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Energy Sources, 2006.
A review of the world's sources of energy.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
A discussion regarding the world's current dependence upon fossil fuels as the primary source of energy. The paper discusses other alternative types of energy such as wind power, solar power, nuclear power and natural gas.
From the Paper
"Safe, efficient, reliable, and less environmentally damaging than traditional energy resources, natural gas is generally perceived as the most likely choice for the near future. Natural gas utilizes both a steam and gas cycle to generate power, and therefore, releases far fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than coal or oil. But, "Even though air pollution concerns are much lower with gas fired plants, there are other environmental concerns including water use and water pollution. Combined cycle plants use about 10 million gallons of water per day, consuming 7 million and putting 3 million gallons back into nearby rivers," (Power Frontiers). Nevertheless, natural gas does contribute to global warming--less so than other methods but more so than nuclear energy. Both are comparably cheap and sustainable, but natural gas is considered to be safer to the public. All things considered, natural gas is economically viable, relatively safe, relatively clean, and sustainable: it poses the most realistic option for electric companies with its most serious competition coming from coal, and perhaps, nuclear power."
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Phoenix, Arizona, 2007.
An analysis of the scarce water resources in Phoenix and how the city has coped with this shortage.
3,329 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a history of Phoenix, Arizona, with a breakdown of its population, economy and resources. It particularly focuses on how well the city has adapted to its arid geography. It discusses how the residents of Phoenix have come to grips with their scarce water resources and then analyzes how compatible the city's economic activities are with these arid land constraints. The paper concludes by discussing the various types of socio-cultural organizations that have emerged in response to these ecological conditions and the future outlook for Phoenix.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Demographics
Economy and Resources
Socio-Cultural Organizations in Phoenix
Future Prospects for Phoenix
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The same features that have historically attracted new residents to Phoenix can be reasonably expected to remain important to the city's growth in the future. In fact, given the rapidly retiring Baby Boom generation, it may well be that Phoenix becomes one of the five largest cities in the United States over the next 10-20 years. This growth rate is assuming, of course, that the water problems looming large on the horizon for the city can be solved today, because tomorrow will be too late. According to Mack and Varady (1995), "When examining water management, particularly in an urban setting, key issues include quantity (water supply), sewerage (water and waste removal), and quality. All three subjects bear directly on human health, and all are closely interrelated" (8)."
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Oil Crisis, 2007.
This paper discusses the depleting supply of world oil and looks at the implications.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that once the peak point of oil harvesting is reached, economic laws will become painfully evident to even the staunchest defenders of oil use. The writer points out that the supply is literally diminishing, and no amount of politics will be able to create more oil to fulfill the demands that the consumers of the world currently have for energy. Further, the writer notes that alternate supplies of energy in another form are not readily available and therefore, the oil which is available has become increasingly precious to consumers who demand it and are willing to pay a premium amount for the product.
From the Paper
"In terms of economic concepts, peak oil refers to the tipping point when demand begins to exceed supply. Economist Alfred Marshall explained the relationship that supply and demand have with one another rather succinctly when he described the two factors in pricing as separate blades of a scissors in that their intersection was the point of price, and that neither could influence the other without the presence of the second blade. Applied to the oil market, the demand for the product is evident, most of the world depends on fossil fuels for energy; despite the skyrocketing gas prices of recent months, consumers in the United States appear to have a high tolerance for the prices, since demand for oil and gasoline has remained at high levels."
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Water Settlement, 2007.
An analysis of the Colorado Compact and its impact on water settlement in the western United States.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the water issues of the western United States. It explores the history of water need and supply in both the upper basin and the lower basin states and then discusses what the impact of the Colorado Compact has had on those states. It concludes by discussing the need for future monitoring of the water flow and allotments.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Colorado
Colorado River Compact
Law of the River
The Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As the years began to pass the upper basin states began to disagree about the allocations of the 7.5 million acre feet they had been using as a group. An easy way to examine this era of the water supply development is to imagine a family in which there are seven children. Instead of handing each child a piece of cake the parents put a cake down and leave the room and say, "Go ahead and share that cake". If they repeat this process daily or weekly it will not be long before some of the siblings begin believing that other siblings are getting more than an equal share of the cake. They will think it is unfair that they have to depend on the others sense of fairness to be sure they too get a large enough piece. This is what happened in the situation with the upper basin states and the Colorado River supply. The states were expected to work among themselves and divide up the provided 7.5 million acre feet and they began to have disagreements about who was using how much of that total water supply. States that began to grow more quickly in population and water need than other states felt they had a right to more of the water while the states that were experiencing slower growth patterns had concerns that they would not be able to promote growth if the other states used most of the water supply."
