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PCB Contamination, 2004.
An analysis of the issues involved in PCB contamination and possible solutions.
1,007 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a full overview of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB). The paper presents background information on PCBs, including their sources, cleanup efforts, stakeholders, and similar toxins. The paper emphasizes environmental and water quality applications.
From the Paper
"Advances in the treatment of affected aquatic systems have been made and PCB contamination is becoming less widespread. The stakeholders associated with this issue are large electrical companies like White-Westinghouse and General Electric and biotechnology corporations such as the Monsanto Company. The electric companies needed a chemical that could be used for industrial cooling and the Monsanto Company used their technology to create this chemical. (Schmidt,48)"
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Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, 2004.
An explanation of the causes and treatments of NSH.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
A research paper on Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathryroidism (NSH). Discusses causes of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The paper includes many references from medical and veterinary journals, Internet sites, and research on the topic. The writer also interviewed some experts in the field to gain an understanding on this disease.
From the Paper
"Calcium and phosphorus, two very important minerals, make up approximately 70% of the total mineral content in the equine body. Most people, including young children, have seen the milk commercials on television that inform their viewer of the important role that calcium plays in creating strong, healthy bones. Calcium plays this role in many species and is especially important in large breed animals such as the horse, who is often asked to perform hard work and athletically challenging tasks. In addition to creating strong bones in the equine body, calcium is also important for several metabolic functions such as nerve conductions and muscle contractions. Without a sufficient amount of calcium, the horse?s bones would grow weak and he would be at greater risk for injury. Due to the importance of these vital functions of calcium, the equine?s body closely regulates the levels of calcium in the bloodstream. Vitamin D and hormones such as the parathyroid hormone (PTH) play an important part in maintaining adequate calcium levels in the blood stream. When there is not enough calcium in the horse?s diet the PTH begins to break down calcium from the bones, which store 99% of the body?s calcium, and moves it into the bloodstream. When there is a long-term deficiency of calcium in the equine?s diet, significant re-absorption of bone can occur, which can lead to decreased bone strength and density, or abnormal bone formation. Many racetrack injuries, laminitis, and tendonitis have been attributed to inadequate calcium in the diet of young racehorses. Even if there is adequate calcium, a large concentration of other minerals such as phosphorus will decrease the absorption of calcium. Thus, there must be a balanced ratio of these minerals. If improper Ca:P levels in the diet continue for an extended period of time, serious problems such as nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism will develop.
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Color Genetics in Horses, 2003.
An essay that explores the genetics of equine coloring.
2,648 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the genetics involved in breeding a certain color horse. Colors covered include black, chestnut, Mealy/Pangare, the dilutes, mixed patterns and the white patterns. The paper includes many photographs.
From the Paper
"The Classic Roan gene affects all the bases, modifiers and dilutes but can be masked by other white pattern genes. Roan is a color pattern caused by white hairs mixing with colored hairs. There are no "Roan" hairs on a Roan horse. The resulting physical colors are usually blue or rose (black base and chestnut base) but less common colors are pale gold and almost white. The Roan gene however will usually not affect the points."
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Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, 2004.
An overview of the environment and development of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
2,244 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper describes early life in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and how the environment developed. The writer explains the significance of agriculture in bringing the people to live together in villages and sustain themselves from farming near the rivers and waterways. The paper includes details of recent archaeological discoveries in the area that support the claims.
From the Paper
"Since the early years of archeological studies, it was thought that these developments occurred concurrently, meaning that they were devised and utilized at approximately the same time; however, recent archeological research has forced this view to change, for it is now clear that "Mesopotamia and its environs were far ahead of Egypt, at least temporarily, some five thousand years ago" (Snell, 178). Numerous village/farming communities in present-day Iraq date back to the mid seventh millennium B.C.E., and the remarkable fortified town of Jericho appears to be even older. In Egypt, the oldest settlements, located near the delta of the Nile River, do not seem to have been founded much before 4500 B.C.E., and furthermore, an urban society like those found in Mesopotamia seems to have never developed there."
