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Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Systems, 2007.
This paper discusses the effectiveness of anti-money laundering (AML) systems employed by Switzerland and the United Kingdom as compared to the U.S.A.
9,860 words (approx. 39.4 pages), 37 sources, APA, AU$ 239.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Financial Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) was formed by the G-7 nations as an intergovernmental task force to examine money laundering trends, techniques and past AML actions and to develop new, more effective measures for implementation into anti-money laundering (AML) systems. The author points out that, although Switzerland and the U.K. have developed intricate AML systems as describe in this paper, the U.S.'s enforcement oriented AML system is the international leader. The paper recommends that AML systems could be strengthened by investigating and prosecuting money laundering activity in connection with every criminal offense, which is often associated with money laundering, such as terrorism, corruption and tax evasion This paper includes tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Money Laundering
Trends in Money Laundering
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: International Standards
History of the Development of Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: The United Kingdom
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: Switzerland
The Future of Money Laundering and Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Switzerland vs. the U.K.: How Effective are Their AML Systems?
Appendix 1: Country Page - Switzerland, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 2: Country Page - the United Kingdom, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 3: FATF - The Forty Recommendations
From the Paper
"It is important to understand past trends in methods for money laundering in order to predict and prevent the development of future methods. This is gained through an in-depth understanding of the prevalence and evolution of money laundering methods and their current and emerging trends. The identification of trends ensures that money laundering methods are understood and that action is taken to comprehend other key factors involved, such as context. Through its typologies effort, the FATF emphasized the identification and description of money laundering trends both at the worldwide level and on a more systematic basis."
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United Nations, 2007.
This paper discusses positivism versus post-positivism as it relates to the United Nations (U.N.).
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses positivism and post-positivism and maintains that post-positivism focuses on a particular situation, rather than setting general principles of ethics for all persons to follow.
The writer then argues that it would seem that the post-positive perspective would be an ideal leadership approach for the currently divided United Nations. The writer argues that for positive intentions to become effectual actions, the member states of the United Nations must forge a better working relationship led by a post-positivist paradigm of leadership, However, the writer concludes that this does not mean ignoring the clear, positivist moral purpose of the UN to defend human rights.
From the Paper
"The new Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon from South Korea, much like the past Secretary General Kofi Annan, comes from one of the less powerful member states not permanently represented on the Security Counsel. This does not mean if his predecessor's work is any indication, however, that he will necessarily be able to create a more pluralistic forum within the context of United Nations in terms of how power is balanced amongst its leaders, although he states he will strive to do so. Besides the power of the UNSC, certain factions have often been able to dominate the decision-making of the UN General Assembly, no matter how post-positivist the orientation of some of its leaders, as infamously embodied in the biased UN Resolution 3379 equating Zionism and thus the existence of Israel as racism. The UN's inability to effectively address the genocide in Rwanda and Darfur in recent years highlights the difficulty of taking effective action on behalf of an organization of such pluralistic composition."
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Economic Development, 2007.
This paper discusses issues related to the economic development of less developed countries (LDCs).
2,670 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that some less developed countries (LDCs) face high levels of indebtedness and sudden flight capital, which cause concern among international financial institutions. The author points out that the reasons for these problems are (1) low savings rates, which lead to low investment, a breakdown of the rule of law and high corruption and (2) inadequate reforms by last resort financing organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The paper relates that foreign aid has been a disappointing experience for LDCs even though the World Trade Organization carries a powerful enforcement capacity; however, this process is unbalanced because the threat of sanctions by a developing country on a country such as the U.S., carries little weight in addition to the prohibitive cost and legal expertise requiremed to pursue a case.
Table of Contents:
Problems
Foreign Aid
From the Paper
"Consumption smoothing is another less disappointing means of increasing savings for less developed nations. What this means is that with integrated capital markets, households can smooth consumption against shocks that affect asymmetrically the domestic and foreign countries, and thus will make them better off. In bad times, countries will borrow money and will lend money in good times, leading to fluctuations of the current account. This concept can be applied in a demographic manner, for example, aging countries can transfer savings to countries whose population is ..."
