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Causes of the American Civil War, 2008.
This paper examines the origins of the American Civil War.
1,043 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the most critical causes behind the American Civil War and reveals that the seeds of war already began with the Constitution of 1787. The paper shows how the Civil War was the outcome of a series of problematic and ultimately futile political "compromises" which culminated in the breakdown of the national consensus in the election of 1860.
From the Paper
"The seeds of the national breakdown were sown at the very beginning, in what came to be called "the three-fifths compromise" in the Constitution of 1787. This compromise, found in Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution, stated that representation and taxation for the individual states would be based upon the total census of citizens plus three-fifths (60%) of slaves (called "other persons" in the actual text.) This peculiar text (often mischaracterized as asserting that an African is only "three-fifths" of a person) was the result of a compromise between non-slaveholding states (who didn't want any slaves to be counted, in order to reduce the Congressional power of the slaveholding states) and the slaveholding states (who wanted all individuals counted, to increase their power.) In one sense, we might see the outbreak of the Civil War as being the last in a long line of such questionable political compromises which began with this Constitutional provision."
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George Washington, 2008.
Evaluates the character of George Washington based on his controversial actions relating to slavery.
2,120 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 25 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that scholars, especially blacks, have attacked Washington, denouncing him as a racist, anti-black and a licentious adventurer who fathered black children by his slaves. The author points out that, initially, he treated slaves essentially as chattels, oblivious of trauma they endured; however, over the course of his lifetime, his views gradually changed. The paper reports that, in his will, he manumitted his slaves and provided for former slaves unable to support themselves, paying pensions as late as 1833. The author concludes that this act confirmed his public virtue and made him an embodiment of the ideas of popular sovereignty and liberty.
From the Paper
"His leadership of the Continental Army forced Washington to confront his own attitudes towards slavery. Finding large numbers of free blacks serving in the Army, he initially dismissed these soldiers. However, when the British offered freedom to blacks who took up arms for the crown, Washington reversed himself and allowed the free blacks to reenlist and fight to keep this force from the British. Blacks were eventually some twenty percent of the Army. During the War, Washington was apparently quite an impartial commander, treating black as soldiers, and paying them full respect."
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The American Revolution, 2008.
Looks at the economic background of the American Revolution.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, in addition to being ideologically motivated, the American Revolution was a logical response by economically-minded men to an impractical and increasingly intolerable colonial fiscal policy. The author points out that Great Britain viewed the colonies as a "cash cows", which enabled the colonial power to steal the resources and riches of the weaker colonies. The paper also points out several seminal precursors of the revolution: Severe taxation, the Stamp Act, the Boston Massacre, the Quartering Act and the suppression of religious freedom by an intransigent monarchy. The paper concludes that, unlike other countries under British colonial rule, the colonies were able to mount an efficient resistance and armed struggle.
From the Paper
"The introduction of the Stamp Act, the Tea Act, and the Sugar Act did much to trigger widespread colonial resistance. Coupled with the Boston Massacre, these policies convinced the colonial Americans that the British intended to harm their very existence by unfair taxation and violent repression of peaceful demonstrations. It is important to note, however, that it was often powerful bankers and businessmen who opposed these taxations most vehemently."
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Sports and the Industrial Revolution, 2008.
A look at the ways in which the industrial revolution changed social and cultural life and how it impacted sports and leisure activities.
1,056 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact that the industrial revolution brought to the world of leisure and sports. It discusses why the industrial revolution impacted sports at all and the ways in which it did. The paper also looks at the ways that social and cultural life changed and the relationship this had to sports and leisure at the time. The paper contains appended original sources.
From the Paper
"As we see, the industrial revolution brought profound changes to much of the world. Social and cultural life changed completely. While some aspects of sport and leisure remained unchanged, in that people continued to do some of the things they loved, other aspects of sport and leisure were profoundly changed. For one thing, people simply had more leisure. In addition, the growth of mass culture brought change to sport. For example, the phenomenon of mass venues for hundreds of spectators, not seen since the Greek and Roman times, was revived. In addition, there was a growing awareness that the industrial revolution had caused lifestyles to become less active, and this led to a growing awareness of the need for recreational sport. However, it would be a long time before physical education was widely offered to the masses. In particular, the working class, girls and women would wait a long time before they would be able to benefit from such education."
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The Five Pillars and the Qur'an, 2008.
An analysis of the composition of the Qur'an and the five pillars of Islam.
