heart Disease
Cancer
Addiction
Second Hand Smoke
Recent Government Reaction to Tobacco Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It could be argued that tobacco's colourful history is part of the substance's attraction. The first recorded European smoker was Rodrigo de Jerez, who was a colleague of Christopher Columbus during his exploration of the New World. Jerez started smoking cigars in Cuba. Having returned to Europe, Jerez lit a cigar publicly in 1493, which led to his imprisonment in 1493 by order of the Spanish Inquisition."
"Tobacco was initially slow to take over European consumers. It is believed that not until well into the following century that tobacco was brought to Europe from its native Americas."
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Dual Relationships in Counseling, 2008.
This paper discusses the danger of dual relationships in the counseling field.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the dangers of dual relationships within the mental health field. The writer maintains that counselors and therapists should avoid establishing or allowing the establishment of dual relationships within the context of their professional capacity. The writer concludes that this is not only an ethical imperative with respect to the client/patient continuum but also extends to dual relationships among patients in group therapy settings as well as relationships between coworkers and colleagues.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Dual Relationships in Group Therapy
The Counselor/Client Continuum
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Clearly, these negative developments that arise due to the existence or the establishment of dual relationships can have a very real and a potentially very harmful impact on the counseling process within the group therapy setting. Yet, all of these negative attributes can just as easily develop within the dual relationship context in the single-patient counseling environment or in the back office relationships that arise within the clinic or treatment facility setting. In all instances, the effectiveness and the objective of the counseling process is undermined and made almost irrelevant due to the dual relationships allowed to develop."
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Multislice CT Angiography, 2008.
This paper examines the diagnostic accuracy of multislice angiography in the diagnosis of vascular disease compared to conventional angiography.
1,934 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that multislice CT angiography is a potentially useful and cost-effective, non-invasive diagnostic modality. The paper discusses multislice angiography's diagnostic accuracy in different diseases, including cerebral vascular disease, aneurysms, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. The paper also points out that multislice CT angiography's technology is quickly outpacing the conventional angiography. The paper notes, however, that some surgeons still prefer the time-tested angiography in spite of its invasive nature, discomfort to the patient and potential risk for hemorrhage.
Outline:
Introduction
Diagnostic Accuracy in Different Diseases
Future Developments of Multislice CT Angiography
From the Paper
"Conventional angiography is considered as the golden standard technique in vascular imaging. Its main attributes include real-time visualization of target vessels, which makes it ideal not only for direct visualization of the vasculature of any accessible organ, but also for conducting therapeutic procedures. This provides angiography procedures with the distinct advantage of being able to diagnose and treat vascular diseases with one procedure. This comes at a cost. Another main attribute of angiography is its invasive nature. Most procedures involve gaining vascular access through the femoral artery, which presents as a potential problem post-procedure. While local pressure and close post-procedure monitoring can prevent life-threatening hemorrhaging, subjecting patients to seemingly unnecessary invasive procedures has prompted the development of other imaging modalities to match the real-time precision of angiographic imaging as well as remain non-invasive."
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Community Nursing Portfolio, 2008.
A personal statement in which a nurse discusses her experience as a nurse and her views on the nursing profession in general.
1,915 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper is a portfolio and personal statement of a practicing nurse. It describes nursing as a unique rite of passage and an art of the highest order. It also discusses the commitment required to be a nurse. In addition, the author atalks about her professional goals, both short-term and long-term. To conclude, the author asserts that she is ready and able to take on a community-oriented leadership role.
Outline:
Personal Statement
Goals
From the Paper
"Nursing as a profession does not merely mean mastering a craft. Nursing is, unlike other health professionals, an art of the highest order. This aspect of nursing entails more than just helping and caring for people. It means giving your whole life to strangers that put a unique type of trust in you, the cost of which may be a life, or quality of life. By the same token, it means forging an alliance with persons on personal levels other people may be uncomfortable with."
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Pfizer Marketing Strategy, 2008.
