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Bush, Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2008.
Looks at the entrance of President Bush into the Iraq War based on the possible existence of weapons of mass destruction.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the allegation that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, which were never discovered, was a deliberate deception by the Bush administration to justify their aggression in terms of containing terrorism by maintaining the international balance of power. The paper further asserts that Bush ignored the truth that he heard from his advisers and deliberately misled the American people to make an excuse to go to war with Iraq. The paper contends that Bush wanted to secure America's position of dominance, power and access to oil resources in the Middle East and tricked the American people into thinking that going to war with Iraq was a way of waging war on terrorism.
From the Paper
"The primary thrust of Bush's argument for the invasion of Iraq was that Iraq was a serious threat to the rest of the world because it was building WMD. This is an interesting allegation, given that the only country that really has a large supply of WMD is the USA. However, it must be borne in mind that those countries who seek to justify owning WMD - such as the USA - seek to do so in terms of deterrence theory. The idea is that if rational countries such as the USA and Russia possess nuclear weapons, their mutual knowledge that the other country has WMD will deter either country from ever deploying the WMD."
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Loyalty Oaths, 2008.
A discussion on why loyalty oaths don't work with a focus on loyalty oaths in President Truman's America.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, when President Harry S. Truman instituted a loyalty program in March of 1947, he did so because the U.S. was facing an insidious assault from Communist forces trying to infiltrate. It then examines several instances of oath-taking pursued by the U.S. Federal Government and by other institutions in the middle of the last century and outlines how each one did nothing to thwart unfriendly Communist activity. Next, the paper argues that, instead of wasting time and energy on a fatuous loyalty oath, public and private employers should have focused wholly upon improving security and clearance measures, should have educated the public on the dangers Communism presented to the American way of life, and should have reminded American citizens of what they needed to do to keep the country safe at the height of the Cold War.
From the Paper
"Understandably, loyalty oaths were frequently demanded of those who, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, were prospective recipients of the largesse of the American government or its various appendages. For instance, May of 1949 saw the Atomic Energy Commission pass a rule that all future holders of Commission fellowships were to provide an Oath of Loyalty and to fill out a non-Communist affidavit if they wished to receive the much-coveted prizes (Waggoner, 1; for another example of the ubiquitous Loyalty Oath in action, please see "Edison, CIO Agree on Loyalty Oath," 20). Although such a measure might seem like a good idea at first glance, the simple truth is that someone trying to secure one of the nation's most prestigious fellowships (this was certainly the case in 1949) is already tempted to tell Commission Board members whatever it is they want to hear - and they will undoubtedly sign most any document if doing so will gain them a competitive advantage over someone else."
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The Federal Reserve and the Depression, 2008.
This paper considers the degree to which the Federal Reserve can be blamed for causing the Great Depression.
4,172 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the four key events that the Federal Reserve had to confront during the Great Depression: the Stock Market collapse, the failure of the banks, Britain's abandonment of the gold standard and the Federal Reserve's large scale open-market purchases. The paper looks at Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz's account "The Great Contraction," that contends that the Federal Reserve failed to expand the money stock in the face of the Depression and in doing so aggravated the situation. The paper also discusses how some of the failure of the Federal Reserve can be blamed on the radical changes in the American economy and its government brought about by the Depression. Finally, the paper looks at a defense of the Federal Reserve's actions.
From the Paper
"During the period 1929 through 1932, the Federal Reserve confronted a series of economic crisis, and an assessment of its actions during this period turns on the interpretation given to its responses to these crises. In the fall of 1929, the Stock Market plummeted. In the fall of 1930, banks throughout the nation failed, climaxing in the collapse of the Bank of the United States. In the fall of 1931, Britain abandoned the gold standard. In April 1932, the Federal Reserve undertook large scale open-market purchases."
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Vietnam, Watergate and President Nixon, 2008.
This paper outlines the US political turmoil and failures of the 1970s.
1,412 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the US failure of the War in Vietnam, the Watergate scandal and the resignation of Richard Nixon. The paper illustrates how the 1970s created an atmosphere in which the public doubted the ability of the country to wage war, the morality of government in general, and the truthfulness of political leaders. The paper highlights the long-lasting effects of the war in Vietnam and the Watergate scandal.