1,909 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the composition process and the final book of the Qur'an. It describes the history of the text and how it was catalogued and brought together. The paper then discusses the five pillars that are central to the ritual of the practice of Islam and discusses the understanding of these rituals according to the Qur'an and Islamic law.
From the Paper
"All Muslims are brothers (Durant, 182). A critical part of the modern politicization of Islam is that the political movement seeks to impose on Islamic societies as a whole. This is a distinct development from traditional Islam, which is a religion, and one which has offer "reassuring, familiar, and functional" faith to millions for centuries (Fuller, 16-17). The distinctive emergence of a political Islam means that there are strong forces within Islam which reject the concept of an inclusive religion in which all Muslims are seen as brothers, and attempting to impose on all of Islam something of a nationalistic movement (Fuller, 17, 21; Schwartz, 17)."
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Sanctions against Cuba, 2008.
A discussion of the history of the sanctions against Cuba and the reasons for the arguments in favor of dropping them.
2,236 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history, aims, and effectiveness of United States economic and travel sanctions against Cuba. The paper then focuses on the change in public opinion within the United States that favors dropping the sanctions against Cuba. Next, the paper discusses the arguments in favor of dropping the sanctions and presents them as personal recommendations to the President.
Table of Contents:
Situation
Recommendations
Benefits of Change
Short- and Long-Term Change
From the Paper
"Passage of this legislation came at a time when many in congress believed that the fall of Cuba was imminent, based on the example of the Soviet Union and its disintegration. They were wrong, though the sanctions they imposed continue as if they were effective. The formation and maintenance of the policy has been affected from the fist by competing interests in the U.S., and this only adds to the uncertainty seen by many: "The oddities of American politics being what they are, no one can be absolutely certain that the embargo will not last another forty years." Even as the Helms-Burton law was passed, future U.S.-Cuba relations were characterized as bleak as far as any positive change was concerned."
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Split between Roman and Byzantine, Western and Eastern Churches, 2008.
A discussion of whether Rome wanted to unite with the Eastern churches, or simply require submission from them.
3,437 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that although Rome genuinely desired reunification with the Eastern churches, this was premised upon the expectation that it would submit to the authority of the Pope. The paper explains that this was not achieved, because a key reason for the schism was the Eastern church's refusal to acknowledge the authority of the bishop of Rome. The paper then looks at how the Western church's desire for reunification would have required submission, it is argued that the Western church really sought nothing less than the submission of the Eastern church. The paper suggest that it was not looking for partnership, it was looking for domination. The writer believes that this, coupled with the fact that the schism was so very far reaching and profound, meant that unification was simply not possible.
From the Paper
"The other major reason for the schism relates directly to the issue of power and dominance. The Eastern Church and the Western Church had for a long time been growing increasingly estranged due to disputes over papal authority. As summarized by Congar, the "Oriental schism came about by a progressive estrangement." This came to a head when Pope Leo IX proclaimed his authority over the four Eastern patriarchs. This authority was firmly repudiated by the Eastern Church, and continues to be repudiated to this day."
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The Salem Witch Hunts, 2008.
Looks at the myths surrounding the Salem witch hunts.
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Salem witch hunts in the context of the effect the Indian War and not the sexually wanting young girls. The author points out that court transcripts of the trials give a psychological insight into the anguish and ambiguities of the people during this time. The paper concludes that the Salem witch trials are an example of how the remembrances of the past are not necessarily the facts.
From the Paper
"The perception that women who were accused of being witches were liberal, unmarried, lesbians, had more knowledge in medicine or religion than doctors or priests or that they were victims of women haters is untrue. Many women accused of witchcraft were married and had families. Men were the judges in a witch trial but rarely an accuser. Most testimonials given at the witch trials were by women. The severity of the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was just as strong in Catholic areas as it was in Protestant areas."
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John Hancock, 2008.
An analysis of John Hancock's historical significance as a political leader.
1,414 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, although he played a crucial role in the division of the Thirteen American Colonies from the British Empire, John Hancock is not granted the same historical prominence as many of the other Founding Fathers. In particular, the paper looks at how John Hancock's pivotal place in the events leading up to the American Revolution and its aftermath are less clearly understood. It attempts to show that despite the gap between the historical evidence and the public's knowledge, it is evident that John Hancock's political and social leadership made him a significant figure in the tumultuous events surrounding the birth of the American nation.