A research proposal for a study of Pfizer's marketing strategy.
3,280 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
This proposal discusses the marketing strategy of a major pharmaceutical industry competitor, Pfizer. The competitive environment of the pharmaceutical industry is examined within the context of Porter's five forces model and Merck is utilized as an illustrative competitor. The problem statement questions whether Pfizer's marketing strategy is adequate for the present global environment and what possible strategic adjustments it could take to better position itself in the market. The theoretical research approach of the study is qualitative with a reliance on grounded theory, which argues that the research itself should not only validate or invalidate the hypothesis but that the research, conclusion, and recommendations should actually result in additional research hypotheses. This proposal concludes with the inclusion of the academic base for the final research project.
Outline:
Background
Project Rationale
Proposal
Objectives
Approach & Method
Reporting & Presentation
Recommendations
Timing
Fees/Cost Justification
From the Paper
"The need for the information related to this project arose because of the competitive nature of the pharmaceutical industry and Pfizer's need to remain market relevant. The organization and its executive management intend to leverage this information and data to result in a competitive advantage over the company's primary rivals in the industry. Although this research project focuses on a single company, Pfizer, and a primary competitor, Merck, its intent is to illustrate the importance and long-term necessity of developing evolutionary marketing strategies within a competitively restrictive environment. The pharmaceutical industry relies on constantly evolving marketing initiatives because the channels of distribution in the industry are evolving as well and how consumers are able to order and receive their medications is shifting from previous distribution models because of technology such as the internet and RFID technology (Rubin, 2004)."
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Oxygen Cascade and Disease, 2008.
This paper describes the lungs and how it functions, especially oxygen cascade, and its relationship to disease.
3,380 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the main organ responsible for gas exchange, the lungs, are efficient not only in their anatomic and histological structure but also are physiologically efficient to provide oxygen to tissues and cells such that oxygen extraction can be increased in altered, demanding physiologic states within the bounds of physical laws. The author points out that the oxygen cascade, essentially described as the "diminishing returns" phenomenon, represents a natural barrier to the limits of mammalian and human cellular respiration. The paper concludes that, from uptake of oxygen, to transport of oxygen to the periphery to its delivery to tissues at the cellular level, at the different steps, oxygen tension decreases pathologies at the tissue level, which are heavily dependent on perfusion and are the most vulnerable to hypoxia.
Table of Contents:
Lung Anatomy and Physiology
Oxygen Cascade
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Regional Distribution of Oxygen Delivery
Diffusion from Capillary to Cell
Cellular Use of Oxygen
Lung Pathophysiology
Oxygen Cascade Pathophysiology and Relevant Disease States
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Delivery of oxygen to the tissues is heavily dependent on the heart and the vascular system associated with it. This branching, closed-circuit system perfuses all organ systems. In normal individuals, global delivery of oxygen (Do2) is often more than adequate to ensure that all tissues receive enough oxygen to meet their aerobic respiratory needs (Vo2). Do2 is the product of cardiac output (Qt) and oxygen content of blood (Cao2). Cao2 is similarly the product of oxygen saturation (Sao2), hemoglobin content (Hgb), and a constant K (the coefficient for hemoglobin-oxygen binding capacity)."
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Aboriginal Canadian People, 2008.
This paper discusses issues of health and homelessness among the aboriginal people of Canada.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the complex interaction of the social determinants of health, which have resulted in the very poor health status of the aboriginal Canadian people. The author points out that the broadest issues, which impact on native communities, include little control by natives over their own economy, their ability for self-government and unfair decisions about use of resources. The paper relates that these issues are linked with the loss of native language and culture, especially because of the government's and religion's involvement in residential schools. The author underscores that homelessness for Native people is sometimes viewed as a problem that the poor bring upon themselves; however, the mainstream society forgets that native people have lost their resources. The paper concludes that native people are capable of solving their own problems as long as they are given some degree of support, autonomy and justice.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Practice Experience and Issue
The Root Issue Explaining Native Homelessness
Analysis of Practice and Community Connections
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During the project, we learned that all the Native people on reserves live under conditions of poverty and despair. It is to escape those conditions that many Aboriginal women as well as young males leave reserves. Aboriginal homeless women are faced with racism and discrimination. Unlike other Canadian women, there are very few Native women who have an income; instead they exist on a welfare allowance which often does not meet basic needs. Because of the extent and complexity of the issues facing Native peoples, I learned that it is not possible to approach these issues without nursing theory and theoretical frameworks."
