| Papers [81-96] of 357 :: [Page 6 of 23] | | Go to page : <— 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 —> | |
|
|
Water Pollution in China, 2006.
A look at the problem of water pollution in Shenzhen, China.
2,336 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of water pollution and its effects on the economy and personal lives of China's citizens. In particular, the paper focuses on the water pollution problem in the city of Shenzhen in the Guangdong province. The paper explains how the process of urbanization has contributed to the water pollution problem, looks at how water pollution can undermine an entire city by affecting the economy, environment, and people of the area and discusses what will happen if the problem is not addressed as well as what measures can be undertaken to reduce the amount of water pollution in the region.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The City of Zhenzhen
The Problem
Polluted Water Sources
Causes of Water Pollution
Outlooks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In China, urbanization has been occurring at a rapid pace; in the year 1986 China's state council officially designated 29 new cities. This addition of new cities, many located in rural areas away from the largest metropolitan areas of China has resulted in major urbanization of the country in the last thirty years. The province of Guandong is undergoing major growth and change; the city of Shenzhen is one example of this rapid growth."
| |
|
Arctic Global Warming, 2006.
A look at the natural and anthropogenic factors that have contributed to the global warming phenomenon.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper describes the causes of the global warming phenomenon that have been a part of earth's geological history since the dawn of geological time. The paper also looks at the effects that global warming has on the earth and in particular its effects in the Arctic Circle.
From the Paper
"Climate change in general, and global warming in specific, are by no means new phenomena. Since the dawn of geological time, surface and atmospheric temperatures on Earth have fluctuated enormously. In some cases, worldwide climate change has led to actual shifts in land masses, leading to changes in the ways human beings and societies evolved. For example, global climate change caused the so-called Ice Age: "During the Quaternary period (the past million years) the ice cap has repeatedly spread to middle latitudes over the sea, with corresponding glaciation on the continents," (Gribbin Forecasts 73). The disappearance of the dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures may in fact be due to climatic changes. Global warming has also been intense in our geological history: between ice ages, it is possible that no portion of the earth was covered with glaciation whatsoever (Gribbin Forecasts 73). Moreover, such massive temperature and climate transformations probably did not occur as a result of human intervention, but rather were a result of complex environmental, meteorological, and astronomical influences. Climatic fluctuations are indeed natural and inevitable."
| |
|
The Ogallala Aquifer, 2005.
A geological analysis of this underground reservoir in the Rocky Mountains region.
833 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 36.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Created millions of years of ago through geologic action, the Ogallala aquifer is a vast underground reservoir that runs west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. This paper examines the evolution and deposition of the aquifer and discusses problems facing it today.
From the Paper
"The main concern for the Ogallala is the fact that the aquifer has been cut off from most of its natural recharging sources (Ogallala pp). The Rocky Mountains have not supplied the aquifer for more than a thousand years, and the High Plains climate today is classified as semi-arid, receiving only fifteen to twenty inches of rainfall annually, most of which is subject to a high rate of evaporation due to the dry air and high winds (Ogallala pp). Moreover, many of the rivers, such as the Platte, Canadian, and Arkansas, actually drain the aquifer since they have water tables below that of the aquifer (Ogallala pp)."
| |
|
Tsunamis, 2005.
This paper discusses tsunamis, its tremendous destructive powers, which also leaves affected areas with serious health problems, and efforts to develop early warnings.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that one of the things making tsunamis so hard to cope with is that, while scientists can often predict a tsunami will occur, they can't predict how severe it will be. The author points out that, since one of the greatest concerns after a tsunami is disease, world organizations should make more effort to make sure people all over the world, but especially along the oceans, are vaccinated against such common diseases. The paper stresses that tsunamis are devastating events, but part of the problem is mankind's false sense of security, that they are safe wherever they go and that they have conquered Mother Nature.
Table of Contents
The Problem
What Causes Tsunamis?
Current Status of Problem
Efforts to Solve Problem
Personal Opinion
From the Paper
"Two events can trigger tsunamis: earthquakes and landslides, which can occur under water or along the coast. In each of these cases, the event displaces water upward, creating a rapidly-moving wave that may be barely visible on the open ocean but which swells, sometimes to 20 feet or more, as it approaches the sloping shore. Traveling rapidly, it destroys nearly all buildings in its wake and batters those who try to ride it out with debris from the destroyed buildings Tsunamis usually consist of several waves."
| |
|
The Cambrian System, 2004.
An analysis of the Cambrian System of the Grand Canyon.
974 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper researches and examines the relevant information available in relation to the Cambrian System of the Grand Canyon. The paper explains that the lower middle and upper series in the stratigraphic scale of the Cambrian is a duration of over 50 million years but the three facies of the Tonto group deposited simultaneously appear super and juxtaposed which could be explained due to a varying velocity of the water flow in the different zones while sedimentation was still in its formation process.
