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South Africa's New Imperialism, 2006.
This paper examines the role of the British government in southern Africa during the phase of "New Imperialism" between 1880-1900.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper details the impact of the British government's involvement in southern Africa during the phase of new imperialism between
1880-1900, in which various European governments began to scramble for land in the region. This paper explores Britain's interests in southern Africa, which were heightened with the discovery of prolific deposits of gold and diamonds. The writer discusses the lack of investment into the local economy which combined with a policy of black segregation and the enforced migration of labor, created a situation of devastating poverty among the black Africans. This paper paper also focuses on the segregation policies of the diamond mines which set a direct precedence for the establishment of the apartheid policy in the South African government.
From the Paper
"An interesting feature of the diamond industry was the unmarketability of the gems. They were luxury items that held varying degrees of popularity in Europe at the time, and the responsibility for the successful sale of diamonds rested on the shoulders of London merchants. What resulted was an increased financial involvement between British businessmen at home and overseas, thus strengthening British private investments in the region. Politically, the British were unwilling to provide their annexed territories with ample governmental administration. Instead, they preferred to rely on the cooperation of the local white population."
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The U.S. Military's War on Drugs, 2006.
This paper examines the role of the U.S. military in aiding Latin American countries win the war on drugs.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the growing cocaine and marijuana market in Latin American countries and the lack of local resources available to prevent this valuable and profitable industry from expanding even more. The writer of this paper details the U.S. military's role in aiding these countries, as well as the cost to the American people, while pondering if the American military should even be involved in drug related issues outside the U.S. The cost for the military intervention in the war on drugs continues to rise and has created entirely new perceptions about money and the military both within and outside the U.S. This paper discusses the military involvement in the war on drugs and cites the leading recipients of aid, military equipment, training and personnel. This paper also delves into a program, involving military participation, which was recently introduced in Congress, called the Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination Act. This act would authorized $2.3 billion over three years for military hardware, personnel, training and a small amount for alternative crop development in various Latin American countries.
From the Paper
"Even though the House and various representatives have called on military action, the Pentagon was reluctant- albeit, it finally was dragged into it. Even though the Pentagon budget continues to grow, year after year, there are still concerns that legislators who dole out the tens of millions of dollars are underestimating the total cost. In a recent report to the House and Senate armed services committees, the Department of Defense estimated that "24-hour surveillance of the U.S. 'southern fence', the border from Jacksonville, Florida, to San Diego, full interdiction capability, and C13 programs, would cost between $480.4 million and $760.5 million annually, depending on the equipment mix ." All this money without a single soldier leaving the continental U.S.- even though advisers may now be operating in the various targeted Latin American countries. All that has been publicized, and strongly so, are planes and equipment, everything from helicopters to flame throwers which are supposed to be used by the local troops."
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Lebanon, 2006.
An examination of business potential in Lebanon.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the industry and infrastructure of Lebanon. He looks at the changes the country has undergone over the past few decades. The author highlights how Lebanon is both oil rich, and high in demand because of its strategic geographical location within the Middle East. The author tells us that in order to fully take advantage of this country's vast resources, an understanding of its people, its economy, as well as the politics behinds its complex government system must be achieved. The paper proceeds to discuss all of these aspects of Lebanon, in the hope that the reader will have a better understanding of the country. He concludes that there is great business potential in Lebanon which has not yet been tapped. With businesses to buffer its infrastructure, Lebanon will once again emerge as a power within the Middle Eastern area, which is why this country is ideal for foreign investments.
From the Paper
"The actual figures for the growth of this country are significant. The annual GDP currently stands at 18.8 billion dollars. Although this is not large in relation to other countries in the region, proportionally it is much better than the state of financial affairs a decade before. The real growth rate is around 4% and increasing every year as the infrastructure of Lebanon improves. As of the 2000 census, most of the nation's GDP comes from the services sector of the economy which makes up 67% of the total GDP. The rest is split between agriculture which controls 12%, and industry, which takes the rest of the 21%. The labor force which consists of 2.6 million has within its population almost a million people that are foreign workers. These workers are split between the industrial and agricultural employment within Lebanon. The unemployment rate is still abnormally high at 18%, but with the recent privatization of many industries this figure is forecasted to drop. The real danger is that the current poverty rate within Lebanon is an astounding 28%. Which means that 28% of the population is below the poverty line in the country. Without a tangible welfare system to aid the poor, a full quarter of the country is in a state of starvation and extreme poverty."
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The Euro, 2006.
A brief overview on the common European monetary unit, the euro.