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Organizational Growth at Pfizer, 2008.
A discussion of the organizational growth of the Pfizer pharmaceutical company, through an analysis of the company's planning and marketing strategy.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the pharmaceutical company Pfizer has been quite effective at utilizing marketing strategy based market development to expand its revenue streams and extend the useful life of its existing products. The paper maintains that Pfizer's sales and marketing division is one of the drug industries best and has been a strong contributor to creating one of the most pathological advertising establishments in the United States. The paper uses the Ansoff matrix as a tool to assess Pfizer's marketing strategies in relation to the general drug market. The paper concludes that Pfizer owes its success to its vast resources, global distribution and channel technology, and brand equity.
Outline:
Introduction
Gap Analysis
Ansoff's Matrix-Strategic Planning
Recommended Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are several strategies to accomplish growth. One of the easiest from an operational standpoint is to simply acquire or merge with another company which is inline with Ansoff's market or product development strategy. The exact nature of the strategy is dependent upon the character of the businesses being acquired or merged with. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) provide companies with an instant expanded market and a new product or product line as well as, potentially, a completely new industry. If the M&A target is a company that focuses on a different market or market segment this would be a strategy based on market development because the primary company would be moving into what is, in effect, according to Ansoff, a new market."
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The Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, 2008.
This paper explores the global incidence of tuberculosis.
2,162 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that the incidence of tuberculosis tends to be low across affluent areas but continues to be pronounced among impoverished, isolated and marginalized populations. The paper looks at the agent, host and environment of this disease and discusses how research remains crucial in relation to designing more effective testing, as well as more potent drugs to overcome tuberculosis.
Outline:
Introduction
Agent
Host
Environment
Web of Causation
Natural History and Control and Prevention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Epidemiology refers to "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004, p. 250). Tuberculosis is a global problem but certain populations even in affluent nations such as Canada are at high risk for tuberculosis. These populations include "aboriginal peoples, foreign-born residents from countries with a high prevalence of TB, disadvantaged inner-city populations, and those with HIV infection" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004, p. 914)."
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Use of Herbicides, 2008.
This paper looks at the history of the U.S. war on drugs, with specific attention devoted to the use of herbicides as an instrument to overcome Colombia's illicit drug trade.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines the controversial topic of aerial spraying or fumigation in Colombia as it pertains to efforts to destroy the country's illicit drug trade. To really understand the issue, however, the writer discusses the lengthy history of narcotics in Colombia, the history of the American war on drugs and the types of drugs that appear most prevalent in Colombia. From there, time is devoted to looking at the issue of aerial spraying, why it seemed like a good idea when first conceived, and precisely what impact it has had upon Colombia. In the final analysis, the writer maintains that aerial spraying seems superficially to be an effective means of thwarting the drug trafficking problem in Colombia, but it may simply be a needless distraction diverting resources and expertise away from worthwhile alternatives.
From the Paper
"The history of the war on drugs is a long and important one, but it is necessary first to place it within the context of the even longer history of Colombia as a major international distributor of illicit narcotics. To begin with, marijuana cultivation in Colombia first emerged during the initial decade of the twentieth century. By as early as the 1930s, some cultivation was taking place among the Costeno black population on Barranquilla and urban criminals located in this territory were routinely smoking marijuana. Additionally, during the course of the Second World War, hemp cultivation muscled its way to the forefront courtesy the growing demand for large-scale fiber production as one part of the much larger war effort. Finally, by the latter part of the 1960s and by the early 1970s, marijuana production in Colombia became a fairly huge and lucrative industry in response to a growing demand for such a good in the United States."