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Farmaceuticals, 2004.
This paper discusses 'farmaceuticals', the application of the most advanced biotechnology to the most basic methods of agriculture, hence 'farming'.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 'farmaceuticals' developed from transgenics, the implantation of DNA into a plant or animal to change some attribute of the product that plant or animal produces. The author points out that farmaceuticals will contribute to ending world hunger by creating farm crops and animals with higher-than-usual loads of various nutrients, which are prepared and eaten like any other similar food item. The paper relates that transgenic animals or crops can be used to produce drugs, properly called biopharmaceuticals, but many people use the terms 'biopharmaceuticals' and 'farmaceuticals' interchangeably.
From the Paper
"This second sort of farmaceutical may indeed have a great effect on the human condition merely because in some instances, producing needed pharmaceuticals through farmaceuticls is less expensive than producing the same compounds in the laboratory. Currently, one of the biggest of these farmaceutical programs is at GTC Biotherapeutics in Framingham, Massachusetts, where scientists are breeding goats and cows to carry genes for therapeutic proteins. (Therapeutic proteins include such compounds as monoclonal antibodies, which help the immune system by recognizing and binding to alien object in the body.) GTC can create a herd of transgenic goats for about $100m, a third of the cost of building a protein production facility of the old-fashioned sort with petrie dishes and so on. That method of creating the proteins costs about $150 a gram. Using goats and cows, it is estimated that?when this method finally gets underway?it may cost as little as $1 to $2 a gram for the same proteins. Since these compounds are used to treat expensive and deadly diseases such as cancer, this sort of farmaceutical could indeed be a boon to humanity."
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Genetically Modified Organism, 2004.
This essay discusses the scientific, economic and social implications of genetically modified food to feed a hungry world.
2,376 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a discussion of severe arable land degradation and how genetic modification works. Various methods of genetic modification methods are provided, with references from scientific sources. The essay moves on to discuss impact of genetic engineering on maize gene pool and possible scenarios. Also mentioned is the down side of engineering plants to produce pesticides. Various fears of unknown effects from GMO are stated with case studies. Lastly, the essay addresses ethical and political reasons for and against GMO.
From the Paper
"Food is a crucial factor in supporting life on earth, but with the extremely fast rates of population growth, many wonder how long will it be before human consumption exceeds food production. Already, erosion and nutrient depletion has taken its toil on food production, with nearly 40 percent of the world?s arable land seriously degraded (Robbins, 2001). In the early 1990s, a new science called Genetic Engineering came up with a possible solution."
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The Protea, 2004.
An analysis of the protea, the national flower of South Africa.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the national flower of South Africa, the protea. The paper begins by explaining why the flower was chosen as the floral emblem in 1962. The paper then shows where and how the flower grows and what family it belongs to. The writer then mentions some of the other flowers in the protea family and describes them in detail. The paper explains why the protea is so important in South Africa and has come to represent the very nature of the nation.
From the Paper
"The king protea (Protea cynaroides) is the national flower of South Africa. The king protea was first seriously considered for South Africa's official national floral emblem in 1962, when a commission was set up to study its use as a national emblem. The South African Association of Botanists supported the choice of the spectacular flower, the king protea, however the choice of the flower as the national floral emblem did not officially occur until 1975 (SA Embassy). The king protea is the largest member of the proteas. King proteas can reach close to two meters in height, and the flower itself can be up to 30 cm across. The king protea (Protea cynaroids) is generally pink or crimson in its outer bracts, which are covered with silky hairs."
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Developing Agriculture, 2004.
This is a paper on agriculture in less developed nations.
934 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains that there are many issues facing underdeveloped nations today. It examines whether these countries should give up their agriculture sector in order to become well-developed nations.
From the Paper
"There are several factors which have a negative impact on the agriculture industry. There are few paved roads to transport the goods, creating a longer delivery time to the markets, and a high rate of spoilage. Erosion and deforestation are reducing the amount of cultivatable acreage, bad weather such as drought or flooding can devastate entire crops, and lack of irrigation systems in these areas can result in a shortened growing season."