893 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The "euro" is the name of the single currency of the European Community. The Treaty of Rome (1957) declared a common European market as a European purpose with the aim of increasing economic prosperity and contributing to closer ties among the different countries. The paper shows that the Single European Act (1986) and the Treaty on European Union (1992) have shaped on this, introducing Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and laying the basics for a single currency, the euro.
Paper Outline:
History of Euro
Impact of Euro
The Future Prospects of Euro
References
From the Paper
"The impact of the Euro has been very significant not only in the European markets but also in the international arena. One of the results is same currency noticeably eliminates the need for transaction costs to convert currencies. Such financial resources could be used in a more effective way, by producing output that has a greater value to society."
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Nasserism, 2006.
An examination of the Nasser regime in Egypt.
3,078 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the regime of Abdul Nasser in Egypt and the changes it brought to the Egyptian lifestyle. He starts the paper with an examination of the early years after Nasser came to power, as a result of the monarchy at that time being overthrown. Nasser declared Egypt a republic, was anti-colonial and steadily developed a state form of capitalism that was typically nationalist. The author goes on to detail the changes that Nasser instituted into society which benefited the Egyptian people, like the laws that privileged industry over agriculture. The author mentions the special law that was introduced which spared new companies from paying taxes on profits for a seven year period. The paper also looks at the political changes that Nasser introduced and how he played the Soviet powers against the U.S. powers. In conclusion the author describes Nasser as a pragmatic leader, willing to cooperate tactically with the West so long as this cooperation was based on his own stipulations.
From the Paper
"The Ba'th considered that a conservative boycott might very well result in election victories for the better-organized communists, which would have been particularly true in Populist-dominated Aleppo. The communists were about the only ones in Syria who wanted the municipal elections held as planned. Seventy communist candidates had enroll for the vote by 11 October, compared with 75 for the much more numerous Nationalists and 35 for the Ba'th. Nasser and his Ba'thist allies believed that they could help their cause in Aleppo by staging a dramatic
'rescue', with the likelihood of changing the view of most Aleppans toward Egypt and thus providing more votes for Ba'thist candidates. It is not astonishing that the Egyptians and Ba'thists exaggerated the Turkish threat, giving plenty of airtime to the purported Turkish battle cry 'on to Aleppo'. Nasser and the Ba'thists, as well as the conservatives, were clearly worried about communist advances in Syria and the concomitant increase in Soviet influence. The Ba'th had allied itself with the communists to combat imperialism and the old-guard Syrian politicians; when they thrive, with proportionately more power ensue to the communists as Syria's relationship with the Soviet Union tightened during the crisis."
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Unemployment in Europe, 2006.
This paper explores the effects of the free market revolution which took place in the 1980s and the resulting mass of unemployment still plaguing Europe and the former Soviet Union in particular.
2,877 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the rising unemployment in Europe. With approximately 35 million unemployed in the industrialized countries and uncounted millions more in the developing world, the issue of joblessness has finally reached the top of the global political agenda. This paper details the results of the free market revolution of the 1980s which consisted of collapsing industrial economies, deepening poverty, homelessness, crime and a rising tide of racism. The writer of this paper contends that unemployment and job creation are finally being given top priority in the global agenda. This paper discusses the various plans and strategies that are being implemented to combat unemployment, including the establishment of job-switching schemes. Job-switching, which has been piloted in Denmark, provides for long-term unemployed people to be trained and educated specifically in order to substitute for employed workers while they are on paid educational leave or vocational training. This well-researched paper contains unemployment statistics and relevant information of various countries in Europe, including Hungary. While unemployment has been in existence in Hungary for only a few years, it has become the main cause of increased social tension. This paper also details the situation in the former Soviet Union, in which the unrestrained free market economics has brought about an economic catastrophe.
From the Paper
"Why not combine the two problems in one solution? This is the basic and simple principle of job-switching: unemployed people take over the vacancies of the employed, while the employed are at the same time engaged in further education. AOF in Denmark had tried out this job-switching model for a couple of years and it has proven to be a success, and the activities are spreading all over Denmark in companies and in the public sector as well, and now all over Europe as well. The main target group for AOF is employed with short education and long-term unemployed. The job-switching model operates with education, training courses and work-experience for the unemployed, before he or she is actually going in to the company in the vacancy. The further education of the employed stresses general and also creative qualification, but also more traditional skills may be part of the further education."
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Business Customs Between Japan and the U.S., 2006.
An examination of the differences in Japanese and U.S. business customs.
