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Race and Racism Today, 2008.
An analysis of the issues of race and their perception in America.
2,072 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper identifies and analyzes how the concept of race has changed within America over the past fifty years. The paper discusses the American Civil Rights Movement, the introduction of Affirmative Action and the issue of political correctness. The paper shows how the redefinition process has reduced racism between whites and minorities, but racism between these groups still exists in different ways today. The paper predicts that that these conditions will probably persist into the next fifty years as well.
Outline:
Introduction
Race and the Civil Rights Movements
Race and Affirmative Action
Race and Political Correctness
The Modern Understanding of Race
Race in the Next Fifty Years
From the Paper
"Awareness of race and racial issues is not racism, but in the modern era it is extremely difficult to distinguish between these concepts. The perception of race and racial awareness within the United States has transformed dramatically over the past five decades, where resistance to racial integration initially framed racial issues, but integration and diversity awareness resulted in gradual acceptance of persons of diverse races and a purposeful elimination of racism (Healy, 2004). Landmark events such as the Civil Rights movement helped characterize tolerance and equality as the rights of every American citizen, thus promoting awareness of race; barriers between races in terms of social, cultural, and economic status; and the opportunities that could result from a racially diverse nation (Tatum, 1992; Darder & Torres, 2004))."
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African-American Literature, 2008.
A discussion of the literature of black American writers in the 20th and 21st century.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the literature of various black American writers and poets. The paper explains that numerous black writers found new ways to express the feelings of their people and created a rich canon of thought and expression leading up to the Civil Rights Movement. The paper looks at how some of these writings show an underlying demand for change. The paper also points out that many of the early literary figures, like W.E.B. DuBois, wrote against slavery. In addition, the paper looks at how, in the latter part of the 20th century black, nationalism was influenced by Darwinian science and by Victorian conceptions of virtue. The paper cites "Coming of Age in Mississippi" by Anne Moody, as an example of the nature of the threat to black Americans.
From the Paper
"DuBois also celebrates aspects of black culture, from the songs of the slaves to and the music they and their descendants make to their religious belief and the special religious observance they developed in the black church in America. He sees the black community then standing at the dawn of freedom, a freedom not yet fully achieved but set out as a potential for all.
"The nature of the threat to black Americans is evident in Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody. She becomes very aware of why as she grows to adulthood and sees more and more racism all around her."
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Stereotypes in "Uncle Tom's Cabin", 2008.
A look at the recent criticism leveled at Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin", regarding the book's stereotypical portrayal of African-Americans
1,222 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines some of the stereotypes found in "Uncle Tom's Cabin", with particular focus on the main character of Uncle Tom. The paper argues that the character of Uncle Tom is represented as a stereotype of an old, suffering and obedient servant, faithful to his white masters no matter what, but that there is also a philosophy of resistance in the passivity that he exudes. Furthermore, this paper argues that it is in the depiction of African-American women that many stereotypes can be found. Finally, this paper attempts to answer the following question: do the negative aspects of this novel outweigh its moral message?
From the Paper
"Uncle Tom's Cabin actually consists of two stories told in parallel. It begins with a financial crisis of the Shelby family whom are forced to sell some of their slaves. Eliza, the slave who is a maid in the house overhears this plan, which includes the sale of her child, and escapes with her husband and young son. We follow their long and dangerous escape route that eventually leads them to Canada. Uncle Tom, although he has a family on the plantation, does actually get sold to a family in New Orleans. He is very pious and accepting and soon becomes very faithful to his new owner much like he was to the one who sold him. The family is eventually won over by Uncle Tom and his calm, assuming manner, that both the father and the daughter become ardent supporters of abolishment. "
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The Biracial Family, 2008.
This paper reviews "Clover" by Doris Sanders.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the book "Clover" by Doris Sanders that portrays the life of a young black child reared by a white woman in a close-knit, African-American farming community. The paper considers the book's dominant themes of intermarriage and women and work and highlights Sanders' depiction of gender-specific expectations.
Outline:
Part One: Summary of Text
Intermarriage
Women and Work
From the Paper
"Dori Sander's, Clover, is a thoughtful look at what it is like to be a young black child reared by a white woman in a close-knit, African-American farming community. The book explores Clover's own conflicting feelings towards Sara Kate and the difficult time Sara Kate experiences by virtue of being a white interloper in a protective and tightly-bound black extended family. Furthermore, the book looks at how Clover finds herself uncomfortably straddling two worlds that are divided by cleavages that extend beyond race. To wit, Sara Kate is well-educated and intelligent and white (and apparently fairly upper-class) and Clover's family is working poor, African-American, rural and not terribly urbane. In a real sense, the little girl is the embodiment of the fears, tensions and insecurities many children endure when thrust into biracial marriages in a society that has not yet embraced them."