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Weather in Japanese History, 2007.
An analysis of Japan's "divine winds" and how they related to the Mongol invasions.
1,398 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the attempted invasions of the Mongols into the island of Japan in the 13th century. The paper discusses how the weather affected the outcomes of the invasions and the interpretation of the intervention of the weather by the Japanese. The paper also discusses how the use of "kamikazes" by the Japanese in World War II was based on their belief that this tactic could provide the same type of divine intervention that helped them defeat the Mongol armada in 1274 and 1281.
From the Paper
"The research showed that when the Japanese resorted to "kamikaze" attacks in the closing days of World War II, it was based on their belief that this tactic could provide the same type of divine intervention that helped them defeat the Mongol armada in 1274 and 1281. One of the more interesting issues to emerge from the research was the fact that 13th century Japanese did not regard these events as being the result of a deity using the typhoons as a tool to defeat the Mongols, but rather that the winds themselves were a deity and worthy of being worshipped. The impact of these events have left a highly influential legacy on the Japanese mentality, it would seem, and when people believe that the gods are on their side, anything is possible if not achievable. From this perspective, it is not so hard to understand why so many Japanese pilots volunteered for these suicide missions after all."
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Metallurgy, 2006.
A review of the history of metallurgy or metalworking.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the origins of metallurgy. According to the paper, metallurgy has been around for centuries on many different continents, in many different cultures and used in a vast array of various methods. According to the paper, one of the first 'modern' metallurgists was a German called Georgius Agricola.
From the Paper
"One of the first 'modern' metallurgists was a man by the name of Georgius Agricola, who actually began his career as a small-town teacher of Latin and Greek. This quickly became to boring for him causing him to travel to Italy were he would spend three enlightening years of study, particularly in the field of medicine. "
"It was probably while studying there that he became familiar with the works of the Roman physician, Galen "who in the course of his descriptions of his visits to Cyprus to collect materials for his medicines incidentally mentions some metallurgical processes for the sublimation of zinc ores to produce zinc oxide to act as a salve" (Craddock 1994 pg 67)."
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The Virgin Islands and Tourism, 2007.
This paper discusses the Virgin Islands and looks at the impact of tourism.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses that tourism, especially in an ecologically sensitive area such as the Virgin Islands, brings with it both positive as well as negative influences and impacts. The writer notes that the central question that needs to be asked is whether the islands can withstand the increasing tide of tourism and the attrition of its ecological structure. The writer points out that the fact that the islands are economically dependent on tourism means that a balance has to be found between a vibrant tourist industry and ecological sustainability. The writer concludes that taking into account the sensitivity of the area one cannot be complacent about the impact of tourism on these islands.
From the Paper
"However, ecologists and other experts are emphatic in their view that there are also real and potential negative factors that impact on the ecological and environmental health of these islands. These include aspects such as over-crowding, environmental problems, destruction of the reefs as well as social and cultural problems that may result from alien influences brought from outside the islands."
"Furthermore, experts also warn of the potential chaos if tourism is left "unmanaged" and solely at the mercy of market forces. An example of what is meant by management is the control of the number of visitors in relation to the available infrastructure."
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The Power of Coal, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the properties and uses of the different types of coal.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of coal as a fuel. The paper reviews the properties of coal and the different mining methods. The paper also discusses the impact the use of coal has on the environment.
From the Paper
"One way to lower down the carbon dioxide production of an energy plant is by making it more efficient, that is generating more energy with less fuel. A process called gasification converts coal to gas. This process is about 40 percent efficient as opposed to a steam driven coal plant with an efficiency of about 36 percent. However for the short run and maybe the long run as well, the most important new source of energy from the Rocky Mountain West will be coal. Earlier in the century small amounts of western coal were used to power steam locomotives. With the introduction of diesels after World War II, however, western coal production dropped off to very minimal levels. Then, in the early 1970s transportation of low-sulfur western coal to new coal-burning power plants in parts of the Midwest became economic. Because of environmental regulations, it had become cheaper to import western coal than to install the expensive scrubbers needed to clean high-sulfur eastern and mid-western coal. "
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Natural Disaster Preparation, 2007.