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WTO Agricultural Negotiation, 2004.
This paper discusses the agricultural negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO), an independent international organization, which establishes and maintains rules governing global trade.
2,440 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Doha Round held in 2001 was a once-in-a-generation chance to change the rules that govern international agricultural trade so that both consumers and producers in both developed and developing countries would benefit. The author points out that the WTO agriculture negotiation has been viewed by many as an imbalanced instrument because it gives special and differential treatment to developed countries by strongly protecting them, while putting pressure on developing countries to liberalize more. The paper includes the '12 steps' program that is recommended for global human rights and food security.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The issues slated for discussion in Cancun centered on agriculture?s three pillars previously mentioned. The Ministerial also had to discuss services; market access for industrial goods; the implementation of the Uruguay Round and special and differential treatment; geographical indications; investment, competition, government procurement and trade facilitation; environment; trade rules; and dispute settlement. The overall objective was defined as the narrowing down the gap between rich and poor countries."
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Puppy Mills, 2004.
This paper argues that puppy mills, mass-production, puppy-raising farms that breed animals in a deplorable and reckless fashion, should be banned.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the art of puppy breeding began shortly after World War II when the US Department of Agriculture encouraged farmers to raise puppies as crops because traditional crop-growing had stalled. The author points out that an owner purchasing a puppy raised in a mill is much more likely to purchase a sick animal, or worse, an animal with a personality disorder resulting in the dog being given up to a shelter for adoption or worse. The paper relates that proponents of puppy mills argue that the USDA has enacted legislation requiring licensing for certain breeders; however, there is much evidence indicating that, currently, the USDA does not have enough inspectors to enforce laws requiring minimum space and standards for puppy breading.
From the Paper
"Commercial breeders are one problem, breeding several types of puppy with profit as the primary motive. Many of the dogs raised in such kennels are not adequately screened for genetic illnesses. Also problematic are so called backyard breeder. Puppy mills however, are among the worst offenders, who breed puppies with little or no attention to their health care needs, socialization practices and placement protocols. USDA inspectors typically fail to inspect such mills."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2004.
A discussion of the pros and cons of genetically modified (GM) food.
1,461 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the debate over producing and eating GM foods. In particular, the paper reviews the decision by the U.S. government to send GM grain, via the WFP of the UN, as part of their food aid to Africa. The paper concludes that the U.S. was not correct in their decision to send GM grain to Africa, as well as being incorrect in forcing African nations to accept the GM grain and, indeed, acted unethically through its decision to act as it did.
From the Paper
"People against GM foods argue that the use of GM crops, manufactured (and more importantly, patented) by a small number of (US-owned) firms, will lead to small farmers becoming beholden to these large firms, which will mean the death of small business, in the developing world (which we are already seeing, on a huge scale), but also in the developed world, including the US. This would be globalization wrought on an epidemic scale, and would have devastating consequences for the world economy, as the large, monopolistic, firms could charge any amount they wanted for their seed, leaving competition a thing of the past."
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Hemp as an Alternative to Fuel, 2004.
Examines the advantages of using hemp as a source of fuel.
1,132 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
Hemp was an important crop for American farmers until 1937 when Congress passed a prohibitive tax on hemp production, the Marijuana Tax Act, and the hemp industry in the U.S. was destroyed. This paper shows how hemp has the potential for being an important resource in farming, medicine, and fuel production. The paper focuses mainly, however, on the environmental benefits of using bio-diesel produced from hemp seeds.
From the Paper
"Although, there are still restrictions on industrial hemp cultivation, pressure from industry in recent years has led to a relaxation of the laws, resulting in a wide variety of new products, ranging from clothing to cosmetics and ice-cream (29). Because hemp is easy to grow, even in the poorest of soils, and can be harvested in four months, its environmental sustainability is a major selling point (30). Moreover, as a plant, like all plants, it absorbs the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere as it grows and due to the fact that it requires very little energy to process, it saves money, conserves fossil fuels and reduces carbon dioxide emissions (31)."