From the Paper
"The port of Boston rallied behind Hancock when Liberty was seized. They retaliated by treating British officers in the area quite roughly and forcing many to retreat to ships parked offshore. Hancock's supporters then took the opportunity to drag the Customs Collector's official barge out of the harbor and through the town. They pulled it to Hancock's home and set it ablaze (Lancaster, 1971). What is most significant about this incident is that Hancock could have gotten his ship back from the British authorities at any time by simply paying the very small tax that existed on imported wine. "
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John Locke's "Second Treatise on Government", 2008.
A look at how John Locke expresses his belief in "Second Treatise on Government" that the English did the right thing in replacing the reigning monarch, James II, with William of Orange.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Locke wrote the Second Treatise on Government at a difficult time in English history - when the English had just driven out the reigning monarch, James II, replacing him with William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The paper further relates that while prominent political theorist decried this as a violation of the divine right to kings, Locke believed that the English had done the right thing and set out to prove this view. The paper then looks at how Locke expresses this belief in his "Second Treatise on Government".
From the Paper
"An individual's body is property belonging only to that individual. Anything that the individual removes from the state of nature by the labor of the individual's own he invests with labor by the very act of removing the thing from the state of nature. In doing so, the individual makes it his own property, appropriating it exclusively to himself. The labor which the individual invests in goods in taking them from the state of nature makes that the individual's property. Whatever he takes out of a natural state is improved by taking it out of the natural state."
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Draft for the War in Iraq, 2008.
An analysis of why the American public will not support a draft for the War in Iraq.
1,176 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the draft to the United States' Army. It particularly focuses on how the draft became an issue of debate in 2004 with regards to the War in Iraq. The paper discusses the reasons that the American public is failing to support the military presence in Iraq and how this public opinion affects whether or not there will be a draft for the present war.
From the Paper
"Vennochi (2006) states "either this war is worth every citizen's effort, or it's not worth any soldier's life" (para. 15). Through this statement it is evident that as a nation the people must support the troops by all means possible if there is ever to be an end to the conflict that took the lives of those on 9-11 and will, as promised, take greater numbers of Americans, if America does not act aggressively. Therefore, while public opinion may not support the reinstatement of the draft and support for the troops would be even less likely if a draft became a reality once again, the fact that a draft is needed at this time is significantly evident."
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Post-Genocide Cultures and Modes of Justice, 2008.
A review of three articles that discuss issues regarding post-genocide cultures and modes of justice and reconciliation.
1,162 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the experiences of post-genocide societies and how they achieve justice and reconciliation. It discusses three articles that develop broad lessons for societies transitioning from authoritarian cultures of impunity, to cultures of accountability and democracy. The paper looks at "The Case of the Lord's Resistance Army Insurgents in Northern Uganda" by Phillip Kasaija, "Conclusion: A Common Objective, a Universe of Alternatives" by Eric Stover and Harvey Weinstein and "After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda" by Alana Tiemessen.
From the Paper
"The relationship between legal responses to the state's past repression and the legal approaches chosen to effectuate political change to transform the society into a democracy are important. A society's perceptions of the role of law in the previous authoritarian regime may well influence the willingness of the new regime to utilize legal institutions to attain accountability and justice in the transition to democracy. If the previous legal order was subservient to the political machinery of the dictatorial regime, then its potential for transforming the society into a democracy might be limited. To prevent this from happening, the new democratic regime should emphasize the rule of law in rebuilding its society. Although the legal machinery might not be immediately available to deal with the egregious behavior of the previous regime, the development of a new legal order should be a priority of the democratic regime in order to create respect for the rule of law which will ultimately lead to a greater respect for human life."
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Charles Darwin, Critical Inquirer, 2008.
This paper discusses Charles Darwin as a historical example of critical inquiry.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the most famous and controversial historical inquiries in natural science was propagated by Charles Darwin, who hypothesized the theory of man's evolution and the origin of species. The author points out that Darwin was not swayed by the masses' acceptance of the Bible's version of creation. The paper relates that Darwin spent years doing quantitative research through experimental breeding of animals and plants and depended on the professional judgment of specialists in the natural sciences as an ingenious way to give authority to his concepts and theories.The paper states that, although Darwin's theory has been substantiated as scientifically sound, there is still a rift for many between science and religion when it comes to the theory of evolution. The author concludes that Darwin's critical inquiry has demonstrated that, although one may face criticism and ridicule, giving up on a hypothesis or a valid theory is not an option.
Table of Contents:
What Was the Example?
Did the Example Occur Inside or Outside the Paradigm of Prevailing Belief?
What was the Plan of Inquiry Followed by the Investigator, Scholar, or Artist?
How did the Example Demonstrate Insight and Higher-Order Learning?