Outline
Objective
Introduction
The Cambrian System
Stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon
The Tonto Group Formations and Layers
Zones in the Tonto Group Strata
Summary
From the Paper
" The stratigraphy of the Grand Canyon is illustrated in the chart below: Precambrian sedimentological layer is a "complex group of highly metamorphic and intensively folded rock of the "Vishnu Group", inclusive of chlorite-mica schist, with minor amount of amphibolites, gneiss and calc-silicate rocks. Occurrences of Zoroaster pink feldspars granite is noted with intrusion of Vishnu rocks vertically and pegmatic veins that are as thick as multiples of ten meters. The Zoroaster and Vishnu rocks the compositional materials of the Lower Proterozoic. These rocks are laid over by tilted Upper Proterozoic volcanic0sedimentary Grand Canyon Supergroup in some tectonic depressions with the Tonto Group of the Cambrian System overlaying the Vishnu and the Zoroaster rocks. (Grand Canyon, 1989) "
| |
|
Climate Change Projections, 2004.
An analysis of the projections of climatic change and the expected impact on world agriculture.
1,201 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the expected changes in climate and the ensuing affects on world agriculture. The paper claims that it is critically important to research climatic change since it affects everything on earth: man, beast, fish, fowl and organism. It also explains how climatic changes will affect the water temperature and the quality of the air.
From the Paper
"Climatologists now have stated it is with the realm of "certain probability" that humans absolutely have induced global climatic disturbances resulting in a complete change in current conditions. Furthermore, the affect that has been projected for human health is one stated to be of a nature that is diverse, "unpredictable in magnitude" and slow in emerging. Specifically stated is that the "Adverse effects are likely to outweigh beneficial effect substantially" (McMichaels, et al eds., 2004) However the changes that may be witnessed sooner rather than later are those experienced from the affects of agricultural production difficulties and disasters and mass failure of crops due to unforeseen tragedy and destruction within the earth's biosphere. "
| |
|
Kenai Fjords National Park, 2005.
An examination of the physical geography of the Kenai Fjords National Park and the surrounding region.
2,371 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the prominent features of physical geography both within the park and the surrounding region. The focus of the paper is on the physical geography, including topography, minerals, glaciers, soils, animals, plants, environment and climate. Glaciers and the effects of glaciation on the Kenai Fjords National Park and surrounding region are
also discussed in some depth.
Outline
Topography
Rocks and Mineral
Soils
Glaciers
Animals and Wildlife
Plants
Surrounding Bodies of Water
Rivers and Lakes
Environment
Climate and Weather
Geopolitical
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Kenai Fjords National Park is located on the Kenai Peninsula off the southern part of Alaska. The Park and the surrounding region are known for a wide variety of climates, terrain, and flora and fauna. The region also contains reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal. The Peninsula provides a microcosmic view of the overall Alaskan ecology- all the various types of terrain native to Alaska can be found within the Kenai Peninsula. The region is also home to some of the largest glaciers outside of the Arctic Circle."
| |
|
Hurricanes Floyd and Grace, 2005.
A comparative analysis of the formation and impact of hurricanes Floyd and Grace.
1,029 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines how although hurricanes Floyd and Grace both brought devastating damage, Floyd's impact came largely from the Floyd itself, while Grace's impact came from the combination with two other weather systems. It looks at how by itself, Floyd was a force to be reckoned with: A category 3 hurricane that stretched from Canada to the U.S. that came on the heels of Hurricane Dennis. In contrast, it discusses how Grace was a less powerful storm that would have dissipated naturally before causing serious damage.
From the Paper
"While it stretched from Canada to Florida, Floyd brought the largest amounts of damage to North Carolina, Virginia, and Mid-Atlantic States. In North Carolina alone, Floyd caused 51 deaths, completely destroyed 7,000 homes, and left 17,000 homes uninhabitable. 10,000 people were driven into temporary shelters, and a new 24-hour rainfall record was recorded in Wilmington. Deaths also occurred in South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Delaware, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont (National Weather Service). Hydrologists marked Floyd as a 500-year flood event, meaning that a similar flood would only occur once every 500 years (Herring)."
| |
|
Heinrich Events, 2005.
A paper on Heinrich events, one of the most discussed and debated phenomena related to global climate change.
3,447 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 121.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the history of Heinrich events, and current theories of their origin. Additionally, this paper outlines the scientific method for discovering more information of Heinrich events, and their relationship to the Bond Cycle, Milankovitch Cycles, and Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) oscillations. Finally, it looks at the possible effects on global climate as the result of Heinrich events, using the Younger Dryas as the basis for discussion.
