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Public Policy-Making Process, 2006.
A review of public policy making and the public policy-making process.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the process of public policy making. According to the paper, the policy making process that occurs in governmental organizations is a complex process that involves many organizations and entities, and is inclusive of several stages in the policy-making process. The paper further discusses the thesis of Charles E. Lindblom and Edward Woodhouse.
Outline:
Introduction
The Nature of Policy
Different Kinds of Policy Analysis
How Perceived Problems gets on the Public Agenda
The Major Players in the Process
The Decision-Making Processes Used to Adopt Policies
The Environment Within Which Policy Must Take Place
How Federalism Impacts the Policy-Making Process
Assessment of the Process Using the Thesis of Lindblom and Woodhouse
From the Paper
"Policy analysis is stated to have its limitations in the work of Lindblom and Woodhouse and the policy-makers are generally given too much advice or information which is incidentally extensive but does not offer a contrary or different point of view. Another limitation exists in the fact that while one group would hold that the correct action was taken yet another group would believe that the action was incorrect and this is based on individual reasoning. Stated is: "There runs a deep and wide river of information and opinion fed by many springs, from formal research projects to letters to the editor, some of which makes it way into the thinking of those with direct influence over policy." [p.15]"
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Alger Hiss, 2007.
An analysis of the implications of the Alger Hiss spy scandal in the United States.
4,297 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Alger Hiss spy scandal which pointed out a series of problems the American intelligence community faced during the Cold War years. The paper also discusses the way in which this case represented a milestone in the judicial practice of the US courts, especially because they relied on official documents to support and make their decision.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, documents such as no 1579 point out a different controversy. Apparently the name "Hiss" is mentioned in the 1943 telegram sent from New York to Moscow, which would conclude that the Russian secret intelligence was well aware of Alger Hiss and in good contact with him. However, opposing opinions draw the attention on the fact that "the name 'Hiss' was not translated by the Venona cryptanalysts, because it appeared just that way in the original: 'Spelled out in the Latin alphabet'" . Moreover, the absence of the first name did not indicate clearly whether it was Alger or his brother, both engaged in the State Department activities. Lowenthal concludes that considering the fact that "Hiss' is the only one of the six real names in the GRU message that appears without a first name and without a cover name", the document would not indicate Hiss to be a spy, but rather a reference."
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Music Downloads, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical and legal implications of downloading music for free off the Internet.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
This three page paper presents a discussion about the downloading of music off of the Internet. The writer argues that it has a tremendous impact on society and the music industry by decreasing profits to the musicians and music centers. It discusses the ethical implications of downloading music for free and discusses laws that are necessary to prevent this.
From the Paper
"Why should artists continue to write new songs, perform on stage and put them to cd if they are not going to be paid for their efforts? Would you go to work if at the end of the week you didn't get a paycheck? Downloading music instead of paying for the cd or privilege will have long reaching affects on society. It will discourage artists from producing new material and it will teach future generations that stealing is okay as long as one doesn't get caught. Both of these options have negative impacts on society. "In a period of lackluster sales, illegal downloading isn't the only factor affecting the depressed music industry. Disgruntled consumers have contributed significantly to the decline in retail music sales. Retail music sales, valued at $12.5 billion in 2005, are predicted to fall to $10.5 billion by 2010, according to a recent Mintel report (Spotlight, 2006).""
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McCullough v. Maryland, 2007.
This paper describes the significance of the US Supreme Court decision in McCullough v. Maryland.
1,596 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author argues that McCullough v. Maryland was one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in history. The paper gives a background to the case, which began in 1791, and shows how the decision applies in modern times. The author describes the difficulties for today's audiences to understand the case's importance. Therefore, the writer stresses understanding the case's principles, not details.
From the Paper
"From a modern perspective, it can be difficult to understand the key issues that the Supreme Court resolved in the dispute. First, a modern audience may have a difficult time understanding why the states had an issue with the idea of a national bank. However, in the time period immediately following the Revolutionary War there was a huge dispute in the Federal government regarding the Federal government's ability to run such a bank..."
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Canons of Professional Ethics for Attorneys, 2007.
This paper describes the Canons of Professional Ethics for Attorneys and its current relevance to the profession.