1,951 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the striking differences between Japanese and U.S. business customs which emanate from their different cultures. The author looks at the main concepts that differ between the two nations such as the Japanese emphasis on trust which they believe must be a major component of all long-term relationships. The author gives the example of how contracts do not have as much meaning as with U.S. business relationships. The author discusses in detail the main concepts that the Japanese work under, trust and harmony, unity and intuitive decision making. In conclusion the author points out that although the customs of Japanese business relationships are becoming more widely known and understood, he still recommends that a third party intermediary is taken to help in transactions. This, he states is quite common practice and a preferred practice of the Japanese so that many of the common errors of business protocol can be avoided.
Table of Contents:
Key Concepts
Group Harmony or Wa
Long-Term Relationships, or Nagai Tsukiai
Public Face;Tatemae and True Feelings; Honne
Communication Without Words; Hara-gei and Trust; Shinyo
Conclusions
From the Paper
"This aspect of the Japanese value system has important implications for business negotiations with Japanese clients or partners and is an area where particularly Americans with their somewhat "helter-skelter," lifestyles tend to look upon as superfluous. Therefore, this striking difference of culture-clash is by way of contrast and comparison quite an important factor for the American businessperson to study very carefully if one wishes to conduct business on any level in Japan. Executives of the Japanese organization will want to spend a great deal of time in getting to know prospective foreign associates and it explains why there is so much emphasis on the getting acquainted phase of the first meeting and why informal socializing is such a crucial component of establishing a business alliance in Japan."
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Australian Land: Aborigines vs. Europeans, 2006.
This paper explores the differences in conceptions of land ownership between the Australian Aborigines and the European colonists.
1,998 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Aborigines of Australia who are said to have arrived on the continent over 50,000 years ago, blending into the already existent population and thus creating perhaps the most physically diverse population in the world. This paper details the differences in conceptions of land ownership between the Australian Aborigines and European colonists. The writer of this paper describes how the Aborigines had developed their own society, culture and rules for land ownership which were inexcusably overlooked by the European invaders. When Europe began to encroach upon the territories of the Aborigines, the latter group simply adapted resourcefully and made new claims. This paper explores the various countries and nations that laid claim to Australia, including the Dutch, British and Spain While the Aborigines claimed Australia through ancestral travels, the Dutch and British justified their possession by initial landing rights and the Spanish laid their claim based on religious doctrine. The British extended their claim to the entire continent by 1826 with the stroke of a legislative pen. This writer of this paper describes how the conflict was furthermore exacerbated by the fact that Aborigines and Europeans had differing conceptions of private property.
From the Paper
"Although the Aborigines lived according to such ancient beliefs for thousands of years, their fate would soon be doomed according to a very different system of territorial claims formulated 10000 miles away, in Europe. While the Aborigines justifiably had divided Australian lands into their own territories, the newly 'discovered' continent would soon come into a three-way struggle for possession as Britain, Holland, and Spain each claimed Australia separately, none of these claims based on right of ancestors, but on religious, economic, and political rationales. The Spanish and Portuguese, in search of southern trade routes and the legendary Terra Australis, had touched on the continent of Australia."
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Foreign Affairs of America, 2006.
An argument in favor of America taking an interventionist foreign policy stance.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper argues in favor of global intervention as the guideline for America's foreign policy. The paper suggests that by helping and rebuilding other nations, the U.S. gains future protection from them attacking Americans. The paper further argues that interventionism extends protection to American citizens and industries abroad. The paper demonstrates that interventionism has worked in the past, citing examples such as the Reagen Administration's policy toward El Salvador. The paper concludes that helping people in need is the moral responsibility of the world's only superpower.
Table of Contents
I. Our Protection
A. U.S. Citizens in the U.S.
B. U.S. Citizens in foreign countries
II. Past Aid
A. Reagan
B. Others
III. Future Aid
A. Policies
B. Future
From the Paper
"The only way to predict the future is to study the past, and by looking at the United States' past it is easy to see there has been a lot of switching back and forth between intervention and isolation. As a country the United States has been at its best during the times of intervention. A particularly strong time was during the Reagan administration. Charles Krauthammer noted "President Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address has become known as the Reagan Doctrine" (63). The Reagan Doctrine set a standard and made a strong statement about the United States. Charles Krauthammer added "The president pledged American support to those who are risking their lives on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet supported aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth" (63). After this America couldn't back down from any communist movements. "This policy makes strategic sense, since it is a relatively risk free way for the U.S. to challenge the newest, most vulnerable soviet acquisitions" (63) stated Charles Krauthammer. There were a few problems with creating a democracy in foreign areas like Iran and Nicaragua, but for the most part this was a sound strategy. Charles Krauthammer added, "The reason there were problems with this strategy in Iran and Nicaragua was for a transition to democracy the material condition must be there; it must work with what exists on the ground" (65). With the Reagan Doctrine in place the United States helped many countries avoid communism, but it neglected the countries that needed aid for other reasons."