From the Paper
"Heinrich events were first discovered by Hartmut Heinrich of the German Hydrographic Institute of Hamburg, Germany in 1988. Heinrich extracted samples from northeastern Atlantic sediment cores, and analyzed the samples. He discovered that the number of lithic, or rock sediment, and planktonic foraminifera (zooplankton) shell formations fluctuated greatly in many of the core samples. Additionally, Heinrich noted that the components of the sediments seemed not to fluctuate gradually, but seemingly abruptly (Hackett, 1994)."
| |
|
Human Effects on Coral Reefs, 2005.
An introduction to coral reefs, their history, characteristics and the damage caused to them by the human population.
1,342 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper describes the coral reef ecosystem, briefly discussing its history, structural characteristics, and how it benefits humans. The paper then discusses the current status of coral reefs, explaining how almost all the coral reef ecosystems are threatened because of pollution and over fishing. Finally, the paper talks about what is being done to protect the reefs as well as what still needs to be done.
Introduction
Structural Characteristics
Benefits to Humans
Current Status
What Should be Done?
How is the U.S. Government Helping?
How Can We All Help?
From the Paper
"Coral reefs are one of the oldest ecosystems in the world, existing for more than 450 million years. A coral reef is a type of biotic reef that develops in tropical waters. Coral reefs are found in all oceans of the world, generally between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn because the reef-building corals are living in this waters. A water temperature of 20 to 28?C is needed for growth of the coral reef. Massive reef structures are built over thousands of years by tiny coral polyps aided by minute algae called zooxanthellae that live in their tissues, calcifying algae, and other organisms that secrete calcium carbonate and adhesives. The process of reef formation is heavily dependent upon photosynthesis by reef-building organisms. Once formed, the complex, rock-like reef framework provides food and shelter for the multitudes of organisms that inhabit the reef. "
| |
|
Plate Tectonics Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses plate tectonics, which states that the surface of the earth is forever shifting.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that plate tectonics is one of the most important discoveries in science and geology because it explains why the continents share many similarities, which could not be explained if they had always existed apart and it explains why, even today, the surface of the earth is constantly shifting, rearranging and moving. The author points out that an important discovery, which ultimately led scientists to believe the theory of plate tectonics was correct, was the discovery of seafloor spreading. The paper relates that plate tectonics and the continual shifting it produces can create many changes in the surface of the earth from weather to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
From the Paper
"Several theories of geologic process and scientific discovery helped lead to the discovery of plate tectonics in the 1920s, and the theory was generally accepted by the 1950s. The plate tectonic theory evolved from earlier theories, beginning with continental drift. The first time continental drift was mentioned was in 1908, by an American named Frank Bursey Taylor. However, the theory really did not gain acceptance until 1912 when German meteorologist and geophysicist Alfred Wegener detailed the theory and gave it more basis in fact. The continental drift theory believes that between 275 and 175 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in one land mass. Later, this massive continent broke apart into two gigantic landmasses in the north and south, those continents further divided about 100 million years ago into more currently recognizable shapes, and they began to drift apart during this time, too."
| |
|
Louisiana: Topography, 2005.
A topographical examination of the American state of Louisiana.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Louisiana encompasses an area of 51,844 square miles and is the 31st largest state in the United States. This paper examines the topography of the state, examining areas such as geographic regions, lakes and rivers, forestland, plant and animal life and climate.
From the Paper
"Various types of natural lakes exist. Cut-off or oxbow lakes (for example, False River, Bruin, Larto) form when a stream "cuts off" the neck of a meander (bend) to create a new course. Particularly along the valley of the Red, raft lakes (Caddo, Cross, Bistineau, Black, and others) were formed from waters dammed by the Great Raft, a logjam that clogged the river until it was finally removed. Lakes form along the coast when cheniers (beach ridges) act to slow the flow of rivers while also protecting the resulting lake from encroachment by the Gulf. Lakes Pontchartrain, Maurepas, and Catahoula exist in grabens, depressions in the earth bounded by faults. Other natural lakes are associated with the drainage in the vicinity of rivers, deltas, and salt domes."
| |
|
The Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Theories, 2005.
An overview of continental drift and plate tectonics theories as well as current knowledge of geology and paleontology.
1,782 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 71.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper describes the continental drift and plate tectonic theories and traces their history, discusses the key players who were involved in developing the theories and examines the current state of scientific knowledge about Earth's geology and paleontology.
From the Paper
"The idea that the earth's continents have drifted has a long history. As long ago as 1596 the Dutch map maker Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus Ortelius suggested that the Americas were "torn away from Europe and Africa . . . by earthquakes and floods." He had been the first (and certainly not the last) to notice the apparent "jig-saw" fit of the bulge of eastern South America into the bight of Africa. (Kious and Tilling, 1999) In around 1850 A.D., a French scientist Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, while researching the similarity of the fossil plants and coal deposits in North American and European and concluded that the phenomenon could only be explained if the two continents had once been connected. In 1908 Frank B. Taylor of the United States invoked the notion of continental collision to explain the formation of some of the world's mountain ranges."
| |
|
The Snowball Hypothesis for Earth, 2005.