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The WTO and Trade Dispute, 2007.
A case study of a World Trade Organization trade dispute and its resolution.
3,573 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
The World Trade Organization is an organization that works to help its members attain and maintain fair trade practices on a global level. This paper looks at how in 1995 two of the world's most economically powerful nations came to blows over an anti-dumping issue. Japan believed the United States was at fault while the U.S. argued that Japan was wrong. It focuses on how the WTO tried to mediate the situation and how, although the U.S. and Japan made up, the WTO was left with bruises that are still healing.
Outline:
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Dispute Process
One Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While the organization has been set and governed for the purpose of allowing fair trade practices among its members, as well as providing a worldwide voice for issues that the WTO members feel they need to speak up about, there are times in which the members will disagree with each other about fair trade. It is during these times that the WTO steps in and mediates those disagreements. This helps countries establish agreements and settle problems without resorting to war or serious embargos that can threaten to bring on a war between two or more nations."
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EU Ban on U.S. Beef, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis and discussion of the European Union's ban of U.S. beef.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that the primary reasons for imposing bans on U.S. beef products concern health issues relating to hormone-treated beef products. The writer also looks at the potential for human consumption of potentially harmful beef products resulting from cattle diseases such as Mad Cow. The writer points out that there are some politically charged factors involved in this issue. Further, the writer maintains that the U.S. beef industry is the leading competitor in this industry in the global marketplace, but the agricultural industry in general has been adversely affected in years past because of arbitrary bans from key trading partners such as the European Union. The writer notes that such bans may be based on a number of factors, including cultural perceptions of quality, politically motivated initiatives and the potential threats represented by cattle-borne diseases such as Mad Cow that are amplified by urban legend and the mainstream media. The writer concludes that the importance of the European Union to U.S. exporters means that such bans will have to be justified by more than just cultural lip service in the future, and U.S. exporters are going to increasingly demand that the Europeans put their money where they mouths are - literally.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Factors Influencing Trade Decisions for U.S. Beef Products
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From the perspective of the U.S. beef industry, the European Union's standard is simply a politically motivated trade barrier that provides no actual health protection for European consumers but rather serves to inflate for them; by sharp contrast, the European controversy is fairly longstanding and began during the 1970s when a series of health scares in Europe caused created an atmosphere in which the public was increasingly concerned about the potential side effects of eating beef products that had been treated with hormones. A number of stories in the European press linked the consumption of hormone-treated beef to hormone-related health problems and some of the accounts simply fueled the fires with increasingly skeptical European consumers."
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The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), 2007.
This paper is an extensive literature review of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the European Union, especially with regard to the inclusion of Georgia.
15,620 words (approx. 62.5 pages), 45 sources, APA, AU$ 297.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed to combat some of the European security issues that exist in Europe. Authorities believe that the ENP would enhance the European Union's ability to secure the region against terrorism and would help promote the economy and overall quality of life of the region. The author points out that originally the ENP applied to its direct neighbors: Algeria, Belarus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Later, however, it was extended to include the countries of the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) with whom the present candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, share either a maritime or land border. The paper concludes that by eradicating terrorists or criminal activities and by strengthening the political and justice systems in the country, the ENP will be helpful to Georgia. The paper includes many quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Study
Introduction
Background/ History
Theoretical Framework
European Integration Theory
Social Theory and International Negotiation Theory
Literature Review
Purpose of the EU
EU Pursues Two Main Types of Policies towards the Rest of the World
Economic Policies
Foreign and Security Policies through the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Defense Policy Cooperation
Enlargement
Development of ENP
ENP Framework: Objectives, Principles and Instrument
European Security Strategy as a Foundation of ENP
The European Neighborhood Policy
Trade and Competitiveness
Development
Strategic Relations, Political Dialogue and CFSP
EU-Georgia Relations
From Partnership to Neighborhood and beyond Neighborhood Policy
EU-Georgia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Analysis
Looking at the Neighborhood from Georgian Perspective
Why is ENP Important for EU and for Georgia?
