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Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Price Act of 2007 is an amendment of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) and how, according to the latter, Medicare beneficiaries receive a prescription drug benefit called Part D. Private prescription drug plans are also approved for Medicare beneficiaries by the federal government. It also discusses how government interference in MMA, according to the regulations of the 2007 Act, would work for the benefit of price regulation, but to the detriment of choice and market competition.
From the Paper
"The main benefit of Medicare Part D is to beneficiaries and taxpayers - in other words, to the public. Beneficiaries are allowed to choose whatever they prefer in terms of pricing and type of drugs. The market competition encouraged the negotiations between private plans and drug providers are therefore not beneficial only in terms of lower costs for certain drugs, but also in terms of choice. Some beneficiaries choose the higher priced drugs that work best for them, while others prefer lower costs for the financial benefits gained in this way. The plan therefore provides enough diversity for the public to choose from."
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External Induced Innovation, 2008.
A review of the issues on gun control and the effect of the California the 1989 law, Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act.
3,883 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 167.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses gun control and the effect of the California law 'Roberti-Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of the year 1989' and how it will impact on the manufacturers of AR-15 rifle. In particular, in discussing this topic, the paper analyzes the object of sale (.i.e the weapons) and the general attitude of the public toward the weapon sales, the legislation regarding the sale and use and the effect that is perceived in the market and, lastly, the theories of management that are apt in such a scenario to understand the effect and the best method of reacting or pro-acting to the legislation and changes.
Outline:
Introduction
The California Legislation
Externally Oriented Innovations
Measuring and Analyzing Regulatory Changes
Strategic Retreat and Frontal Attack
The Laws that Affect
Gun Control and Companies
Changes by the Companies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The legislature thus intended the restrictions on the use of a particular class of weapons designated as the "assault weapons as well as establish a process for their sale as also possession". ("Penal Code Section: 12275-12278", n. d.) The restrictions do not extend to weapons that are used for hunting and sports. The law therefore requires citizens to apply for permits and register the weapon with the authorities. The ban therefore is in unauthorized owning the class of weapons. The weapons that were classified in the act includes all Rifles of the AK series "Norinco 56, 56S, 84S, and 86S, Poly Technologies AKS and AK47, MAADI AK47 and AR and twelve others. The companies that were spelt out in the act included Benelli, Hammerli, Pardini, and Walther weapons."
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The Walsh-Healy Act, 2008.
This paper reviews the literature regarding the Walsh-Healy Act, also known as the Private Contract Act.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Walsh-Healy Act makes specific requirements of contractors and subcontractors for the government. The paper also explains the requirements regarding their employees' rates of pay as established by the federal minimum wage requirements, the age of employability of individuals and the health and safety conditions of the workplace.
Outline:
Introduction
Employee Federal Minimum Wages and Overtime Wages
Penalties for Failure to Comply
Health and Safety Aspects of the Public Contracts Act
Plan of Cooperation
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"As stated in the introduction to this work, contractors working with the government are required to pay employees the federal minimum wage. The federal minimum wage at the time the Public Contract Act was enacted was the amount of $5.85 per hour beginning January 24, 2007 and to be raised to the amount of $6.55 per hour and effective July 24, 2008, and again being raised July 24, 2009 to the amount of $7.25 per hour. Contractors are further required to pay their workers at one and one-half times the regular pay rate of the employee for all hours worked in a week in excess of forty hours."
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Legal Issues with the USA Patriot Act, 2008.
An analysis of the legal issues related to the USA Patriot Act, regarding citizens' constitutional rights.
752 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the legal issues associated with the USA Patriot Act of 2001. The paper provides a background and history to the Act and how it has been used by federal law enforcement authorities, specifically in ways that have absolutely nothing to do with terrorism or homeland security. The paper focuses on the potential for the Patriot Act to erode constitutional rights.