This paper discusses the Snowball Hypothesis for Earth theory, which proposes that the Earth has a history of temperature cycles.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the Snowball Hypothesis for Earth, which is a theory speculating that the earth has experienced consistent cyclical hot and cold periods, can be considered a possible cause of the current trends toward warmer climates and rising seas. The author points out that the theory encompasses tropical sea-level glaciers, distributions of continents, carbon dioxide levels, solar input, banded iron formations and early bacterial life. The paper states that scientist speculate that approximately twenty thousand years ago, our deep ocean waters moved towards the freezing point, but those water temperatures were not near the equator as was the case during the Neoproterozoic period.
From the Paper
"As we currently fear global warming, evidence may be pointing to eventual temperature shifts that follow the Yin and Yang of life. First, there are opposites hot and cold. The planet is merely going through its normal cyclical changes so we should not fear global warming any more than we should expect it as we should also expect another future snowball. "For the last million years, the Earth has been in its coldest state since the Neoproterozoic. We are now living in a relatively warm episode, some 80,000 years from the next glacial maximum, but some evidence suggests that each successive glaciation over the last several cycles has been getting stronger and stronger.""
| |
|
Global Warming in the Arctic, 2005.
A look at the problem of global warming in the Arctic and how global warming itself is exacerbated by its effects there.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 36.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper describes the different steps in the process of global warming, describes its primary causes, and explains how the problem of global warming is exacerbated by the effects of global warming in the Arctic.
From the Paper
"Global warming is no myth. Since the Industrial Revolution, the earth's average surface temperature has risen about one degree Fahrenheit, "with accelerated warming during the past two decades," according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("Climate"). Most of the global warming that has occurred over the past several decades is a direct product of human activities: factory emissions and automobile emissions especially. The emissions from factories and automobiles create what are known as "greenhouse gases," mainly carbon dioxide. The earth actually has a natural "greenhouse effect," a layer of the earth's atmosphere that keeps surface temperatures warm enough for biological life as we know it. Without a natural greenhouse effect, Earth surface temperatures would be far lower than they are now. However, the overall rise in the Earth's surface temperatures since the Industrial Revolution has occurred far faster than it would have without human intervention. Accelerated global warming can have dire consequences for life on earth. For example, according to Kate Ravillous of New Scientist, the west coast of the United States could suffer a severe water shortage by 2050 due to global warming. Most of the culprits of global warming exist in the most heavily industrialized and populated parts of the world such as the United States and Eastern Europe. However, the geological and environmental factors that directly cause global warming occur in one of the most sparsely populated regions of the globe: the Arctic. Global warming begins with anthropogenic factors such as auto emissions, proceeds to rising Arctic surface and air temperatures, and becomes magnified by several positive feedback mechanisms. In fact, if left unchecked, global warming in the Arctic will account for most of the damage incurred by the phenomenon world wide because of the positive feedback mechanism."
| |
|
World's Oceans, 2005.
An examination of "An Introduction to the World's Oceans" by Keith Sverdrup.
2,854 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 105.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper uses "An Introduction to the World's Oceans" by Keith Sverdrup to back up some of the serious issues raised through recent research conducted by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, in particular, the ongoing and future pollution threats to ocean waters, citizens, and marine life. Journal articles also supplement the paper and the topics being reviewed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Economic Value of Oceans to Americans
Waste Dumping in Our Oceans
Oil Contamination from Various Sources
Toxins and Trash Entering the Oceans
The Depleted Fisheries
The Vanishing Wetlands
Conclusion
References
Endnotes
From the Paper
"The U. S. Commission on Ocean Policy reports that more than 28 million gallons of oil from human activities enter North American waters annually, but, according to an article in Issues in Science and Technology, "the bulk of human-related inputs is not due to large-scale spills and accidents that occur during the transport of crude oil or petroleum products" (Rabalais, 2003). In fact, researchers looking for sources of oil that runs into America's oceans can look into the "chronic low-level releases" of oil that add up to "roughly 16 million gallons of oil" annually, running down rivers and streams, according to the Rabalais article.
These oil pollutants "are most obvious in the watersheds that drain heavily populated areas," and the data from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, plus the Sverdrup textbook, indicate that coast areas are becoming more and more heavily populated. Some of the 16 million gallons draining originates with "jettisoned aircraft fuel, marine recreational vehicles, and operational discharges, such as cargo washings and releases from petroleum extraction." "
|
|
|