From the Paper
"Every president is faced with the need for an agenda on the domestic front and one on the foreign policy front. When Nixon entered the White House, the most important element on the foreign policy front was the Vietnam War, and domestically this war was having a major role as well, contributing to the general unrest in the country and to a public perception of growing lawlessness and anarchy. Nixon was forced to approach foreign policy from a position he would have opposed had he had any real choice: "It was Richard Nixon's fate that he had to preside over the retreat of American power. He hated it" (Ambrose, 1989, p. 252). Once he became president, Nixon proposed to the other side "mutual withdrawal, guaranteed withdrawal, of forces" (Ambrose, 1989, p. 252)."
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Colonial Economies in the Caribbean, 2008.
A comparison of the economy of the Spanish colony of Cuba and the British colony of Barbados.
2,355 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that both Cuba and Barbados became important sources of agricultural products for their respective colonial powers, Spain and Britain, and both developed a plantation system which included the use of African slaves. The paper then compares the economy of two of those colonies, and shows how the British colony of Barbados differed in many economic factors from the Spanish colony of Cuba.
Outline:
The Beginning of a Spanish Colony: Cuba
An English Colony - Barbados
From the Paper
"The Spanish explored and established colonies in many places in the New World beginning at a very early date. Christopher Columbus first stopped in Cuba on his second voyage. Cuba's settlement began in 1511 when Diego Velasquez and 300 men were sent from Hispaniola."
"The island was home to many Tainos tribesmen, who resisted Spanish rule, but were easily and quickly conquered. By 1517 Cuba was divided into municipal divisions, each of which was run by a council that reported to a royal council back in Spain."
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Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb in the Medici Chapel, 2008.
A discussion of Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb in the Medici Chapel, based on a study by Andrew Morrogh and a study by Estelle Lingo.
1,917 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses two studies of Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb in the Medici Chapel towards complementary, as opposed to different, conclusions. The studies reviewed are Andrew Morrogh's "The Magnifici Tomb - a Key Project in Michelangelo's Architectural
Career" and Estelle Lingo's "The Evolution of Michelangelo's Magnifici Tomb - Program versus Process in the Iconography of the Medici Chapel".
The paper relates that both studies are authoritative and careful contributions to the study of the Medici Chapel, the tomb in question and the career of Michelangelo. The paper also asserts that their different vantage points on the Magnifici Tomb help along what should be a broad approach to any artifact or installation, investigating origins, features and salient details in relation to context, remembering that there shall forever be different opinions which can be powerful guides towards personal appreciation and further study.
Outline:
Introduction
Andrew Morrogh - The Magnifici Tomb as a Key Project.
Estelle Lingo - Program versus Process and Iconography
Discussion
From the Paper
"The errors made by Michelangelo included the level at which the viewer examined them, the focal point of three statues too low, a statue of the Madonna, on the other hand, requiring a higher viewing point. (p.594) As Morrogh concluded, imperfections and all, Michelangelo had been able to exercise considerable license in what he designed so tentatively and in its results, thanks to the nature of his patron. Michelangelo had mixed opinions concerning the tradition of classicism that would have satisfied many sculptors of his day, but his results were not just innovative but 'difficult' as Morrogh comments, still apt to draw mixed reviews from those examining the Magnifici Tomb in the present. From this article, the reader obtains much detail and most readers will enjoy the illustrations of very different drawings to which Morrogh refers, a familiar aspect of the Medici Chapel revealed to have been a much changing or even piecemeal affairs thanks to the patronage of Pope Clement who seems to have recognized Michelangelo's originality and given it free reign. One leaves this article with the impression of having enjoyed a 'solid' few pages of scholarship, the author plainly knowing far more on Italian Renaissance design and architecture of which this article indicates one quite small topic."
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What it Means to be English, 2008.
This essay is an analysis of the idea of "Englishness", as discussed through policy, society and literature in Great Britain throughout history.
3,134 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of England as a national entity which paralleled the development of ideas of "Englishness", of what constituted British society and the British soul, often contrasted with what was not English. This paper states that the idea of what constitutes England and Englishness can be traced through historical shifts as England developed as a unique entity. Furthermore, this idea can be considered in terms of political and social commentary from different ages, the literature of the time that reflected the same ideas, and the way these ideas helped form the Britain of today.