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Male Sexuality, 2008.
The paper assesses an article by Charles Michael Smith 'The Politics of Penis Size (Book Review)' in "The Gay and Lesbian Review" relating to the stereotype that African-American males are "well-hung".
2,745 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explain that, in Charles Michael Smith's article 'The Politics of Penis Size (Book Review)', which is a review of Scott Poulson-Bryant's book "Hung: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America", the idea of the black sexual Olympian is ridiculed but Smith fails to avoid making some sweeping generalizations that the available literature cannot substantiate. The author points out, from the literature review to assess this article and book, that the myth about African-American men being "huge" and thus more "man" than Asian or Caucasian men is really a projection of deep-seated fears of inadequacy. The paper argues that, if these fears are addressed, then anxiety about the sexual prowess of black men, on the part of those who are non-black will be replaced by a more holistic view of African-American males that restores to them a measure of their full humanity.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Summary of Account
Background Research (or what the scholarly literature has to say about penis size and about black men)
Assessment of the Popular Account
Implications and Future Directions
From the Paper
"According to Charles Michael Smith (2006) the penis is one manifestation of masculine power. Smith goes on to state that penis power is male power and that the tallest buildings, the imposing skyscrapers that dot the landscape of the modern western world, are really the ultimate phallic symbols. In short, the penis equates with all that is seen as masculine, virile, powerful, and potent. Smith, in his review of Scott Poulson-Bryant's, "Hung: A Meditation on the Measure of Black Men in America", writes that white slave-holders often justified the brutal treatment of African-American men by seizing upon the desire of the latter to assault and seize for themselves the womanhood of white females."
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Mental Slavery and Colonization, 2008.
An analysis of the mental slavery and colonization of the Blacks in the United States.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of articles which describe an image of savagery, sadness and subjugation that followed the history of slavery and colonization. It discusses the articles' analysis of the psychology of slavery, particularly as an economic process designed to extract physical, natural, and mental resources from a race of individuals. The paper then focuses on mental slavery which it argues to be the most serious aspect of slavery and colonialism, and in some cases the most brutal.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, Martin Luther King presents a succinct summary of the situation; it is not enough for a few to realize some aspect of what is due to blacks in the United States and the world. It seems that society thinks its satisfactory to have some aspects of equality carefully manipulated to create the illusion of fairness. However, the masses of people have to also reap the benefits, (King, 1964, p 18). Slow progress is just like no progress, and at some point, it is clear that blacks 'will not wait anymore'."
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The African-American Society, 2008.
This paper discusses the importance of race and color within the socio-political context of African-American societies in the United States.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the role that race and color play in the socio-political context of African-American societies in the United States stems from historical factors, which have left deep cultural trauma. The author points out that some theorists stress that slavery was a key issue in the formation of African-American identity. The paper underscores that even the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments did not lead to true equality. The paper relates that African Americans continued to be treated as second class citizens and restricted to so-called separate but equal facilities that were never truly equal. The author states that, even today, African Americans are usually less well educated and poorer than their white counterparts; thereby indicating the role of race in the socio-political context of African-American societies.
From the Paper
"Throughout American history, black/white tensions have impacted socio-political events. For example, many African-Americans protested about fighting in the Second World War, given that they faced discrimination in their home country. Tensions have continued to be expressed, by, for example, the Double V Movement, the March on Washington Movement, the Black Panther movement, the activism of Martin Luther King Jr. and his subsequent assassination, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Council on African Affairs and the Congress of Racial Equality."
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How Hennessy Creates Desire, 2008.
This paper looks at Hennessy's urban advertising campaign and discusses how the company creates desire among consumers.
1,028 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Hennessy currently targets young African-American men. The writer points out that a smaller aspect of the campaign is targeted at young African-American women. In both cases, the target audience is urban and professional. The writer maintains that the lynch pins of this campaign are the successful hip-hop performers who have taken a liking to cognac. This essay examines the means by which Hennessy has created a desire for their products among young, urban, African-American professionals.
From the Paper
"This being the case, the campaign's style has kept close to what is already seen among the self-made performers: photo spreads of carefully groomed, well-heeled African-American men. The pictures are distinctly glamorous, sometimes even iconic, yet always masculine, as whisky is a traditionally male drink and hip-hop is a male-dominated form of music. The masculinity of the photos is always balanced with requisite elegance.
"This is because the hip-hop artists who have been popularizing Hennessy's products have become more and more interested in elegance since they hit the big time. Compare Snoop Dogg's original gangster/jock look from the time his became mainstream viewing."
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Stephen Douglas and Popular Sovereignty, 2008.
