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Western Sahara Conflict, 2009.
A discussion on the Western Sahara conflict and what can be done to abate this.
7,998 words (approx. 32.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 223.95
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Abstract
This essay is a study of the resources, the major players and forces, and, finally, the people of the Western Sahara region in an effort to understand what has been done to resolve the conflict brought about by the violence and greed of the area's leaders. The paper discusses possible ways to bring about a peace settlement which would allow the people whose lives remain in constant turmoil and conflict to finally make permanent homes and focus on their daily lives of subsistent living. The citizens of the region who are not in the military, not engaged in the conflict, but whose lives are subjected to decisions and actions of the primary forces and power elites, live in terror each day. They are the ones who suffer the losses, and their lives and losses seem to be of little relevance to the forces in conflict and control. An effort is made in this study to understand why the conflict continues, and which groups or individuals are benefitting from the continued unrest and aggression. This paper includes maps.
Outline:
Introduction
The Moroccan Position
The Algerian Position
The Polasario Position
Human Rights and Loss
The Economic Cost of Western Sahara
The Political Cost of Western Sahara
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There is a need to understand the positions of the forces at play here. First, it is necessary to gain a sense of the region. What is the landscape, and who occupies what section of that landscape? From where does their claim on the landscape arise from? It is only by analyzing the landscape and the positions of the players that an effort to make sense of what has gone on and continues to go on in Western Sahara can begin to make sense. Even if the sense that it brings to the understanding of the dynamics of the situation belie the true interests of the parties involved. The first is the Moroccan position."
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Peacekeeping in the Caucuses, 2009.
An examination of the historical background of the conflicts in the Caucuses and the peacekeeping missions that have been in operation there.
4,724 words (approx. 18.9 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 157.95
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Abstract
This paper address peacekeeping in the Caucasus. It examines the historical background of the situation in the Caucasus and the geopoloitical situation there. The paper then examines several peacekeeping operations that were or still are in place in the region and looks at the pragmatism or idealist nature of these operations. Finally, the paper discusses the effects of the peacekeeping missions as well as the eventual developments for the future of the area.
Table of Contents:
Historical Background
The Geopolitics of the Region
Peacekeeping
Conclusion
From the Paper
The role of peace keeping is essential and can be seen as a milestone in the current era of conflicts and wars. The United Nations, along with its specialized organizations play a vital role in offering the strategic and technical support for peacekeeping operations to take place. However, there are certain analyses to be made in order to ensure that all factors are taken into account. In the cases of Georgia and Nagorno-Karabakh these factors include the historical background, the geopolitical discussions, as well as the traditional actors which are involved in the mediation processes. At the same time though in order to consider all the elements involved, one can visibly see that there is a certain discussion over the role Russia plays and will continue to play in the region. Finally, in order for the peacekeeping operations to be effective, both the UN and the OSCE must include the regional and national elements as well."
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B-29's in the Berlin Airlift, 2009.
A critical review of Brian S. Gunderson's article "Strategic Air Command's B-29's During the Berlin Airlift".
1,162 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Brian S. Gunderson's article "Strategic Air Command's B-29's During the Berlin Airlift", which emphasizes the previously unacknowledged, but crucial role played by B-29s during the famous Berlin Blockade airlift. The paper asserts that although this is a valuable document in its detail and meticulous, step-by-step chronological unfolding of the events leading up to and after the airlift, Gunderson lacks engagement because of his failure to really make an argument about the significance of the airlift. The paper notes many aspects the author could have addressed that would have improved this work.
From the Paper
"Author and B-29 navigator from the 1948 28th Bomb Wing Brigadier General Brian S. Gunderson's article "Strategic Air Command's b-29's During the Berlin Airlift" appears to be a fairly straightforward account of the Berlin Blockade with an emphasis on the previously unacknowledged, but crucial role played by B-29s during the famous airlift. Gunderson was personally involved in the airlift, although his article takes a cooler, more dispassionate tone than other attempts to provide the reader with a gripping, involved, and 'grounds-eye' narrative of the events that transpired. His thesis, vaguely defined, seems to underline the significance of the airlift and the essential fellowship and hospitality of the British that enabled the airlift to be so successful. However, although a valuable document in its detail and meticulous, step-by-step chronological unfolding of the events leading up to and after the airlift, he lacks engagement with a central, driving thesis because of his failure to really make an argument about the significance of the airlift."
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The Cold War, 2009.
A look at the causes behind the Cold War.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various causes of the Cold War. The paper first explains that the Western powers feared that the Soviet Union would use its sphere of influence to encroach upon the remaining democracies in Europe, which were still weak in the aftermath of the Second World War. The paper also explains that Russia was poor, fearful and had an inferiority complex to the rest of Europe, who now felt even more threatened and open to attack. The paper then turns to Truman's reaction to Stalin's aggressive suppression of dissent in Eastern Europe and asserts that America's intervention was justifiable, and a welcome action for future democracies.