Table of Contents:
Introduction - Background and History
Major Legal Issues
The Patriot Act in Use
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The problem is many of the provisions of the Patriot Act were actually drafted long before September 11, 2001, and had previously been rejected by Congress precisely because they violated established principles of constitutional law defining the limits of governmental surveillance of citizens for the purpose of law enforcement and prosecution. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other components of the Department of Justice (DOJ) had previously sought certain types of "roving" wire taps in criminal investigations which were denied because they were considered too broad to satisfy constitutional protections (ACLU 2008). The Patriot Act authorizes those taps on the basis that terrorists often move too often to permit a effective surveillance of any specific location or telephone carrier."
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Police Use of Force, 2008.
This paper reviews and discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by W.Terrill, E.A. Paoline, and P.K. Manning.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the article "Police Culture and Coercion" by Terrill, Paoline, and Manning, and explains that the article is about the possible connection between police culture and coercive tactics or the use of force in performance of police duties. The writer then explains the initial expectations and the findings expressed in the article and then concludes with his own response to the findings of the article.
Outline:
Introduction
Initial Expectations
Experimental Findings
Response
From the Paper
"The article accurately described the likely evolution of what it characterized as the traditional mindset reflected universally among police officer, particularly first-line police officers engaged in street patrol. According to the authors, the combined strains associated with police work in the form of perceived threat potential from citizen contacts and arbitrary, unpredictable, and punitive enforcement of procedural rules by superior officers and police administration. Those psychological strains produce an "us against them" mentality with respect to citizens and police administrators alike.
"The authors correctly defined the component elements of the described police mindset in terms of the three main contributing variables of attitude toward the public, attitude toward immediate superiors and police administration, and self-described roles as law enforcement officers. The study effectively limited the effect of extraneous factors by appropriately excluding both working environments where increased vigilance and concern for officer safety are to be expected, as well as issues corresponding to the most likely areas of idiosyncratic prejudices capable of skewing the accuracy and relevance of the results observed."
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Criminal Justice and ID Technology, 2008.
This paper discusses the evolution of identification technology in law enforcement.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in barely a century and a half, law enforcement identification capabilities have evolved from rudimentary procedures for positively establishing the identity of criminal suspects to incredibly sophisticated methods of identification. The writer points out that modern law enforcement authorities have the benefit of age-old interview and interrogation techniques perfected long before the technological explosion of the late 20th century. The writer discusses that fingerprinting revolutionized police identification procedures at the turn of the 20th century, and computers, DNA science, and digital analysis expanded the identification tools available to law enforcement exponentially. Still, the writer maintains that after 150 years, the basic investigative approach to law enforcement identification procedures remains essentially unchanged, except for the tools themselves.
Outline:
Background and History
Line-ups and Mug-Shots
Interviews and Interrogation
Fingerprints
Blood Evidence
Psychological Profiling
DNA-Based Technology
Shared Computer Databases
Future Directions of Identification Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The traditional methods of positively identifying subjects that developed in the earliest eras of policing relied heavily on the deductive reasoning skills of police investigators, on the availability of witnesses. In this regard, criminal investigations often hinged on the individual investigator's ability to canvass crime scenes, solicit cooperation from witnesses, and information from crime victims and known associates of subjects under investigation or criminal suspects. In turn, the potential value of eyewitness testimony has always been limited by the inaccuracy inherent in human memory.
"Criminal lineups were devised as a method of testing the accuracy of memory, and consisted, in general, of simply presenting a group of subjects containing only one actual criminal suspect to an eyewitness or victim of the crime, with instructions to the witness to identify the individual suspected of perpetrating the crime."
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Understanding the Family Medical Leave Act, 2008.
An analysis of the purpose and limitations of the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA).
2,626 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993. It discusses the purpose of the law and how it has assisted employees who are eligible for it. The paper looks at who the law applies to and what conditions it guarantees, as well as what provisions it makes. Finally, the paper discusses the limitations to FMLA's coverage.