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A Moral Foreign Policy, 2006.
An analysis and critique of U.S. foreign policy in the modern era.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 32 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the interests that motivate U.S. foreign policy and argues that the U.S. should adopt a new position that aims to protect human rights everywhere. The paper begins with a review of foreign policy positions from the Cold War until today. Next the paper explores -- and criticizes -- U.S. foreign policy regarding E. Timor and Colombia. The paper discusses the dehumanization of world cultures and the trumping of economy of morality. Finally, the paper concludes that the United States must re-humanize its policy approach. Specific recommendations include acting in a truly multilateral fashion through the United Nations to protect human rights wherever violations occur.
From the Paper
"The origin of United States involvement in East Timor dates back to the Cold War. In 1975, on the eve of the invasion, "with the wounds of Vietnam still fresh, it wasn't difficult for [then-President] Suharto to persuade [Ford and Kissinger] that military action against East Timor was necessary to stamp out another 'communist' enclave." This provided the American government with an excuse to ignore and cover up reports of massive human rights violations. The United States remained silent about the violence because of Suharto's "open door policy for Western capital investment." By 1981, United States exports to Indonesia totaled $1 billion per year. Corporate investments in the country surpassed $600 million. In June 1980, Richard Holbrooke, then the Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, addressed Congress about Indonesia's importance as a key United States ally in the region."
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Truman and Johnson: Crisis in Asia, 2006.
This paper examines the Korean and Vietnam wars as well as the various similarities shared by both President Harry S. Truman and President Lyndon B. Johnson during their terms in office.
2,958 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper explores the ironic similarities shared by Presidents Truman and Johnson, who both inherited the office of president at the death of their predecessors, both were extremely popular leaders and both died while in office. It is another irony that each president became embroiled in a war in Asia. This paper discusses both wars in detail as well as the events that led up to the conflicts including the fact that the Korean war set a precedent for the Vietnam War. This paper also examines the different leadership styles of both presidents, including the manner in which Truman kept firm control over the military while Johnson accepted most military assessments at face value. This paper also contemplates how these two conflicts effectively ended the public life of both Truman and Johnson, bringing an end to each one's administration.
From the Paper
"Earlier in January, 1968 the Tet Offensive attempt to take over the American Embassy had been a turning point in the war. Five of South Vietnam's six major cities, 36 of its 44 provincial capitals, and 66 of the 242 district towns were attacked. American losses were heavier than ever before, 3,895 men killed in eight weeks. South Vietnamese forces sustained much smaller losses, but there were an estimate 14,000 noncombatant men, women and children who were killed in the campaign. Although the Communist offensive was ultimately to lose 58,000 men in the offensive, the action drew even more dissent at home. The protestors were not now only the radicals and students, but mainstream voters were also increasingly expressing their opposition lining up in a groundswell of support for presidential Robert Kennedy, who pledged to end the war, as were members of the president's cabinet."
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The Strength of the British Pound, 2006.
This paper examines the British pound's current position against the U.S dollar and other international currencies and explains why it's fundamentally more favored in the global market.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper analyzes the recent increase in the British pound's value which is a direct result of rising interest rates and the UK's growing economy. The writer of this paper details the reasons surrounding the devaluation of the U.S. dollar against the British pound and the Euro. This paper discusses the monetary flows in the foreign exchange market that are not only imperative but responsible for the various positive changes in Britain's economy. The writer also describes how the value of a particular currency is estimated when using three-time tested variables which are comprised of the interest rate differentials, economic differentials and relative yield within the country.
From the Paper
"As stated by the Economist, Justin Urquhart Stewart, the imbalance is basically because of two main factors. On being the higher central bank interest rates in Britain which is nearly 4 percent while it is only 1 percent in the United States and in turn supports the British currency but at the same time the high level of by the government and individuals for personal purpose in the United States is not very supportive of growth. It is felt that if both the issues are balanced the dollar will be brought back to its state. A lot of financial experts also feel that the exchange rate to go to $2.00 to one pound or higher in the next some time hence making things even more badly."
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Nasser?s Impact on Egypt?s Economy, 2006.
An analysis of how Gamal Abdel Nasser shaped Egyptian economic policy.
8 words (approx. 0.0 pages), 1360 sources, APA, AU$ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the impact of Gamal Abdel Nasser's leadership in Egypt on the country's economic policy. The paper begins with a brief review of Nasser's rise to power in the 1950s. Next, the paper turns to an assessment of Nasser's various economic policies, including land redistribution, construction of the Aswan Dan and nationalization of the Suez Canal. The paper concludes that Nasser was responsible for redesigning the economic policy of a nation that had endured decades of imperialist rule.