A discussion of 1850s politician, Stephen Douglas, and the doctrine of popular sovereignty.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the political history and views of Stephen Douglas, among the leading politicians in the nation in the 1850s. The paper points out that, aspiring to the presidency, Douglas had to confront the question of the legality of slavery in the territories. Responding to this issue, Douglas advocated popular sovereignty, letting the voters in each territory decide the question. The paper states that, while the concept seemed simple, the doctrine collapsed in the face of myriad complications, and as it collapsed, Douglas and his presidential hopes faded. The paper concludes that popular sovereignty was theoretically a sound means of allowing territorial populations to organize themselves as either slave or free, but it failed as a political idea because it could not satisfy the demands of the various factions in the dire years leading to the Civil War.
From the Paper
"The second blow to Douglas came with the submission of the first state constitution ostensibly reflecting popular sovereignty. A constitutional convention at Lecompton, Kansas, wrote a constitution that was put before Kansas voters. The voters were given an alternative: to vote for a constitution which permitted current residents of Kansas to keep slaves they had brought into the territory, or to vote for a provision which opened the state to unlimited importation to slaves. Voters could not for a state constitution which prohibited slavery. Anti-slavery voters boycotted this referendum, so that the constitution sent to Washington allowed the free importation of slaves into Kansas."
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Confederate Flag Controversy, 2008.
A discussion regarding free speech and the controversial symbol of the Confederate flag.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of the display of the Confederate flag, an intermittent source of debate in the US for many years. The paper takes a particular look at one case in the late 1990s when controversy over the display of the flag on top of the South Carolina State House in Columbia led to a nationwide boycott instigated by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) against the state. The paper then makes the argument that individuals ought to be allowed to wear or display symbols containing the Confederate flag motif as a simple matter of their free speech rights, both on and off school campuses, or in any other venue.
From the Paper
"In 2006, the Southern Legal Resource Center, a nonprofit civil rights group, filed suit to permit several students at a high school in Knoxville, Tennessee to wear Confederate flag images on clothing. Racial tensions at the school nearly resulted in violent altercations at one point, resulting in a temporary lockdown. The students involved in the suit complained that black students were permitted to wear images of Malcolm X and related symbols without undergoing the same restrictions as the white students, thus raising the familiar argument of the double standard (Watson.) The Southern Legal Resource Center, which focuses on such cases, is also involved in a similar case in Texas, where several students at a high school near Dallas sued for the right to carry purses with the Confederate flag symbol on them, after they had been banned by administration officials. It seem clear that the dispute between administration policies and student rights is a heated one, and has implications beyond that of one particular symbol which some may find offensive. If students are in fact to be prepared for assuming the full rights and responsibilities of adulthood, as has often been argued, it seems reasonable to respect their rights on such a seemingly trivial matter."
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Critical Race Theory and Foster Care in America, 2008.
A look at the critical race theory in relation to the American foster care system.
3,161 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the "critical race theory" (CRT) and how it can be applied to the foster care system and the glaring racial differences between the experiences of citizens who are Caucasian vs. people of color. The author provides a detailed account of the USA foster care system and concludes that if Bell's convergence theory is accurate then it must be demonstrated that better foster care for all children is in society's best interest as it will reduce crime, welfare, education and other societal costs.
Outline:
Critical Race Theory
United States Foster Care System In 21st Century
Action Oriented Research
Critical Race Theory and the Foster Care System
Some Current Foster Care Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Derrick Bell not only presents a new view on American racism in CRT, he also has led a new method for describing this experience. Where historians generally speak in broad terms, Bell often uses narratives to tell a story. He and other CRT proponents use individual vignettes to illustrate their points. In one story Bell describes a future where aliens land and promise to solve all of America's financial problems if we will give them all of our Negroes. Since Blacks arrived as slaves, he uses his story to launch into a question of whether or not society would allow Blacks to be taken the same way they came. He concludes that most Americans would allow this, basing his opinion on past practices of America, from the rationalization of slavery on economic terms, to destruction of the Native American to Japanese internment during WW II (Bell, 2000, pp. 2-8).
"Bell's point is that racism is endemic to U.S. History and that we need to recognize that fact. Bell begins by noting that wealth in the United States is disproportionately held by a small group of mostly White individuals. Current news stories illustrate an even greater disparity in wealth than what Bell reports (that the poorest 2/5ths of our population received only 15.4% of the national family income while the top 1/5th received 43.7%. Bell claims that such disparity threatens to wipe out any legal equality gained over the past half-century (Bell, 2000, pp. 2-6)."
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"Neither Black Nor White", 2008.
An analysis of the issue of family in a racial context within "Neither Black Nor White: The Saga of an American Family" by Joseph E. Holloway.
826 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the book "Neither Black Nor White: The Saga of an American Family" by Joseph E. Holloway and looks at how the racial
intermixing of familial relationships is a crucial aspect of lineage studies in the book.