1,173 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author argues that the Canons of Professional Ethics written for attorneys in the early 1900's are no longer relevant. The paper gives a brief historic background of the Canon's adoption, then highlights the major points of contention, showing point by point how the Canons no longer apply. The author further contends that the Canons often fail to embrace the realities of the legal profession, especially of defense attorneys who must often defend unpopular clients or even for attorneys who wish to solicit business. The writer describes the Canons as often vague, contradictory, and unenforceable.
From the Paper
"Many of the Canons could actually subvert the intention of attorneys to represent clients to their fullest extent. Consider the working Canon 28: "It is unprofessional for a lawyer to volunteer advice to bring a lawsuit, except in rare cases where ties of blood, relationship, or trust make it his duty to do so." (Hurld, 2004) Yes, this would forbid ambulance chasing or advertisements asking a parent of a sick child if medical malpractice might be the cause of their child's infirmity, the sort of attorney advertising and grandstanding non-lawyers enjoy pointing to, when these laypersons explain why they despise attorneys."
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Oregon Death with Dignity Act, 2007.
This paper discusses the Oregon Death with Dignity Act.
1,494 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper details recent legislation on assisted suicide known as the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. David Gil's Policy Analysis Framework is used to analyze the new law. According to Gil's analysis, the "objective" of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act is to settle the dispute as to what the desires of an incapacitated person really are. The author concludes that as a result of the enactment of this law, the number of physician-assisted suicides will continue to grow, and disability supporters will protest and try to bring awareness to the general public.
From the Paper
"The danger of defining "terminal" with time limits or definitions of illness is that these limits may be defined differently by different doctors. In the Netherlands "terminal" is simply "concrete expectancy of death" and time limits and definitions of "terminal illness" have been fastidiously avoided, to protect both the ill and their physicians when a terminal illness or mental state cannot be judged within these limits. Patients may suffer long past the six months that the doctor assumes is remaining for the patient. (Marker, 2006) In Oregon, the legal interpretation of "terminal disease" is "an incurable and irreversible disease that has been medically confirmed and will, within reasonable medical judgment, produce death within six months." [1995 c.3 s.1.01; 1999 c.423 s.1] (Definitions, 12)"
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RIAA - Internet Music Downloads, 2005.
A review of issues surrounding downloading music from the Internet.
1,221 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at music downloads. The paper reviews how music is downloaded via the Internet, and various issues relating to music downloads. The paper also discusses whether this is illegal or not.
Outline:
Introduction
How Music is Downloaded from the Internet
The Threats of Music Downloading
Music Downloading : Why is it Illegal?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At first, it may seem that ease of downloading music from the Internet will produce nothing but positive impact to the consumers. They will be able to get and enjoy music for free. They will be able to share music to their friends without limits or boundaries. However, the fact remains that copying or downloading music from the internet is piracy. It is copying without proper consent from the real owners. It is copying and reproducing without notifying the people who have shed great efforts in producing such music. Thus, honor, credibility and integrity of the consumer is being wage. "
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Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of crime and capital punishment.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that among the claims made about the death penalty by proponents of capital punishment is that the penalty is fairly applied so that it cannot be rejected as being applied more readily to any one group in society. The writer argues that this claim is false, and various analysts have shown how the poor are disadvantaged by the entire legal system and how minorities who kill whites are far more likely to be sentenced to death than anyone who kills another minority member. The writer notes that reforms of the entire justice system have been proposed, with the view that the unfairness extends to all crimes and not just to capital crimes. The writer concludes that it is not clear how any of the proposed solutions would affect problems in the system and unfairness in particular.
From the Paper
"More and more analysts have found that the death penalty is not applied equally and that there is often a racial component in the way some offenders are treated and sentenced. This view has not been accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court, however, even as opponents of the death penalty cite statistics showing that the death penalty is racially discriminatory. These opponents have raised the issue in court with little success. They cite statistics to the effect that black murderers are far more likely than white murderers to get the death penalty, and that this is especially true if the victim was white. Statistics from Georgia show what happens. In that state, a black man accused of killing a white person is substantially more likely to receive the death penalty than a white person convicted of killing either a white or a black. Some forty six percent of the inmates on Georgia's death row are black, and most were sentenced to die for killing a white victim. Other states show similar statistics."
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Madison and The Bill of Rights, 2007.