What Lessons from the Example can be Applied to Your Own Graduate Work
From the Paper
"Prior to Darwin's investigation into the origin of species, most did not dare examine man and nature in such a way for fear of persecution. As stated, questioning God and creationism was considered taboo, yet Darwin had the insight to look beyond such machinations of society and investigate the natural selection he observed around him during his travels. It is this insight that assisted Darwin in noticing patterns in nature, correlations between these patterns, and interactions between events that suggested that his hypotheses had validity. This is how Darwin came to design his projects involving animal and plant breeding."
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Emperor Justinian the Great, 2008.
This paper discusses the achievements of Justinian the Great, who became emperor of Rome in 526.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Justinian the Great restored order amid political and religious passions, rebuilt the empire and guarded the frontiers, all remarkably well. The author describes the wars in which Justinian's military policy was a brilliant success and relates that Justinian restored power over much of the western empire and controlled the Mediterranean. The paper further states that, as a philosopher and theologian, compared with his attacks on Christian heretics, Justinian seemed mostly indifferent to the teaching of paganism. Additionally, the paper reports the process by which Justinian organized the sources of Roman law into the Code of Justinian. The author of the paper concludes that Justinian, by surrounding himself with able assistants, brought back the grandeur of past emperors but could not revive the Empire.
From the Paper
"As a builder of public works, Justinian made lasting contributions to the monuments that mark the empire. His official historian, Procopius, spent eight books describing the many works he tirelessly carried on throughout the empire. His most celebrated, the Saint Sophia, still stands as a monument to his efforts. Justinian boasted that it surpassed Solomon's temple. Saint Vitalis's at Ravenna was comparable, filled with precious metals, marbles, and mosaics, monuments to the emperor's ostentatious piety. Pilgrims and mendicants probably appreciated more the inns, hospitals, and convents that made travel to the shrines safer and much more comfortable."
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The Transformation of Germany, 2008.
An examination of the history of Germany from World War I until today.
3,395 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Germany's economic and political development throughout the world wars and up until the twenty first century. The paper explains that what was formerly West Germany, now part of the re-unified Germany, achieved a major period of development after World War II to become the economic powerhouse in Europe. The paper looks at how after the first World War, the victorious Allies sought both to punish Germany and to assure that Germany would not be able to attack her neighbors again. The effort failed and, in fact, backfired giving Germany more reason to try to reassert her power. The paper points out that after World War II, the victors handled the situation differently, dividing Germany in two and imposing various means of monitoring the situation. The paper then discusses how Germany remained divided until the fall of the Soviet Union, after which East and West Germany re-united. In conclusion, the paper shows that the nation clearly made a major shift after World War II and continues to benefit from that shift to this day.
Outline:
The Unified German State
Germany After World War II
West Germany
Germany and Europe
Germany Recovery
Reunification
From the Paper
"At the end of World War I, curtailing German power and punishing her for her transgressions was coupled with direct efforts to eliminate the German problem. The war had taken its toll on Germany, which is why the other European powers were able to force her to sue for peace. World War I was seen as the triumph of Western liberalism represented by the British, American, and French traditions, over the German Bismarckian tradition. The changing of the borders of Germany and the accompanying creation of new national states that also adopted the liberal traditions showed which tradition had won."
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Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, 2008.
This paper compares the writings of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, social theorists who observed the behaviors and idiosyncrasies of groups of people to determine how a modern society can make itself better.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while Max Weber explores the rational for religion and government, Emile Durkheim's biggest concern in his writings is how society can maintain its integrity in the modern era. The author points out that the differences between Durkheim and Weber are few although they did observer society from opposite ends of the spectrum. The paper relates that, while Durkheim focused on the social aspects of society, Weber focused on the economic aspects and bureaucracy. The author underscores that both philosophers felt a need to break away from the traditions that surrounded them, to modernize society and to help it evolve. The paper states that Weber's understanding of the connotations of people's actions gave him insight into the evolution of a modern society; whereas, Durkheim was a Darwinist who believed that basing science on a single hypothesis was not a reliable choice.
From the Paper
"Durkheim is often referred to as the father of sociology. He was concerned that shared religious and ethnic backgrounds prevented society from maintaining its integrity. Along with Herbert Spencer Durkheim broke society up into categories defined by the function they held in society and whether or not they contributed to the health of society. Durkhiem was opposed to Weber's view that society was a sum of its parts. He believed that the action of individual people is what created a healthy society. His theory was called methodological Individualism."
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