From the Paper
"Although the FMLA is very specific and the DOL has clearly explained provisions of the law, it has been the subject of some controversy. In Nevada Dept. of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 538 U.S. 721 (2003), Hibbs, an employee of the Nevada Department of Human Resources sought leave under the FMLA to care for his wife. His request was granted, but the Department eventually informed Hibbs that his leave was exhausted and told him to return to work. Hibbs failed to do so and was terminated. Hibbs sued the Department, seeking monetary damages for interfering with Hibb's exercise of FMLA rights. The Supreme Court determined that state employees could recover monetary damages in federal court for a State's failure to comply with the FMLA. This was an important holding because the Eleventh Amendment generally bars suits against the states in federal court. However, the Court determined that when Congress specifically intends to abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity, it can do so, and that it did so in the FMLA. Given that one of the purposes of the FMLA was to end gender-based discrimination in the taking of leave, that motive was substantial enough to end Eleventh Amendment immunity."
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Microeconomics and the Property Market, 2008.
An analysis of microeconomics and property rights and how the two relate to each other in today's housing market.
1,622 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses microeconomics as it relates to the property market, particularly in the realm of property ownership. The paper begins by defining microeconomics and property rights individually and then relates the two to each other. The paper then identifies constraints in housing market behavior and looks specifically at the housing market situation today in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Property Rights Overview
Microeconomics Overview
Microeconomic Aspects Of Property Ownership
Constraints In Housing Market Behavior Identified
Microeconomics In Today's Housing Market
From the Paper
"Other factors include falling housing prices which are noted by Barber to have been "falling at a 16 percent annual rate..." and as well Barber relates that these prices are expected to continue their decline meaning that "homeowners will build little or not equity throughout he duration of plans like this...the study shows that under these plans, homeowners will get to keep their house, but will be paying 85 percent more than if they rented a similar property." (Barber, 2008) The potential for equity being accrued in the home with falling prices and subprime rates and ARMS with variable interest in the terms of the mortgage. The problem is that a likelihood exists that taxpayers will pay approximately $75,000 for "each homeowners who stays in their home." (Barber, 2008) Barber indicates that "particularly problematic" are the decline in prices in the housing market."
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Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe, 2008.
An analysis of transnational organizations within post-Westphalia treaty Europe.
11,750 words (approx. 47.0 pages), 54 sources, APA, AU$ 358.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the concept of national sovereignty established by the Treaty of Westphalia has slowly but surely been replaced with one of supra-national organizations of various types, assuming both the authority and the responsibility for many tasks that were jealously guarded by the nations of Europe in the past. It examines the Treaty of Westphalia in light of these recent trends and illustrates how the actions of transnational organizations are Machiavellian in their very nature. The paper suggests that this represents a source of future conflict within Europe wherein only a supra-national body can apply effective governance.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Review of the Literature
Treaty of Westphalia
Post-Modern Europe
Trans-Nationalism
Transnational Organisations
Essay
Introduction
Part One
Current European Political Climate
Pre-Westphalia Treaty Europe
European Spatial Development Perspective and the Issue of Polycentricism
Part Two
Three Types of Transnational Organizations
Transnational criminal/terrorist organizations
International non-governmental organizations
Part Three
Post-Westphalia Treaty Europe and Transnational Organisations
Summary
From the Paper
"The research clearly showed that the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 represented a demarcation point in European history wherein the concept of national sovereignty was established only to be replaced over time by a number of historical transformations in international law that have profound implications for the European Union of the 21st century. Based on the foregoing, it is reasonable to conclude that the actions of TNOs are Machiavellian in their very nature and this represents a fundamental source of future conflict within Europe and creates an environment in which only supra-national bodies can apply and sustain effective governance."
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Kidney Trafficking, 2008.
A discussion of the illegal trafficking of kidneys around the world.