This paper examines James Madison's role in advocating the first ten Amendments to the Constitution.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews a series of letters written by James Madison to other delegates at the Constitutional Convention, in order to determine who the major players were in the debate about the amendments and what their respective interests were. The paper discusses the discernible relative power and wealth of these individuals and the intended audience for these primary sources and analyzes how these sources could be used by a modern historian to write a historical essay. The paper shows how James Madison was indeed responsible for crafting the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, although he did so somewhat reluctantly. The paper discusses how Madison realized that the support of the people was an absolutely essential ingredient in ensuring the survival of the new country and its form of government.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Founding Fathers were faced with a number of important issues as they debated the form and content of the Constitution then under consideration, not the least of which was ensuring that their own individual interests would be addressed in the new country. The Constitution that emerged from this debate was not entirely satisfactory to all of the convention delegates as it related to individual liberties, though, and a series of amendments was proposed for this purpose that has become known as the Bill of Rights today. The author of the first ten Amendments to the Constitution was James Madison, but his reasons for advocating these civil liberties were substantially different than many modern observers might believe."
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The American Court System, 2007.
A discussion on the merits of a dual court system in the United States.
2,654 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a discussion on the dual court system in the United States. The writer explains the two systems, how they function and then argues that it would not be better to go to a single court system. The paper examines how each system is in the hierarchical form of a pyramidal structure, allowing review and, if necessary, revision by upper-level courts. The paper concludes that, while the dual courts in America do have many elements in common, they each serve a purpose and to dismantle that system would be to defy the Constitution that the nation was built on.
Outline:
Introduction
Explaining Dual Court System Functions
State Courts
Single Court System
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Before one can begin to understand why a single court system would be more efficient and inexpensive than the current dual court system it is important to have an understanding of the dual court system and how it works.
The structure and foundation of the dual court system goes back to the writing of the United States constitution. The United States constitution established something called a system of federalism which meant that the federal government has limited authority over the courts in the land while the balance or bulk of that authority is was left to individual states to handle and decide."
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E-Commerce Legal Issues, 2007.
This paper discusses e-businesses and the legal issues they may face.
766 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how e-commerce businesses face challenges primarily because of the lack of geographic boundary in which they conduct their business. The paper addresses national and international issues and discusses what conflicts of law can occur. In addition, the paper determines which laws pertain to the business and how the courts would most likely decide the cases.
Outline:
Introduction
The Legal Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The past three decades have taken the world to heights never before imagined in the technology arena. Today, with the click of a mouse one can manage their stocks, plan and purchase travel, and shop around the world and have the goods delivered to their door. This new found ability to use the Internet for so many purposes has opened an entirely new business genre. The e-business market has exploded in recent years and has grown faster than the legal departments of the world can keep up. E-businesses are selling products and services around the globe even though few boundaries and laws regarding their operation have been clearly defined."
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Importing Pharmaceutical Drugs, 2007.
An analysis of the problems related to importing pharmaceutical drugs into the United States.
1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the debate over loosening regulations on the import of foreign drugs into the United States. It discusses the high cost of many drugs in the United States and the issues of regulating drugs that are manufactured overseas. The paper then discusses ways that the problems of drug regulation can be overcome, by comparing it to the successful regulation of other industries that are responsible for safeguarding the public's health.
Table of Contents:
1.1 Introduction
2.1 Opposition To Wider Importation: Ineffective Drugs
2.2 Opposition To Wider Importation: The Canada Problem
3.1 Arguments For Importation: Solutions From Other Industries
3.2 Arguments For Importation: Controlling The Black Market
4.1 Conclusion
From the Paper
"The notion that quality cannot be controlled if the pharmaceuticals are manufactured in foreign countries rings a bit hollow, as other industries that are responsible for safeguarding the public's health have successfully overcome the same problem. For example, the water treatment and food processing industries, like many industries where poor quality could negatively impact the public health, have both heavily exported equipment and materials from Asian countries (Cupp, 2005)."
"The fact is that both the water treatment and food processing markets have created global standards that are enforced by a variety of certification bodies. Entities such as NSF (formerly the National Sanitation Foundation) and Underwriters Laboratories have certification programs that manufacturing entities around the world must apply to join. The organizations will visit a firm's manufacturing facilities, no matter where they are, and rigorously inspect the process and test the firm's products and processes at regular intervals (About NSF). When you see the NSF mark on commercial, residential or municipal water filters or on commercial or residential food processing equipment, you can be certain that the parent company has undergone this rigorous process."