From the Paper
"The Cold War, the war of tensions and nuclear stalemate that characterized the period immediately after the end of World War II to the fall of the Berlin War divided Europe into two warring factions. On one side, the United States and most of the Western European powers it had striven to rebuild as the result of its Marshall Plan stood for freedom, sometimes only in name but often with genuine feeling and commitment. On the other hand, Soviet Russia held Eastern Europe in a grip of fear and terror. Was Stalin simply an evil man? According to Winston Churchill, that was the case."
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American Imperialism, 2009.
An argument that American imperialism began with the Westward expansion and has led to a history of hegemony and interference.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the imperialism of the United States in the Westward expansion and the interference in overseas affairs, like that of Hawaii. The paper also discusses the United States' involvement in Latin America and the Middle East as examples of imperialism. The paper reveals that while this involvement often masqueraded as an altruistic attempt to instill democracy, studies have suggested that democracy is not necessarily beneficial for the impoverished people it pretends to help. The paper concludes that while American imperialism has not established itself as a formal conquest for land, the influence that the United States has exercised on other states has resulted in an imperialist legacy.
From the Paper
"While the United States' primary motivation for revolution and independence was England's invasive interference into the colonists' affairs, soon after becoming a sovereign nation, the current hegemon began practicing an imperialism of their own. While many scholars have cast this imperialism in the same negative light as its contemporaries' brand of imperialism, other studies have suggested that American imperialism rises out of United States' liberal philosophies (Ninkovich 2001, p.2). Although American imperialism is most often associated with Westward expansion, the imperialistic foreign policy decisions of the 1800s simply set the stage for the United States' history of hegemony and interference that masquerades as "empire-lite," but functions similarly to any other empire."
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Implications of the Cold War, 2009.
A discussion of the modern relevance of the Cold War era.
1,304 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a background and history of the Cold War and shows how the Cold War drained the national economies of both the US and the Soviet Union tremendously, ultimately triggering the end of the Soviet Union. The paper first examines what America has retrospectively learned about the Cold War from the collapse of the Soviet Union. It then focuses on a significant contemporary aspect of the Cold War era, which is the potential proliferation of nuclear materials maintained in the former satellite countries of the former Soviet Union. The paper reveals the concern that weapons-grade nuclear material of Soviet origin might eventually find its way to bin Laden and other entities sympathetic to Muslim extremism.
Outline:
Background and History of the Cold War
Global Implications of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Global Terrorism and the 21st Century Relevance of the Cold War Era
From the Paper
"Even before the formal end of hostilities at the conclusion of World War II, antagonism, mutual distrust, and mutually incompatible intentions with respect to Western Europe developed between the United States and the Soviet Union. Many historians believe that the decision by President Harry S. Truman to use nuclear weapons against Imperial Japan in August 1945 was precipitated more by the need to demonstrate American military power to the Russians than to avoid heavy combat losses projected in conjunction with a U.S. invasion of mainland Japan."
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The Road to Peace, 2009.
A discussion of the Road Map for Peace plan in the Middle East.
1,618 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the Road Map for Peace plan in the Middle East formulates a complex process for recognition of Israel and the formation of another Palestine for displaced Palestinians. The paper looks at the Annapolis Conference's assessment of the peace process and shows how the process has had many roadblocks along the way. The paper concludes that for a lasting peace, Israel and Palestine must learn to co-exist and make sacrifices, which does not seem possible.
From the Paper
"The Road Map was adopted by United Nations countries (a quartet, referred to in the document), as a performance-based timetable to create a workable peace in the Middle East between Israel and the Palestinians. The plan was adopted in 2003, and still has not come to fruition. The document states, "A settlement, negotiated between the parties, will result in the emergence of an independent, democratic, and viable Palestinian state living side by side in peace and security with Israel and its other neighbors" (Editors). However, this has not been accomplished, and there are impediments on both sides that seem to preclude peace occurring in at least the near future."
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Geopolitics and American Foreign Politics, 2009.
An examination of the theory of geopolitics and how it relates to American foreign policy.
842 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the theory of geopolitics and how it can be applied to countries throughout the world. The paper then focuses on geopolitics in the context of American foreign policy. It discusses the influence of geopolitics and how it can be seen in the manner in which America relates and cooperates with other nations throughout the world.