From the Paper
"Certainly, the image created in the poem is of a society in disarray, but it is also a society where the truth can be found, where there are institutions dedicated to assuring that the truth is revealed, and that is a society where there is a good element as well as a bad. The sense of the poem is really that in spite of the lapses at the top, the run-of-the-mill people like the ploughman see the truth and uphold the values of society and of the church, or at least attempt to do so. In this aspect of the work, the poet shows a connection to long-standing traditions that indeed suggest that "The more things change, the more they remain the same." England by this time was established as a political entity, a social construct, and a developing philosophy based on Christian principles married to many of the ideas of chivalry offered first by the French and then adapted to the British experience."
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The Vicissitudes of Samurai Culture, 2008.
This essay compares two early Japanese texts, "Shomonki: The Story of Masakado's Rebellion", translated by Judith Rabinovitch, and "The Tale of the Heike", translated by Burton Watson.
2,057 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two texts which were written more than one hundred years apart, both detailing samurai wars but written at two disparate points in samurai history. The paper also assesses the changes in the way in which samurai exploits were portrayed, and in particular, attempts to chart the progression of the concept of loyalty within the samurai realm over the course of its early history. The first text examined is "Shomonki: The Story of Masakado's Rebellion", written in 1099, when the samurai was a relatively new figure in society. The second text "The Tale of the Heike", also known as "Heike Monogatari", was written in 1221, when samurai involvement in government had increased, wars between clans had escalated, and samurai culture had become a distinctive and ubiquitous feature of greater Japanese culture.
From the Paper
"Shomonki was written during the Heian period, by someone who was probably a first-hand observer (Rabinovitch, 44-45), and it is instructive in detailing the types of disputes which did, in the end, lead to the rise of the Samurai and also to the fall of the Heian court. Tales of the Heike, on the other hand, was written during the Kamakura period, when the samurai had become such a force in society that the traditional aristocracy of the court had been replaced by a new warrior aristocracy--with warring samurai clans fighting for and seeking control. In particular, Tales of the Heike, chronicles the Genpei war, between the Heike (or Taira) and Minamoto (or Genji) clans. It tells the tale from the perspective of both sides and, interestingly, focuses not only on battles, military strategy and the lives of warriors, but also on lesser players, such as women and servants, and their stories and plights throughout. The samurai, of course, gained government power in the twelfth century and it seems that around the tie that The Tales of the Heike were written, the samurai ethics, including that of loyalty, had changed to such an extent that it become an expectation of all people--a cultural value, rather than a warrior code."
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England's Industrial Revolution, 2008.
This paper explores the Industrial Revolution and its effects on English society.
1,791 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the onset of what would become the Industrial Revolution and highlights the significance of the cotton-spinning jenny and the introduction of steam power. The paper explores the many ways in which the Industrial Revolution changed English society. The paper notes that aside from economic advantages, a number of social problems and economic weaknesses resulted from these changes.
From the Paper
"The Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century developed most rapidly and fully in England. England and other nations of Europe were changed greatly by the possibilities inherent in a developing industrial base and in the changes taking place in agriculture at the same time. Industrial expansion funded political and territorial expansion through imperialist efforts creating colonies in different parts of the world, and this process help disseminate many Western ideas to regions that had been very differently governed before this time. Technological innovation was difficult in many of the states where it occurred."
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George H. W. Bush, the CIA and Presidency, 2008.
A look at George H. W. Bush's history in U.S. intelligence and its impact on his Presidency.
3,100 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how George H. W. Bush's position as director of the CIA greatly impacted his subsequent foreign policy decisions as President of the United States. The paper shows how this experience in the intelligence community enabled him to lead the United States to an impressive victory in Desert Storm and preside over the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
George H. W. Bush as CIA Director
George H. W. Bush as President
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Unlike many other presidents who failed to adequately understand and appreciate the vital importance of the intelligence community, George H. W. Bush had the highest regard for its fundamental contributions, prioritized intelligence gathering and analysis, and made his foreign policy decisions in strict accordance with intelligence community data and analysis. His firsthand experience with intelligence issues as Director of the CIA enabled him to serve with great distinction and effectiveness as President of the United States, and empowered him to overcome the challenges imposed by Iraqi aggression in the Middle East and the chaotic collapse of the Soviet Union."