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Rowley vs. Board of Education, 2006.
A review of the case of Amy Rowley vs. the Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson District, in 1982.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Education of the Handicapped Act of 1975, which clearly states that children with disabilities should be assisted with supplemental services in order to provide them with "free appropriate public education". The paper reviews the case of Amy Rowley, a first grade student of Furnace Woods School in Hendrick Hudson District in New York, who suffers from a hearing disability.
Outline:
Issue
District Court Ruling
Supreme Court Ruling
Analysis of the Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The decision of the Supreme Court gave rise to an ethical debate as people argued that to deny the handicapped child additional assistance indeed violated his or her basic rights as the citizens of the United States. This is because the child was denied this assistance only because it was felt that while the government was responsible for providing appropriate education to handicapped children, it was not legally binding to achieve or maintain 'perfect equality'. This shows a hidden prejudice against such children and it is clear that decision was based on more than mere performance of the child. Everybody knows that children with hearing disability are unable to grasp and comprehend some of the instructions by the teachers and therefore fail to perform up to their full potential. "
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The Brown vs. Board of Education Ruling, 2007.
This paper examines the effects of the historic Supreme Court ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education.
2,259 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" had been intended to dramatically change the social and political dynamics of American society. The paper looks at the failure of the Brown ruling to make inroads into the social fabric of America and shows that although the ruling had been a historic moment in American history, cowardice and hypocrisy has helped in the unsuccessful implementation of desegregation. The paper asserts that the government needs to step up its effort to desegregate not only the American education system, but also other areas of the social and political system.
Outline:
The Immediate Aftermath of the Supreme Court's Decision
The Impact of the Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Almost a year and a half before Dwight D. Eisenhower had been elected as the American President, a pioneering and unprecedented ruling had been passed by a unanimous Supreme Court judiciary bench. This ruling, which had been lead by Chief Justice Earl Warren, had been intended to dramatically change the social and political dynamics of the American society. The Chief Justice speaking for the Supreme Court asserted, "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate-but-equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal (Charles, 2004).""
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Private and Public Accounting, 2007.
A discussion on the differences between government accounting systems and private sector accounting systems.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the three major governmental levels that follow different accounting standards. These standards are worked out and monitored carefully by private organizations. The paper explores how the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) works out standards for the federal government, while the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and the Federal Accounting Standards Board (FASB) deliver standards for state and local governmental bodies respectively. The paper discusses how these accounting standards, at these three levels, differ significantly with those used by the private sector enterprises.
From the Paper
"The fact that shareholders of the company based on the cash flow the management has managed to generate, can any time withdraw the funds or fire the management, is a good controlling tool for the private sector while there is no such a clear controlling tool for governmental bodies. The funds inflow and outflow systems within the public and private sector companies vary: where in public sector beneficiaries do not pay for a piece of product or services they receive and government does not have to be reimbursed with interest for the money it grants to a public organization, in the private sector shareholders demand returns and pay back on cash they invest and clients pay price for each unit of goods they receive."
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"Silkwood", 2006.
This paper discusses the film "Silkwood", which represents a genre of films, including "Erin Brockovich", that exposes real cases of corporate greed and criminality in the area of environmental protection.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that "Silkwood" is a disturbing movie because, at first, the film comes across as being a horror story and then it strikes you that it is really a true story. The author explains that the movie is about Karen Silkwood, a chemical technician at the Kerr-McGee's plutonium fuels production plant in Oklahoma who investigates the breach of safety conditions at the plant and possible plutonium exposure, but soon dies in a suspicious car accident. The paper also relates what happened after Karen Silkwood's: After her death, her relatives sued the Kerr-McGee plutonium fuels production plant in a civil case for the inadequate health and safety conditions at the plant that led to Silkwood's contamination.
From the Paper
"Twelve years after Karen Silkwood's death, in 1986, the case benefited from a retrial, however it did not end up in front of a court and it was settled for the amount of $1.3 million . It seems that there was more to the story and some new evidence had surfaced in the case as the media of the time reported. There allegedly were ample pieces of evidence that Karen Silkwood had been deliberately contaminated with plutonium, only to be murdered some days later. The accusations from the trial had gone even further. It was alleged that Karen Silkwood had discovered a large conspiracy which involved a number of US public institutions regarding a network of international plutonium smuggling."
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