From the Paper
"Geopolitics is also evident in the types of relationships that America has with countries that share a boarder with the United Sates or are close to the United States boarder. On the one hand, Canada and America have long had a good relationship and the citizens of both nations enter and exit each country with ease. On the other hand, America's relationship with Mexico has been both friendly and also extremely volatile. In both cases America must be careful concerning the types of policies that are adopted because of the proximity of these nations to America. If our policies toward these nations are seen as unfair or wrong, the security of America could be at risk. Whereas, if the government of Australia felt that American policies were wrong or unfair and wanted to react militarily, there is a greater probability that the United States would be able to stop such an attack, this is not the case with nations that are in close proximity to the United States. Overall geopolitics is extremely evident as it pertains to America's foreign policy strategies."
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Yugoslavian Civil Wars, 2009.
An exploration of two international relations theories concerning the international community's response to the Yugoslavian Civil Wars.
3,226 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper studies both state and non-state actors' responses to the Yugoslavian Civil Wars in light of the theories espoused by Samuel P. Huntington in his "The Clash of Civilizations" and Niall Ferguson in his "The War of the World" in order to draw conclusions about the international community's involvement in the prevention, containment and resolution of war. The paper focuses on the United States, the largest state actor to become involved in the Yugoslavian Civil Wars, as well as the international community's non-state actors, the United Nations and NATO. The paper shows how, while the Yugoslavian Civil Wars that resulted in the state's dissection present an interesting study and solid support for a variety of international relations theories, the international community's response to the conflict is complex and controversial.
Outline:
State Actors: The United States
Non-State Actors: The United Nations and NATO
Conclusions and Implications
From the Paper
"The Yugoslavian Civil Wars or Wars of Yugoslavian Secession plagued the Balkans throughout the 1990s. Known for their hostility and violence, the wars earned the region a reputation as one of the most volatile in the world. One of those wars, the 1992 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, became one of the bloodiest intersections of ethnic and religious groups that the world has ever seen. Although the bitter ethnic conflict, which produced some of the first documented cases of genocide since the Nazi exterminations during WWII, was viewed as the primary cause of the war, individual, domestic, and systemic levels of international relations can all claim a degree of responsibility. In fact, international involvement in the Balkans during both world wars suggest that the importance of the area at the systemic level. For example, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was an ethnically motivated event fueled by separatists' desire for an ethnically united state."
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| Essay # 113076 |
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The Yugoslavian Civil War, 2009.
A study of the individual, domestic and systemic causes of the Yugoslavian civil wars.
2,161 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
The paper considers the causes of the Yugoslavian civil wars on the individual, domestic and systemic levels of international relations in order to determine the implications for the future of conflict in the international realm. The paper shows how the Yugoslav civil war had no single direct cause; it was fueled by a mixture of individuals' ideas and the ruling elite, domestic ethnic strife and systemic alliances made during the First World War. The paper points out that with ethnic conflict still boiling in the Middle East and Balkans, there may be a repeat of this type of war in the future.
Outline:
Brief Summary of Current Research
Individual Causes
Domestic Causes of the War
Systemic Causes
Conclusion and Implications
From the Paper
"Although in the earliest civilizations scholars and learned men were expected to advise the king and military leaders on matters of state, international relations as field concerned with the impartial observation of the interactions and causes of interactions between states is a relatively new discipline. Preceded by the study of foreign relations, in which a student studies the impact of states on the international system on one particular state in order to make policy recommendations, the study of international relations considers more liberally the international system, made up of states, NGOs, and IGOS, when contemplating the cause of international phenomena--like war. Indeed, conflict theory has risen to become one of the most important issues of international relations."
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Foreign Policy Decisions, 2009.
An analysis of the decision-making process behind the U.S. decision to go to war in Iraq.
1,351 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the decision to go to war in Iraq from the perspective of two different explanatory models; the unitary rational actor model, and the domestic politics model. The paper explains how foreign policy is conducted according to the analyses of key factors such as the power relations between states, the ability to project an image of a unitary state, as well as the possibility to agree on an issue inside the circles of domestic politics. The paper deduces from the outcome of the war in Iraq that the the unitary rational actor model was the primary consideration behind the US decision.
From the Paper
"Decision making represents an essential process of analysis and negotiations. It is the result of a complex set of considerations concerning the actors involved, the circumstances, as well as the factors which could determine the eventual outcome of the policy meant to agree upon.
"Foreign policy decisions are some of the most important ones taken by an administration in the course of history. They can determine the direction in which the country is heading at a particular time. This is why several models that explain the decision making process have been created that enable the decision making people to have a better and more organized process of analysis. It can be said that they have been used throughout history as well as in regard to the more recent events such as the war in Iraq."
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American Military Strategy, 2009.
This paper analyzes the use of hard vs. soft power in American foreign policy.
1,724 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how using military and economically coercive power is not always as effective as exercising soft power, which is a more subtle and potent form of influence. The paper shows how the pervasiveness of American popular culture in the form of soft power has been both positive and negative. The paper then suggests that the waning power of American soft power seems inexorably connected to a recent overreliance on hard power to fight the so-called 'War on Terror' by the Bush administration. The paper asserts that to generate loyalty in the hearts of the people in nations such Pakistan, the U.S. must use soft, rather than hard power.