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Genetically Modified Foods in Africa, 2004.
This paper discusses the debate surrounding the use of genetically modified (GM) foods as food aid to African countries.
1,955 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the debate over African nations refusing U.S. GM food aid encompasses a much larger scope than the Western debate over GM foods. The author points out that, not only must African nations consider the same human health and environmental implications of GM food as their Western counterparts, but also African countries must negotiate a minefield of political and economic concerns unique to the region. The paper states that the debate surrounding GM foods in Africa must take into consideration some uniquely African problems, including Africa's desperate need to feed its large population and the relative poverty of the African nations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background to Genetically Modified Foods and Food Aid
Arguments Supporting Genetically Modified Foods
Arguments against Genetically Modified Foods
The Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Food Aid
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Later reports noted that Zambia's decision was influenced strongly by the UK-based BMA's fears about the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in FM foods to bacteria, and the potential for GM foods to cause allergies. Supporters of GM foods argue that the Zambia's decision was based on bad advice from the BMA. For example, the South African head of AfricaBio notes, "The American Medical Association backs GM food, as does the Royal Society in Britain, the Third World Academy of Sciences and the Food and Agriculture Organization". "
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Cassava, 2004.
An overview of the life history and economic value of this woody shrub.
3,026 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
The shrub, cassava, which is also known as manihot esculenta, is the main source of carbohydrates for millions of people worldwide. This paper examines the origin and economic value of cassava to humans. It then looks at the life history of the shrub, as well as its taxonomy and morphology.
From the Paper
"Within a week, the stem cuttings begin to shoot and roots grow. The plants that grow by planting seedlings take a longer time to grow and are found to be small and weaker than the plants bred by stem cutting. Stem cuttings from the same plant are genetically constant while seedlings are found genetically varied. The shoots increase and the roots began to extend within the first few weeks of appearance or coming out. After 8 weeks of planting tuberisation or root hardening begins. (Cock, 17)"
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Biotechnology, 2004.
This paper discusses that modern biotechnology has the potential and the promise to change radically our world within a matter of decades, especially in the areas of food production and medicine.
4,515 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while the developing world has become one of the fastest growing markets for genetically modified crops (GMO crops), the vast majority of biotech crops are grown in the United States and other developed countries. The author believes that biotechnology, which increases the yield of existing land, may be the only way to save our valuable wilderness in the future. The paper relates that the realm of medicine and science, far more than the realm of food, is where one would expect to see strange, chimerical advances being made as history progresses towards the age of science fiction.
Table of Contents
Why Biotechnology?
Genetic Modification in the Food Production Industries
Biotechnology and the New Revolution in Medicine
Biotechnology in Warfare
Further Speculative Uses
Profits for the Developed World
Conclusion
From the Paper
"So it would be safe to say that transgenic foods obviously play a huge role in modern agricultural production and consumption practices. Those who fear for the future in terms of genetically altered foodstuffs and medicines might do well to notice that such a future is with us today. Currently, over 50 types of genetically altered plants, passed through the extensive screening procedures instituted by the American Federal Government, are being widely produced and consumed throughout the world. The reasons farmers choose to plant genetically engineered crops is related to the reasons why consumers often unknowingly prefer them. These transgenic crops are often healthier plants (requiring less herbicides, pesticides, anti-fungal sprays, and so forth) and may have more appeasing, appetizing and abundant yields. All in all, this translates into higher profit for farmers and for the corporations that sell seed stock."
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Genetic Modification, 2003.
Discusses the method and uses of genetic modification of plants.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the insertion of DNA into the plant chromosome to produce desired traits, such as resistance to insects and herbicides. It examines the reduction of farming costs, improved nutritional value, and longer shelf life.
From the Paper
"Introduction
Genetic modification of plants involves inserting segments of DNA into the chromosome to produce desired traits in the resulting plant. It is commonly used to make plants resistant to insects and to herbicides. This reduces the costs of far..."
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