The Military Sector
The Economic Sector
The Education Sector
The Environmental Sector
The Society Sector
The Political Sector
How Sectors are Synthesized
EU Interests towards Black Sea Region: Why Georgia Matters?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the commission's report these agreements permit the expansion of cooperation and economic amalgamation across a variety of domains. The effects of these agreements have not been realized at the current time. In any case, the ENP provides a foundation for improved cooperation in many distinct domains so that the EU and its partners can realize the full benefit of the structures that are in place (European Neighborhood Policy). To this end, the Action Plans will establish key priorities to be tackled in the years to come."
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The U.S. Trade Embargo with Cuba, 2007.
This paper discusses the present U.S. trade embargo with Cuba and its economic implications.
1,551 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the history of U.S.-Cuba relations. The paper examines the reasons behind the United States' trade embargo with Cuba and explores the economic impact of lifting this embargo. The paper discusses the economic benefits and opportunities for commercial enterprises that would arise from lifting the embargo, but also notes potential threats to American businesses. The paper discusses how Fidel Castro's ailing health of recent months has led to speculations concerning the future of Cuba and renewed debates concerning the U.S. trade embargo against this tiny island.
Outline:
Introduction
The Cuba Democracy Act
Impact of Lifting U.S. Embargo
Opportunities for Commercial Enterprise
Potential Threats to American Businesses
Reasons for U.S. Embargo
Total Impact on the U.S. Economy
Navajo Nation Signed Trading Deal with Cuba
Impact of Fidel Castro's Illness
From the Paper
"Fidel Castro has ruled Cuba through ten U.S. presidents. He took power in 1959, at the height of the Cold War, while Dwight D. Eisenhower was still in office. Although initially, he declared he was not a Communist, by the fall of 1960, thousands of Cubans were fleeing their homeland, for the reality was that Castro was establishing a Communist dictatorship (Montagne). Three months after taking office, John F. Kennedy authorized a covert invasion aimed at overthrowing Castro regime. However, it failed and was condemned by governments worldwide. This invasion basically gave Castro an excuse to allow Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, aimed at the United States (Montagne)."
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Genocide, 2007.
This paper examines the genocide in Rwanda and how the tragedy could have been avoided.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that in 1994, more than 750,000 individuals were killed in Rwanda as a result of genocide. In an effort to understand the events of Rwanda, the paper focuses on the eight stages of genocide, as presented by Genocide Watch's president George Stanton. The paper shows how the Rwanda genocide followed each stage precisely. The paper attempts to show that, had the measures outlined in Stanton's stages to combat genocide been followed, the terrible situation could have been avoided.
From the Paper
"According to the Genocide Convention, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, genocide is "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group": killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, or inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction to the group, and imposing measures intended to prevent births or forcibly transferring children between groups (United Nations General Assembly, 1948). The Convention also dictates that attempts or conspiracy to commit genocide are punishable. Further, the Convention notes that any individual, whether political or citizen, is punishable for genocide (United Nations General Assembly, 1948)."
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Thomas Friedman's "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", 2007.
This paper is an extensive review of Thomas Friedman's academically acclaimed book "The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization".
3,295 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the main focus of Thomas Friedman's 1999 book "The Lexus and the Olive Tree" is the idea that, because globalization is an irreversible process, the only thing left for humanity to do is to make sure that its benefits are exploited to the maximum and its shortcomings are balanced to minimize their impact. The author points out that Friedman believes that the process of globalization has been influenced by many different factors and in its turn has given rise to new theoretical and practical concepts, which will contribute to its further evolution. The paper stresses that the tendency of poor countries to reject the values promoted by the globalization process, which pressures foreign policy, is a mechanism for challenging the peaceful evolution of a global economy.