From the Paper
"Almost everyone is familiar with what political scientists call 'hard power.' Its definition is almost self-evident. However, according to strategic theorist Joseph Nye, leaders who solely focus on compellence or military and economically coercive power do so at their peril in the new geopolitical environment. Such leaders of nations are, in his words, one-dimensional thinkers in what is now inexorably a three-dimensional game of international bargaining. A better, more subtle and potent form of influence is that of soft power, the kind of power that is extended through less obvious uses of the term. When nations wish to exert influence over other nations, Nye asserts, although the first and most obvious recourse might seem to be using a series of carrots and sticks such as threatening armed invasion or economic sanctions, often the most forceful domination is the kind that can only build over time."
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Lessons Learned from the Vietnam Phoenix Program, 2009.
An examination of the lessons that could be learned from the Vietnam Phoenix program and how they could be applied to Iraq.
15,901 words (approx. 63.6 pages), 54 sources, MLA, AU$ 323.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Vietnam Phoenix program and discusses whether the Phoenix program was successful and the problems that were associated with it. It specifically discusses the lessons that can be learned for counterinsurgency from the years 1967 to 1972 and then goes on to examine how these lessons can be applied to the War in Iraq.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Research Question
Scope and Significance
Summation
Thesis Overview
Literature Review
The Phoenix Program in Vietnam
Methodology
Data and Findings
Lessons Learned from Phoenix
Conclusions/Recommendations
Applications for Iraq
From the Paper
"The lesson learned from Phoenix and from the Vietnam War in general was that the open airing of the ugly side of war is to be avoided at all costs, and yet the Abu Ghraib offenders seem to have never learned this particular lesson. Moving forward from this discussion the U.S. must come up with a comprehensive plan to regain the trust of the Muslim world. The U.S. must disunite a previously fractured system of groups, who united on the idealism of the high level of morality that is stressed in the Islamic faith, all without further dividing the many factions that will eventually have to live together in a unified nation, if that is still in the cards. It is for this reason that the humanitarian lessons of the Phoenix Program must be reiterated even further, as well as the need to win back the hearts and minds of those Iraqis not interested in further strife and insurgent attacks. Another lesson that was learned during the Phoenix Program was an essential need to rely on the civic system to relate information and understanding regarding the history and intentions of each group. Armed militias, not unlike those in North Vietnam, assert power and influence through coercion and violence and demand infrastructural support from the region in which they work, similar to the VC. The lesson here is being that state-building and realistic infrastructural support systems must be built in these regions, for lasting change to become effected."
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The Execution of Saddam Hussein, 2009.
This paper explains why the execution of Saddam Hussein was a major turning point in the war in Iraq.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Saddam Hussein's execution served a central purpose in promoting propaganda to generate and maintain support for the war. The paper explains the value of the illusion created that democracy was budding in Iraq with the elimination of the ultimate icon of tyranny. The paper points out, however, the irony in the barbaric execution of Saddam Hussein being a turning point for establishing democracy in Iraq.
From the Paper
"The execution of Saddam Hussein has been widely heralded as a turning point in the war in Iraq, if not the central point at which democracy might be established. Gruesome images and videos of the public hanging stirred the Iraqi public and shocked viewers and readers around the world. Most of the mainstream media from Great Britain and the United States, the two nations most heavily vested in establishing pro-Western democratic governments in Iraq, presented the event as a major victory. Like killing the bad guy in an action flick, executing Saddam Hussein was depicted as the fulfillment of a central goal of the war. Therefore, the execution served a central purpose in promoting propaganda: in generating and maintaining support for the war."
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Nuclear Proliferation, 2009.
Argues that nuclear proliferation cannot end in a more secure world.
3,290 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, unlike the nuclear powers of the Cold War, the new nuclear candidates will be unable to acquire an effective nuclear deterrence system due to the flaw in their command structure, absence of a second strike capability, and lack of a safety mechanism. The paper uses the wars in Afghanistan and Iran and the level of danger faced by the U.S. from a North Korean as examples of modern warfare and demonstrates that maintaining a flexible military force, combined with Americas' ability to act unilaterally and preventively when needed, serves as a better alternative to prevent nuclear proliferation.
From the Paper
"The War in Afghanistan had clear pre-set goals including a regime change, destruction of Al-Qaeda and the capture of its leader Osama bin Laden. The mobilization was rapid beginning with the aerial bombardment on October 7th, 2001. Taliban air defenses and Al-Qaeda training camps were first on the target list followed by the Taliban's communication infrastructure. Our forces carried out precision strikes with cruise missiles and F16/fighter bombers and the Air Force utilized its expertise in carpet bombing."
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