2,215 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case against Dr. Horror-Amit Kumar, the alleged mastermind of a shocking and reportedly expansive kidney trafficking ring, which has raised eyebrows in Canada, Europe, the United States, India and in civilized societies around the world. The paper explains that a clandestine, crime-syndicate-driven network of doctors have been providing stolen kidneys to wealthy people in India and other venues. The paper claims that this is an outrageously unethical and illegal violation of values and human rights. It argues for a world-wide cooperative strategy, run through the United Nations, the World Health Organization, or other respected international agencies, that will address the best way to get needed organs to people regardless of their ability to pay. The paper concludes that this issue has not received serious attention because Western nations are preoccupied with fighting terrorism.
From the Paper
"These illegally harvested kidneys were believed to have been transplanted into "more than 500 kidneys into foreign and well-paying Indian patients." Where did Kumar and his colleagues get those kidneys? The Star claims that Kumar made a "desperate attempt to bribe Nepalese police" when they arrested him in his hotel room in southern Nepal. Reportedly, Kumar offered police "2 million rupees" if they would let him go. They refused.
"Moreover, reports in the Star indicate that Kumar "and his network forcibly removed kidneys from more than 500 poor laborers over a period of nine years." One of those men was an Indian laborer named Shakeel Ahmad, according to the Star (February 10, 2008), who stood on the side of the main road to Delhi as he always did, waiting for someone to pick him up and offer him a job digging ditches or hauling heavy materials."
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False Accusations, 2008.
This paper discusses how a person's reputation may be ruined by accusations and concentrates on the case of baseball star Barry Bonds.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that the reputation of a political figure, of an eminent student, or of an athlete is one of the most important aspects of his career. However, the writer notes that once a scandal breaks out in which one's reputation is torn apart, no matter the actions undertaken following such an event or whether one is guilty of the charges being brought upon him or not, that reputation can rarely be saved and rebuilt. The writer discusses that the case of baseball star Barry Bonds is a worthy example of the fact that scandals, regardless of their factual support, can decisively ruin one's reputation and image, not only towards the fans, but also in regard to the sponsors and investors. The writer concludes that in the eyes of the world, Bonds is guilty for the simple fact of having cast a doubt on his performances and may end up being labeled as just another player on steroids.
From the Paper
"The rivalry existing between the two of them manifested at all levels, but especially concerning the physical abilities. In an attempt to take away the chance of winning new standards on world records, Bonds appealed to Anderson, a weightlifting trainer, who provided the athlete steroids as well. The visible changes that were noticed on Bonds' body made the world suspicious over the possibility of the athlete using steroids. However, neither his innocence nor his guilt can so far be proved.
"There are those who argue in support of the athlete's innocence, and others who argue against. Bonds' claims of innocence are based on the idea that although his test results did come up suggesting he has taken steroids, knowingly, he did not consume any enhancing performance drugs."
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Basel II Banking Supervision, 2008.
This paper deals with the consequences of Basel II regulations for Europe, the United States and some developing countries in the Middle East, especially Egypt.
3,739 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 22 sources, MLA, AU$ 162.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Basel II that was published in June, 2004 in order to set international standards for banking regulation. The paper examines the effects of Basel II on Europe and the United States and its effect on some developing countries in the Middle East, Egypt in particular. The paper shows how the Basel II accords bring needed transparency and better risk reporting, but have relatively little effect on the emergence of better banking in developing countries.
Outline:
Introduction
Basel I's creation and evolution
Banking in Egypt Prior to Basel II
Economic Changes in the Developing and Developed World
Comparison of Financial Performance
Convergence and Trade with Money-Center and Developing World Financial Institutions
Basel II Main Tenets
Implementation of Basel II
Focus of Basel II Differs from the Focus on Developing Country Financial Systems
Implications for Egypt and Other Developing Countries
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Basel's committee on banking supervision was established as a response to the changes in world currency in the years leading up to 1974. By that time, the US and Great Britain had decoupled their currencies from gold and silver which had been established in the 1940's, and therefore offered a 'pure' promissory currency. Increases in oil prices in 1974 led to massive transfers of wealth to Middle Eastern nations, and several banks were imperiled by these changes."
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The Privacy Act of 1974, 2008.