From the Paper
"The term "new world order" represents the political expression of the changes that occurred after 1989-1991. George Bush used it to point out the reorientation of the political perspective towards a new system based on cooperation at all levels, thus erasing the entrenched definitions of "blocks", "nonaligned states" or "bipolar" international system. While this term defined the modifications that were taking place at the political level, the notion of "globalization" pointed out the new economic perspectives. Although, as Friedman argues, there was relatively nothing new about ..."
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Nuclear Disarmament, 2007.
This paper explores the obstacles preventing total nuclear disarmament.
2,768 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that the amount of known nuclear weapons that exist today is enough to destroy the planet several times over! The paper discusses the United States' and other nations' commitment to continue developing nuclear weapons. The paper looks at the ethical and moral issues associated with disarmament. The paper explains that solutions to the problem are complicated and multifaceted, but maintains that educating the public about expenditures and effects of this powerful and antiquated weaponry is clearly the best possible way to help solve the growing nuclear arms problem.
From the Paper
"Using the tools of social analysis to look at this immense social problem gleans information that demonstrates both the nature of the problem and the immense level of resources and negotiations that would have to take place in order to even begin to reach levels of total disarmament, a goal that many seek, while others thwart it, that is seemingly insurmountable in its complexities. (Nuclear Weapons Proliferation website MSNEncarta) Many cultural issues need to be addressed as well as strategic policies and demands that are as diverse as the types of weapons that exist and the personalities of the nations and individuals involved. The nature of the problem has it seeds in the complicated manner in which nuclear weapons have become so prolific (a fact that you will see in the following passages.)"
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The War in Iraq, 2007.
This paper examines the dollar cost of the war in Iraq.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that the National Priorities Project (NPP) estimates that, as of March 2007, based on congressional appropriations, the cost of the war in Iraq is over 410 billion dollars. The author points out that there has been a waste of billions on "reconstruction" because of a lack of strategy and unclear lines of authority between the Defense and State Departments, which has led to confusion and disarray. The paper reports that Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz indicates that the total costs of the Iraq war could top the $2 trillion mark assuming that the troops will remain in Iraq until 2010 and including the health care costs of injured returning soldiers.
From the Paper
"The NPP indicates that with the money spent so far on the war in Iraq, the United States could have paid for 54,369,196 children to attend Head Start for one years. With those $410 billion, Americans could have built 3,696,054 affordable housing units. With that money the U.S. could have hired 7,113,800 teachers to work in public schools for one year. And the NPP data shows that the money spend so far on the Iraq war could have provided major medical health coverage for 245,801,075 children for a year."
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Norway and the European Union, 2007.
This paper discusses the history of Norway's failure to seek membership into the European Union.
4,670 words (approx. 18.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that arguments in favor of Norway's full integration into the E.U. arose in 1972, 1994 and 2005; however, each time these initiatives failed. The author points out that the Norwegian lingering sense of isolationism, the craving to remain independent and autonomous in its political rule and decision-making process and perhaps even Norway's historical recollection of 400 years of foreign domination has prevented it from voting to seek full member into the European Union. The paper hypothesizes that, although it is impossible to predict the mood of the Norwegian voters, the author states with certainty that the world, not just Europe, appears to be moving towards a united world community with the E.U. playing a significant role.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
First Attempts to Join the EC
Norway's Economy
Norway and the EFTA
The 1980's: Conservative Governments Rule Norway
A Second Try to Join the EC, Now Called EU
Reasons for the "No"-Decision
Norway's Future: Is it Likely to Join?
From the Paper
"The Norwegians have a strong history of protectionism when it comes to their fishing industry and waters. Throughout different periods in its history, Norway and Russia have had to resolve differences and develop relationships that would facilitate the use of Norwegian waters and territories in the most northern part of that country that had historically been shared between the two countries. While the issues were, by 1991, seemingly resolved in an amicable and workable solution satisfying both countries, it serves to demonstrate Norway's tenacious protectionism of its coast and ..."
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Arms Sales, 2007.