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Culturally Competent Care, 2008.
This paper examines standards and policies of care that are sensitive to the ethnocultural needs of the patient.
3,308 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the importance of culturally competent care in the hospital. The paper looks at the gap in health insurance coverage in various ethnic groups and examines the standards of the present health policies in effect today. The paper also presents strategies to improve culturally-sensitive care. The paper concludes that there are few concrete policies that categorically address the plight of minorities and therefore it is the ethical responsibility of policy-makers to look out for their welfare.
Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Population
Population Vulnerability
Standards of Met and Unmet Cultural Competence
Impacts on Nursing Care Delivery
Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Culturally competent care in the health workplace setting of a hospital involves the provision of effective and timely care that is sensitive to the ethnocultural needs of the client or patient. This type of care, while sensitive to the needs of people with different ethnocultural backgrounds, must not, at the same time, become biased in its provision of care, either by policy, protocol or other barriers that prevent equality in care. This means that, while unique sets of people with diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds have equally unique care needs, this should not be the basis for justifications of providers to relegate culturally-sensitive initiatives to lesser priority over others."
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Multiple Sclerosis and Quality of Life, 2008.
This paper discusses that certain symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) that lead to higher levels of disability, fatigue and depression will result in lower quality of life for MS patients.
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the nature of the relationship between disability, depression, fatigue and quality of life for people with multiple sclerosis. The writer notes that the focus of the research is to get a clearer understanding of the primary as well as secondary factors that affect people with multiple sclerosis. The writer also notes that, as stated by Benito-Leon et al, there exist many other factors that affect sufferers of multiple sclerosis, besides the impairment or rehabilitative nature of the disease.
Outline:
Scope of Study
Literature Review
Hypotheses
Method
Participants & Materials
Procedure
Results
Descriptive Statistics
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Discussion
Findings
Study Limitations
From the Paper
" MS research has not been focused on understanding the QOL among MS patients. Few studies have focused on the how the symptoms of MS affect noted measures of QOL. The general understanding is that as a whole MS seems to lower QOL; however few studies have been able to provide the necessary link between QOL, and specific aspects of MS related symptoms. Nortvedt and Riise completed a literature review and found that the literature was either validating the use of measurement criterions, focusing on the factors that influence QOL within MS patients, or focusing on using lift questionnaires to understand the impacts of MS. Many of the studies examined used similar measurement via quality of life questionnaires and clinical scales to identify the nature of the relationship between QOL and MS."
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Diabetes, 2008.
This paper discusses the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, MLA, AU$ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the three main types of diabetes are type 1, which is usually found among children and young adults, type 2, which is usually associated with obesity in teenagers and adults, and gestational diabetes, which is related to pregnancy. The author stresses that often types 2 diabetes goes undiagnosed, yet it can lead to serious complications; therefore, knowing the symptoms of diabetes is important. The paper points out that, when diabetes is left untreated or not treated properly, serious complications can develop, such as damage to the retina, kidneys and nerves. The author relates that several types of medications are available depending on the person, type of diabetes and blood sugar levels.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Diabetes
Symptoms of Diabetes
Review of Diabetes in the Past and Present
Medications
Complications of Diabetes
From the Paper
"The National Institute of Health has created a fact sheet showing how the medical world has made changes from the past to the present. Thirty years ago, or in the 1950's, twenty percent of the people diagnosed with diabetes Type I would die within twenty years after first being diagnosed. Now, only 3.5 percent of people diagnosed with the disease die within twenty years of the diagnosis. Thirty years ago, researchers did not know the importance of glucose control to prevent debilitating eye, nerve, kidney, heart, and blood vessel complications of the diseases. "
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Homelessness in New York City, 2008.