An analysis of the Privacy Act of 1974 and how it related to educational institutions.
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Privacy Act of 1974. It discusses the purpose of the Act and then focuses on how it related to educational institutions in addition to federal agencies, specifically the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA). The paper also outlines the four basic policy objectives put forward by the Department of Justice in the original 1974 legislation.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Additional Background Into Federal Responses To Citizen Privacy Issues
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)
From the Paper
"The DOE fact sheet informs schools and other interested parties, however, that because of terrorist attacks, amendments made in 2002 to FERPA throw the privacy clauses pretty much out the window. New regulations allow educational institutions to disclose - "without the consent or knowledge of the student or parent" - any person private information on any individual student that the Attorney General of the United States requests. It goes further: under the FERPA's amended policies (20 U.S.C. 1232g(b)(4) C.F.R. 99.32) the school official who discloses personal information to an agency of the federal government (responding to an ex parte order) does not have to record that he or she made that disclosure."
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The Exclusionary Rule, 2008.
This paper discusses the exclusionary rule and argues that it helps guarantee the respect and observance of constitutional protections.
2,131 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution guarantees Americans the right to freedom from unreasonable searches. The writer then points out that while the Constitution does guarantee the right to privacy, it does not provide a means to ensure and protect this right or suggest remedies for when that right has been violated; determining how to apply the Fourth Amendment has been left to the responsibility of legislatures, who have largely ignored the issues, and the courts. Over time, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Fourth Amendment to require the exclusion of material seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The resulting legal principle is called the exclusionary rule. The writer discusses that the exclusionary rule has been expanded to require the exclusion of evidence obtained in violation of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, as well.
From the Paper
" The exclusionary rule is aimed at preventing violations of a person's constitutional rights, especially the rights guaranteed to people under the Fourth Amendment, and, to a lesser extent, under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. Therefore, the exclusionary rule prohibits the admission of evidence collected in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights, in a criminal prosecution. However, it does not exclude this illegally obtained evidence in a subsequent civil procedure. The exclusionary rule applies to evidence seized as a direct result of an illegal search or seizure. In addition, the exclusionary rule sometimes bars the admission of evidence obtained in violation of any of a defendant's constitutional rights, not simply in violation of a defendant's Fourth Amendment rights. Furthermore, the exclusionary rule also applies to evidence that was discovered as a result of an illegal action, even if that evidence was discovered in a legal manner. That type of evidence is referred to as the fruit of the poisonous tree."
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40157-Law-School-Revision.doc, 2008.
An admissions essay for law school that provides several options for application to different schools of law.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This is an admissions essay for prospective law students. It provides both a personal and professional background and includes an explanation and/or reasons for the drive and desire to enter a school of law as well as various options for applying to specific schools which stress different areas of speciality.
From the Paper
"This opportunity to finally put my abilities as a lawyer to the test was pivotal for me. Although I had never prepared a case for a real trial before, I was excited and optimistic. By examining every aspect of the case's documentation, gaining full insight into Russian taxation legislation, and applying my logical reasoning and judgement, I was able to prepare a strong argument supported by the statutes to prove that the actions of the Revenue Board were in fact unlawful."
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Intellectual Property Rights, 2008.
The paper discusses two main aspects of intellectual property rights; trademark infringements and patent infringements. An overview, case study and conclusion is given for each topic.
1,192 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
There are two main topics in this paper dealing with intellectual property rights; trademark infringements and patent infringements. The paper provides an overview of each topic including case law and a conclusion for each section. The paper reaches the conclusion that the patent protection and infringement process is substantially more complex than that of the trademark infringement violation.
Outline:
Trademark Infringement
Overview
Case Law
Conclusions
Patent Infringement
Overview
Case Law
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Essentially, infringement of a patent occurs if one's protected item or process was sold or used without permission and/or compensation in any country where a patent has been granted to a party. This applies to Canada as well as any other country. Obviously no patent protections will be provided in a market in which a patent has either not been applied for or where the patent process does not exist in any mature form."
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