Outline
Introduction
Economic Policy
Land Redistribution
Aswan Dam
Suez Canal
Economic Conclusions
From the Paper
"To understand the impact that Nasser had in the economic arena, it is essential to briefly discuss his past and rise to power. Nasser was born in Banny Mor Asyout, Egypt. He eventually moved to Cairo, as a result of his father's job as Inspector in Minister of Post. In Cairo he eventually earned his high school diploma, during which time he partook in several demonstrations against British occupation of his homeland. In 1937 Nasser joined military school, "he graduated on 1938 to join the third platoon in Asyout where he met Anwar El Sadat, and Zakaria Mohyi El Deen who later joined him in the "Free Officers" organization."
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US-Canada Relations Under Kennedy, 2006.
An analysis of the conflicts between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Canadian Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker.
2,430 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the tumultuous relationship between President John F. Kennedy and Canadian Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker during their mutual years in power between 1960 and 1963. The paper demonstrates how the animosity between them made this period the lowest point in U.S.-Canadian relations since the War of 1812. The paper analyzes the complex issues that were the foundations for their personal disdain of each other: (1) Diefenbaker was an old-fashioned prairie populist with a deep distrust of Americans and Kennedy personified the wealthy American establishment; (2) The two had fundamental differences over the handling of key events during their times in office, including a 1961 meeting in Ottawa, trade policy, the debate on nuclear arms, the Cuban Missile Crisis and a disastrous Sate Department Press release. After a detailed analysis of these issues, the paper concludes that their differences were irreconcilable and their clash inevitable.
From the Paper
"Diefenbaker was born in Neustadt, Ontario on September 18, 1895 and moved first to Fort Calton in the North West Territories in 1903 and then to Saskachewan in 1910 while Kennedy was born in Brookline, Mass. on May 29, 1917, with a silver spoon in his mouth. Diefenbaker's studies at the University of Saskachewan were interrupted by World War I where he was injured in training camp. After attending Harvard University, Kennedy became a war hero in World War II, winning the Purple Heart and the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for bravery. Diefenbaker, after deciding that his future lay in politics rather than law, began a slow rise in the government, losing several times municipally, provincially and federally. Kennedy however, began his political career in 1946 by being elected to Congress in 1947 and to the Senate in 1952, both by landslide victories. Diefenbaker was nominated as the Conservative party leader in 1956 and became Canada's thirteenth Prime Minister in 1957 while Kennedy defeated Nixon in the 1960 election to become America's thirty-fifth President. A motion of non-confidence was eventually passed on Diefenbaker's government by the Liberals in 1963, and Diefenbaker resigned on April 22, quietly dying on August 16, 1979. Kennedy's end as President was more dramatic; he was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, shocking the world and creating much controversy and speculation."
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"The Cold War", 2006.
Examines Martin Walker's book, "The Cold War: A History."
1,777 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion of the book, "The Cold War: A History" by Martin Walker. The paper shows how the book gives a very detailed account of the events, characteristics, problems and legacy of the Cold War.
From the Paper
"As with any war, the conflict is used to determine or maintain the balance of power, provide for governmental succession, and/or a confrontation of ideological viewpoints. The Cold War was all of these. The balance of power in the world was being fought between the United States and the Soviet Union, or as Walker calls it, using a Reagan era term, the "Evil Empire". This included the governments worldwide that supported or were supported by one side or the other. Since the Cold War began with the fall of Germany after World War II, part of the maneuverings of the early part of the Cold War was to determine the political succession for the rule of Germany, which had the potential of determining the balance of power in Europe."
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U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 2006.
Examines America's foreign policy in the Middle East since 1991.
2,764 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper critically assesses the impact of U.S. foreign policy on the Middle East since 1991. It explores how the post-Cold War global order affects Middle East politics and how the conflict in the Middle East affects the 'New World Order'.
Table of Contents:
Part I: Summary
Part II: Background to and Nature of American Policy in the Middle East since 1991
Part III: Impact of American Policy in the Middle East
Part IV: Conclusion.
From the Paper
"America's policy of coercive appropriation of the region's only major resource has had another parallel, though highly profound impact. In order to break free from what the countries of the region perceive as the American stranglehold over their resources, many countries have started cooperating with each other to exploit the oil-rich Caspian region. Based on the idea of excluding America from the pipeline grid, this brings several countries from even outside the periphery of the Middle East in close ties with each other. This could spell a total alteration of the geo-strategic dynamics of the region."
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