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The Rise of Liberalism and the "Race for Africa", 2008.
A discussion of the relationship between liberalism in Europe in the late 19th century and the "Race for Africa."
794 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at liberalism in European politics in the 19th century. It also looks at the "Race for Africa," the series of colonization efforts that occurred during that period and its relationship to the liberalism in Europe. The paper suggests that the greatest irony of the triumph of liberalism in European politics in the 19th century was that it paralleled the most extreme imperial ventures of European involvement in Africa during that period, the "Race for Africa" or the "Scramble for Africa."
From the Paper
"Despite its nominal attempt to avoid conflicts between nations, the result of the Conference was that the European colonizers began in earnest to extend their control over as much African land as possible, to avoid being shut out by competing powers. In this race for control, treaties were forced upon native rulers. The principles of liberalism, so dear to European republics back home, were rendered largely irrelevant. By 1902, 90% of African territory was under European control (Iliffe 3.) All in all, the contradiction that existed between the liberal policies and reforms in Europe and the imperialist practices by European colonizers in Africa was never acknowledged at the time of greatest imperialism."
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Labor in America, 2008.
An analysis of the change in the relative bargaining power of factory and industrial workers from the 1800s to the present day.
1,242 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the reasons for the relative bargaining power of American workers in the 1800s and the decline of this power in the latter half of the 19th century. The paper explores what then changed in the 1930s until 1946, by which time the nation was thoroughly accepting of labor unions. The paper goes on to discusses why, from that time to the present, there has been a steady decline in union membership until today.
From the Paper
"There are a number of ways to analyze the change in the relative bargaining power of the factory and industrial worker from 1946 to the present day. One method would be to understand the relative scarcity, as represented by the movement in real wages, of the factory worker from 1800. At that time, the US was growing fast, immigration was relatively low, and European capital continued to pour in to the US during the entire 19th century in order to chase better returns and stronger growth than on the Continent. American productivity climbed as capital poured in, partly due to the universal education that was part of the founding principles of the United States."
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Meng-long's "Du Tenth Sinks the Jewel Box in Anger", 2008.
This essay is a thematic analysis of Feng Meng-long's "Du Tenth Sinks the Jewel Box in Anger" in terms of gender in 16th century China.
1,759 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The essay discusses the themes related to men and women in Feng Meng-long's "Du Tenth Sinks the Jewel Box in Anger", a short story typical of vernacular courtesan romances popular with the 16th century shift towards a business culture prevalent through the Ming Dynasty. Specifically, the author analyzes the relationships between the character of Master Li with his father and with his lover Du Tenth.
Outline:
Introduction
The Economics of Brothels
Male Weakness as Unfeeling Behaviour
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"As a member of Li Zhi's school of writing which stressed human sentiment and behaviour, Feng stressed to the reader how Master Li had acted out of cowardice, thinking that the sale of Du Tenth would permit resolution in the future, that he could return to his family and later have Du Tenth. She is having no part of it, of course, having seen immediately what Sun had placed in Li's mind and how easily he had gone ahead with what seemed a solution. At once, the reader understands that her sentiment has been genuine along with her words, and also, that she is shrewd and when revealing the wealth she had amassed to give to her husband, that she is far better as business woman and person able to manage in the world. For Feng, men are cowardly when ignoring women's feelings, and easily manipulated, or opportunists in the manner of Sun who almost managed to get hold of Du Tenth. Unsurprisingly, in the romantic scheme of things, it is Du Tenth the whore who proves to have nobler sentiment, as well as intelligence. Feng summarized that 'Sun Fu, who thought nothing of throwing away a thousand taels in a plot to steal away a lovely woman, was certainly no gentleman, while Li Jia, who failed to recognize Du Tenth's sincere devotion, was a vulgar person not even worth talking about.' (p.855)
"The crowd wondered why she had not found a mate that suited her beauty and devotion, the whole story most pitiful in that she has suffered for her honesty, risked leaving the brothel behind, believing that she had found her future with Master Li who seems not to appreciate, at all, the radical step that she has taken, placing herself on the winds of fate, willing to go anywhere and face any consequences with the man she loves."