A research study on the issue of homelessness in New York City.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of homelessness, in general, and in New York City in particular. The study was undertaken with the intention of illustrating some of the primary causes of homelessness in New York City, so that specific strategies to alliviate the problem itself and issues associated with it, such as crime, can be mitigated. A literature review of research into the subject is also included.
Outline:
Research Problem
Rationale for Study
Study benefits
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Homelessness has been described as a chronic illness affecting all societies regardless of the degree of economic development and overall wealth of the nation. It is pandemic and epidemic in some societies. Some researchers have attributed the cause of homelessness to a series of factors that work to create homelessness from three dimensions: 1) structural or the broader societal problems that may contribute to homelessness such as high unemployment, inflation, or tight housing markets, 2) individual problems that might lead an individual to become homeless such as mental illness, substance abuse, or some type of disability, and 3) governmental policies that may contribute or actually facilitate homelessness through short-sighted un insensitive planning such as a failure to provide emergency relief funds or some other type of social safety net (Burt pars.2-3). Simply being knowledgeable of these causal factors greatly assists both the broader political apparatus as well as governments at the community level to effectively plan and mitigate homelessness to varying degrees. Therefore, this study attempts to assess the specific character of homelessness in a single market, New York City, in order to better define solutions to solve the problems that lead to homelessness specific to New York City."
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Low Self-Esteem and Teen Marijuana Use, 2008.
This paper discusses the connection between low self-esteem and the use of drugs, in particular marijuana.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that teen use of illegal drugs such as marijuana is high, and appears to be on the increase, in the West. It is suggested that this is because many teens have poor self-esteem, and therefore they are likely to turn to destructive behaviours, such as using marijuana and other illicit substances. This essay draws on research to show that this is a valid explanation for the high incidence of marijuana use by teens in the West. The writer maintains that it seems very likely that low self-esteem can lead to substance abuse in teenagers. The writer concludes that increased use of marijuana among teens in the West is partly a result of the fact that many teens have poor self-esteem.
From the Paper
"Similar studies by other researchers have yielded similar results for girls. For example, several studies indicate that girls who have self-esteem and body image issues can turn to drugs. Unfortunately, such self-esteem and body image issues are wide spread in adolescent girls. One study showed that many girls go through a dramatic transition in early adolescence, and that this transition is characterized by issues around body image and low self-esteem. To make matters worse, research has turned up the unsurprising finding that girls with low self-esteem find it harder to cope with the usual stressors of adolescence. Similarly to the research with boys, researchers have found that pre-adolescent girls with low self-esteem are much likelier to abuse drugs by the time they reach the age of 15. Thus, the age of beginning to use drugs such as marijuana appears to be older than girls - but nevertheless, like boys, there seems to be a link between low self-esteem and marijuana and other illicit drug use."
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Psychology of Drugs and Human Behavior, 2008.
This paper discusses whether psychoactive drug use is synonymous with dependence.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that psychoactive drugs act upon the human central nervous system, altering brain function and impacting on mood and behavior. The writer discusses that though some psychoactive drugs are legal and prescribed as medication, while some are illegal and are used as a form of recreation for users. The writer then points out that current research suggests that these drugs can sometimes lead to dependence and addiction issues. The writer also discusses that mood and behavior-altering drugs have therefore garnered significant media attention as harmful solutions to problems which could be solved through non-medicinal methods.
Outline:
Introduction
Psychoactive Drugs: Theories of Addiction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Though the researchers agree that this is true, they believe that psychoactive drug addiction is a real issue that has numerous causal factors. The most notable of these, according to Nesse and Berridge, is the tendency for psychoactive drugs to create a brain signal that creates a false indication of a huge fitness benefit. This then changes behavior propensities, increasing drug-seeking behaviours in frequency and displacing more adaptive behaviours. This issue is seen by the researchers as being part of an overall addiction modern society has to fitness-decreasing incentives such as video games and snack foods. Such addictions, Nesse and Berridge maintain, are a mismatch between our bodies and our modern environments, which causes behavioural and medical problems."
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