This paper looks at how arms sales throughout the world have increased dramatically since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses worldwide arms sales during and after the Cold War. The writer explores events leading to the increase in arms sales and provides an argument that the dismantling of the Soviet Union launched an arms sales increase. The paper explains how selling arms to developing nations provides stronger countries with power because the stronger country can threaten to stop the sales or to sell to the enemy if the developing nation does not do as it is told. The paper argues that it is time to stop the cycle before the US and other nations become "bully" nations.
From the Paper
"The collapse of the Soviet Union rocked the world. The entire industrialized society tuned in to watch the dismantling of what it believed to be the stronghold on communism and many of the world's problems. Little did society realize that the dismantling of the USSR would also trigger issues that would create concerns. One of the biggest surprises that came out of the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union was the increase in worldwide arms sales. While most of the world viewed the dismantling and rebuilding process of the Soviet Union to be in keeping with steps towards world peace evidence has shown that since the collapse of the Soviet Union arms sale throughout the world have increased dramatically."
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Vietnam and Foreign Policy, 2007.
This paper examines the major shifts that have taken place in American foreign policy since the end of the Vietnam War.
1,404 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Vietnam War offered the conditions for the US to realize the change in the international political environment and the need for diplomatic cooperation more than military confrontation. The paper looks at Henry Kissinger's new diplomacy that offered the detente period, which advocated for the first time the existence of more than two centers of power. The paper shows how from this point on, subsequent administrations worked, more or less, to reaching a peaceful outcome to the Cold War.
From the Paper
"The Vietnam War can be rightfully seen as a pivotal moment in the history of the 20th century. The human loss could only be estimated, as there were too many unknown events that influenced the final outcome of the victim count, as "over 57, 000 Americans- and hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese- died. Total American expenses have been calculated at over a trillion dollars." (Rothney and Findley, 1986, 300) However important is the human factor, aside from the tragedies of the Vietnamese and American peoples who engaged their troops on the battlefield, there is the aspect of the dramatic political shift that the war and its outcome provoked."
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The US Involvement in Desert Storm, 2007.
An analysis of the factors contributing to the US involvement in the military Operation Desert Storm.
2,172 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the factors that influenced the United States to become involved in Operation Desert Storm. The paper describes issues of international law, the US' dependency on oil, regional alliances and the need to satisfy an issue of prestige. It then discusses how all of these reasons contributed to the US involvement in the military operations involving Kuwait.
From the Paper
"Aside from the geostrategic, political or economic reasons that would have completely justified the intervention of the American forces against Saddam, there was also a matter of prestige for the newly crowned leader of the free world. The US had now become the only super power, thus defeating its fifty-year foe, the USSR. Even if the actual confirmation would come late in 1992, the Cold War had ended with the victory of capitalism over communism, democracy over authoritarianism, the US over the USSR. Still, this state of fact had to be visible to the international community as well. Thus, a strong military deployment of forces in the name of a just cause, that of defending another state, was the ultimate proof of the power the US enjoyed following demise of the Soviet Union."
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The Central Intelligence Agency, 2007.
This paper discusses the role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Cold War.
1,377 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper examines various perspectives on CIA operations during the Cold War. The paper looks at their successes and failures but maintains that the CIA has remained an essential tool in the fight against communism and the maintenance of the intelligence system. The paper concludes that despite the criticism of this organization, it represented a crucial segment of the conduct of American foreign policy during the Cold War.
From the Paper
"The CIA was established in 1947 through the National Security Act, as part of the wider informational system "which grew out of World War II era Office of Strategic Services and small post-war intelligence organizations. The CIA served as the primary civilian intelligence-gathering organization in the government." (US Dept. of State, n.d.) According to the establishing act, it was designed for gathering of intelligence in respect to the potential threats facing the US borders. (US Intelligence Community, 2004) This evolution came as a result of the considered failure of intelligence that determined the lack of anticipation of the Pearl Harbor attacks. Thus, it is quite obvious the way in which a historical event can determine the creation of an essential tool for countering any subsequent repeats."
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