From the Paper
"Holloway describes the lineage of John Hadnot of Gloucester, England in the 16th century and the resulting migration of the family to America in 18th century. The story of William Hadnot is the central apparatus of the story of the Hadnot family, as they are slave owners that now live in New Orleans. One crucial aspect of the novel is the issue of mixed race families. Although Hadnot is a prominent slave owner, he is essentially related to the slaves that work for him on the land. This type of proof comes from the determination of William to see the value of the work done by the slaves, which are essentially his own family members."
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James Baldwin and Racial Segregation, 2008.
This paper examines the phenomenon of racial segregation in the essay "Notes of a Native Son" by James Baldwin
1,623 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This study analyzes the premise of racial segregation through the familial, educational, and social background found within James Baldwin's essay "Notes of a Native Son." Baldwin's father is an example of the racial construct of family that drives Baldwin's desire to find a better life as a writer. The writer notes that, in many instances, Baldwin presents a rhetorical narrative that defines the victimization of his race through his father, which is paramount to proving that segregation is a real phenomenon in American society. In essence, the writer concludes that the basis of a familial, educational and social background reveals the tenets of racial segregation that was a major part of Baldwin's life as an African-American writer.
From the Paper
"Another aspect of Baldwin's essay relates to the problem of social upheaval that occurred and how it affected his family. Not only was his father deeply cynical of whites and their role of aggression towards African Americans, but there was also the symbolic threat of rioting that had occurred when his father had died. In many Ways, Baldwin feels a parallel social influence on his family that made an impression on his mind. The riot that were taking place in Harlem acted in tandem with Baldwin's father's death, thereby activating a sense of purpose in his life. He certainly saw a cause in combating racial segregation because of the damage it caused to his society. This is the sympathetic relationship that he viewed in his father, but was part of the ongoing build up of violence during the Civil Rights era .."
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Marcus Garvey, 2008.
A biography of Marcus Garvey's life and contributions to Blacks in the late 19th and early 20th century.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an examination of Marcus Garvey's life, with a specific focus on his philosophies. The paper illustrates the important and significant contributions he made to the history of race relations in the United States and the world. The paper describes his unsuccessful efforts to create self-sufficient Black communities but relates that Garvey's legacy has endured in the works and actions of the political and social leaders after him.
From the Paper
"Though he has fallen out of the public consciousness, Marcus Garvey's contributions to the history of the United States and the world is as significant as any prominent racially motivated leader like Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, or Booker T. Washington. Perhaps his focus on racial segregation and independence is not as politically correct as calls for desegregation and social integration, but his efforts to improve the lot of Blacks in the late 19th and early 20th century cannot be understated."
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Self-Image Maintenance and Prejudice, 2008.
This paper explores the extent to which a strong self-image encourages resistance to prejudice.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the literature on prejudice and self-image in order to determine how comprehensive the protection given by a strong self-image can be in respect to prejudice. The paper discusses how self-esteem and self-image are separate constructs and examines racism and gender in relation to self-image. The paper also discusses how it is highly probable that a target of prejudice with a strong self-image will be less likely to suffer psychological or emotional harm from prejudice, but he may still feel the effects of prejudice. The paper concludes that it is necessary to engage in further study in which a narrow focus is used to identify the impact of prejudice on a specific population, such as either gender or race.
Outline:
Introduction
Self-Esteem and Self-Image
Racism and Self-Image
Gender and Self-Image
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The study of prejudice and its impact on the individual has been well-documented in the literature. It is recognized that prejudice is both expressed and responded to in multiple forms, suggesting that it is feasibly impossible to prepare for all social interactions in which prejudice is exhibited (Owens, Stryker, & Goodman, 2001; Kernis, 2006). This in turn indicates that the person who is targeted by a display of prejudice is likely to be affected by it, and that the impact that prejudice has upon the person depends upon the type of prejudice displayed and the character of the person who has been targeted by it."
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Feminist Elements in Literature: A Comparison, 2008.
An analysis of the feminism in "The Color Purple" by Alice Walker and "Beloved" by Toni Morrison.
1,229 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the feminist elements within "The Color Purple" by Alice Walker and "Beloved" by Toni Morrison. The paper addresses the issues of female victimization, gender roles and feminist liberation. The paper shows how the crucial elements of feminism depict a greater sense of female identity in African-American literature.
From the Paper
"Alice Walker reveals issue of feminist victimization through her characterization in The Color Purple. The evolution of mostly male perceptions of life through racism was the norm until women writers began to change this focus in African American literary forums. Nellie often takes on the part of victim to male aggression, since she has been raped repeatedly by her owner, and the other abusive males in her life. Walker's portrayal of Nellie is very similar to the way and manner in which Morrison depicts her female roles in Beloved, such Sethe. However, the major difference between these two women is the way that slavery has affected them, and how they had let it affect their lives."
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