An analysis of the responsibilities of private citizens and local, state and federal agencies in preparing for natural disasters.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the possibilities for increased awareness, preparation and response to natural disasters, given the recent history of these events around the world. The paper gives a general overview of natural disasters and discusses the ability of private citizens and local, state and federal agencies to prepare for them. The paper goes into detail about some aspects of Hurricane Katrina and what could have been done differently to prepare for her.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Natural Disaster Overview
Community Preparedness for Disaster
Katrina, an Exercise in Ineffective Preparedness
Recommendations by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on Disaster Preparedness
Early Warning Technology
The Future
From the Paper
"There is only one thing for certain; disaster will strike again. Meteorologists have noted that the period of reduced activity that occurred between 1971 to 1994 ended, and predict that three or more major hurricanes, rating Category 3 or higher, can be expected each year in the Atlantic, Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico (Beardsley, 2005). Earthquakes will continue to occur, as will tsunamis, wildfires, flooding, and the plethora of other disasters that affect communities around the world. Only through increased preparedness will the citizens of the world be protected from these unavoidable, inevitable events."
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Price Mechanisms and North Sea Oil, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the factors influencing the price of North Sea oil.
9,443 words (approx. 37.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 283.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the history and factors that influence and impact the price of North Sea oil. The paper examines how taxation, new technology and extraction costs effect prices of North Sea crude. It also explores the global situation and the impact of dwindling North Sea supplies on global oil prices.
Outline:
General
Global Historical Price Trends
How Oil is Sold
Taxes and North Sea Oil
Tax Situation and New legislation in the UK
Technology Innovations and Tax Incentives
Extraction Costs
Global Competition and North Sea Oil
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The European market will not be able to achieve stability as long as there are no mechanisms in place to control supply and price. Many experts feel that the current situation means the end to low prices for consumers (Appert, 2005). The Brent price started at $40 a barrel in the beginning of 2005, but had risen to $70 a barrel after Hurricane Katrina took out many refineries along the Gulf Coast (Appert, 2005). Oil production has changed since the 1970s. During the 1970s companies worked on building a surplus. However, demand rose quicker than their ability to produce. Now companies work on a just-in-time basis (Appert, 2005). There is no reserve to level supply when it is needed. Changes due to shocks are seen rapidly on the consumer end. Consumers got used to stability in pricing during the 1970s. If supply was low companies had enough in reserve to meet the demand. "
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Oceanography, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on oceanography.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a general definition of oceanography. It continues to paint a more realistic picture of the work of an oceanographer. The paper offers details on different focuses of oceanography,like climatological, palaeoceanographic and physical to name a few. In conclusion, the author highlights the importance of the information derived from this particular science. It also includes graphic representation to qualify points made.
From the Paper
"Long Bay in California is a heavily populated coastal region that has many tourists visiting it at all times. Sand resources are here for recreational purposes, as well as for coastal habitat. It must be noted that earlier studies of the same have revealed a large amount of sand deposits, which are situated oblique tot eh existing shoreline. This is oriented clockwise in the offshore direction, and the sand feature is about ten kilometers long, two kilometers wide, and more than three meters thick. It is assumed that these sand deposits are providing a rich source of beach nourishment material. This study was undertaken in order to, at the outset, measure and models the oceanographic circulation in the area, and secondly, to identify and recognize the various processes that maintain the presence of this particular sand feature."
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Appalachia, 2006.
This paper discusses the Appalachian mountain region and its natural resources.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the Appalachian mountain region. The writer notes that today the region has a reputation that is rich in resources with a notoriously poor economy and people. The writer maintains that this is no doubt the legacy of the exploitative nature of early industrialization in the Appalachia area. The writer concludes that as infrastructure is developed there is less and less need for some of the region's riches and conversely as the resources available are depleted, industry looks elsewhere for a point of need, leaving behind the generations of workers dependant upon this type of development. The writer contends that it is for this reason that the future of the Appalachian region is yet unknown, and will continue to be a region of flux for many years to come.
From the Paper
"The Appalachian mountain region was the first American frontier, sought after as a place to romantically recreate the American dream of idealistic frontiersmanship. The mountains were the back door to many of the original American colonies and within them to the settlers of the nation lay unknown riches and exotic cultures, yet to be experienced or some would say exploited by the Europeans and the American settlers. They were the first areas to be traversed and eventually developed. The name of the area is a result of the goals of the Spanish to find wealth through gold mining as the area is named for the first group of Native Americans to point toward the forests and claim them rich in gold, the Appalachee. It is thought that they may have done so to send their unwanted guests away from them but none the less the name stuck."
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Fossils, 2006.
A discussion on fossils from the Pre-Cambrian period.
794 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This study discusses the Pre-Cambrian Period, roughly some two billion years ago, and in particular, fossils that have been found from that time period. The paper discusses three types of fossils that have been left behind -- body, trace and chemical and that these can be readily found within rocks formed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Periods.