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Housing Policy in Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, 2008.
A look at the housing policy in Hong Kong between 1940 to 1960.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the housing policy in colonial Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, and notes that these decades were characterized by a radical transformation in the role of the state in the colony's housing markets, moving from a laissez-faire model to a highly interventionist approach. The author argues that while the increasingly interventionist housing policies of Hong Kong's colonial government over this period were flawed in many respects, the policies serve as an example of how housing policy can serve to successfully support economic growth and industrialization in developing world contexts.
Outline:
Introduction
The Challenges of the Hong Kong Setting
The Significance of Colonial Hong Kong's Housing Policy
Hong Kong Colonial Housing Policy: The Critical Juncture
1953: A Watershed in Housing Development
Implications of Hong Kong's Public Housing Policy
From the Paper
"The topic of housing policy in colonial Hong Kong has been the focus of considerable study by scholars from around the world. This is due, in large part, to the fact that Hong Kong represents an ideal social laboratory within which the complexities of housing policy implementation in a development context can be closely examined. Its narrow geographic area, well-understood variables, together with the existence of accurate and generally accurate state documentation, has allowed scholars to analyze in depth housing policy in the colony, and extrapolate learnings with respect to other contexts in Asia and the developing world. From this perspective, this essay will examine housing policy in Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, as these decades were characterized by a radical transformation in the role of the state in the colony's housing markets, moving from a laissez-faire model to a highly interventionist approach. As will be argued, while the increasingly interventionist housing policies of Hong Kong's colonial government over this period were flawed in many respects, the policies serve as example of how housing policy can serve to successfully support economic growth and industrialization in developing world contexts."
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Military Studies: Airpower Theory, 2008.
This paper is a military study of air power theory developed by William Mitchell and Giulio Douhet.
1,564 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the superiority of air power that had evolved from the military of William Mitchell and Giulio Douhet. In the author's view, by understanding the balance of naval and air power in these theories, Mitchell provides the most comprehensive theory that uses air power as a separate, but unified naval approach to modern warfare. By also analyzing the limited naval strategies of Julian Corbett and A. T. Mahan, the author states that one can realize that Mitchell's theory of air power in conjunction with a strong navy is the ideal approach to an effective military force.
From the Paper
"In World War II, the integration of the navy and the air force during the Pacific arena of fighting was extremely important due to the nature of air dominance that was needed to move the navy about so that they could drop soldiers onto the land. This initiative was part of Mitchell's understanding of a cooperative balance (Mitchell's desire to separate, but not to isolate the different sectors of the military) between navy and air power (Jones 2004, 24) that would help create scenarios where the enemy would have to build a greater air force in order to deal with heavy bombing on their land forces if they did not. By taking Douhet's theories on air power through bombing techniques, it became essential for militaries to build far more aggressive and efficient ways to dominate the skies. Mitchell was essential able to begin processing the way that air power would have to be the dominant strategy to help understand why and how wars of the future would be fought."
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The Hitler Youth, 2008.
This paper argues that the Hitler Youth was well-integrated within the Nazi apparatus and committed to the objectives of the Nazi government.
2,429 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how so many of Germany's best and brightest young people could become swept up in the machinations of a hate-filled and destructive Nazi regime. The paper provides evidence to show that the Hitler Youth's members were very committed to the objectives of the Nazi government because of their integration with the SS, the SA and the frightfully brutal SS-Totenkopfverbande. The paper then discusses how the situation in pre-war Germany and German youth's exposure to wide-spread indoctrination made it easier for them to be implements of the Nazi regime.
From the Paper
"As much as some might wish to deny it, there is strong evidence that the Hitler Youth (the Hitlerjugend or HJ) was well-integrated within the Nazi apparatus. For one thing, it was sometimes said within Nazi Party circles during the midst of the Second World War that the HJ actually walked in lock-step with Himmler's SS (Schutzstaffel). As if this involvement was not troubling enough, it appears as though the Hitler Youth was intimately associated with both the SA (Sturmabteilung) and the SS - though the SS influence and relationship did grow stronger over the course of the 1930s. In any case, the SA did begin training HJ members (under Hitlerjugend auspices) at the age of 17, thereby preparing them for military roles in the war just ahead (Rempel, 19-20)."
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