From the Paper
"During this time, a number of life forms emerged and left behind three types of fossils--body, trace and chemical, which can be readily found within rocks formed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Periods. Some of these fossils are actual cellular remains, something which Donovan admits is extremely rare in rocks of this age. The oldest have been dated as about 3.5 billion years and can be found in cherts from the Warrawoona Group near the North Pole, being northwest of Australia, and in the Onverwacht Group in eastern Transvaal (South Africa)."
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Ecological Restoration, 2006.
This paper discusses ecological restoration and restoring the natural balance of the land.
1,373 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer looks at the matter of restoring the natural balance of the landscape. The writer discusses Robert Elliot's apparent distaste for ecological restoration in close detail throughout the first portion of this paper. This article explores the circumstances in which restoration may be considered benevolent, through careful examination of Elliot's philosophy and that of Murray Krieger. The writer concludes that in the case of restoring the natural balance of the land, one is not attempting to profit from the restoration or create a fake situation, but rather restore the original version to its original grace and glory so it can be better appreciated.
From the Paper
"Robert Elliot in his work "Faking Nature" rejects the idea that restoration ecology is useful in many instances. Elliot asserts that attempting to restore the natural ecology of the land is nothing more than an attempt to forge that which was once natural and beneficial. In this light restoring the natural ecology of the land seems nothing more than an attempt to fake that which is natural, which in and of itself promotes no intrinsic value.
Further Elliot asserts that one can not reproduce the value that original ecosystems had to offer. The field of environmental ethics proposes that the natural value of nature should be preserved rather than the value of nature purely for human purposes including survival or consumption. Under this assumption nature isn't necessarily valued by humans desiring to create artificial landscapes purely for humanistic benefits."
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Purification of Metals, 2006.
An analysis of the purification of metals from ores.
1,757 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how metals exist in the form of minerals in the earth's crust, a metal ore being a highly concentrated mineral form of the metal. The paper explains how extraction of metals from its ore depends upon the quality of the ore and that the ores obtained from the ground contain unwanted impurities called gangue. The paper discusses the various methods of extracting these impurities from the metal.
Table of Contents:
Concentration
a. Gravity Separation or Hydraulic Washing
b. Froth Flotation
c. Magnetic Separation
d. Chemical Separation
Roasting or Calcination
Reduction of Mineral to the Metal
a. Electrolytic Reduction
b. Chemical Reduction (Smelting)
c. Auto-reduction(Smelting)
Refining
From the Paper
In this method, a Wilfley table is used .It is a sloping table and its top is corrugated or riffled in the direction of the slope. The crushed ore is then placed on the top of this table, which is always kept vibrating. "Then water is made to flow across the table at right angles to the top. The lighter gangue particles are thrown upwards at every jerk and carried across the table by the stream of water, while the heavier ore particles move towards the bottom of the table. Thus separation takes place when the ore reaches the bottom. This method is useful for dense ores like Cassiterite (SnO2).
Hydraulic classifier."
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Tsunamis, 2006.
This paper explains how and why a tsunami forms.
1,744 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper examines what exactly a tsunami is, how tsunami waves are caused and the extent of the destruction that it may cause when it is formed and unleashed. The paper explains that a tsunami is a giant killer wave which causes large amounts of water to surge inland. The tsunami can kill people and destroy property and although there is nothing that can be done to prevent its occurrence, an early warning system may be sufficient to protect people and property. The paper concludes that the emphasis today must be more on installing more such systems so that people may live without fear of being engulfed at any moment by a destructive wave.
Contents:
What is a Tsunami?
Why Does a Tsunami occur, and What Causes It?
Examples of Killer Tsunamis and the Destruction That They Can Cause
The Need of an Early Warning System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As already mentioned, a Tsunami is a giant wave that may occur in the ocean, or even in other large water bodies. It is a Japanese term that means 'water in the harbor', and it is also known in some parts of the world as a 'tidal wave' or a 'seismic sea wave'. A tsunami can in fact be categorized as being either regional, or local, or Pacific wide and the extent of the damage wreaked by the tsunami would define the term to be used. Regional tsunamis are quite common, and the destruction that it may bring is generally restricted to an aerial area. Local tsunamis are also awesome, and one example of a local tsunami is the July 9th 1958 local tsunami at Lituya Bay, Alaska. The wave run up is said to have exceeded nearly 485 meters, but the destruction was confined to within a restricted area. Pacific wide tsunamis are much rarer, but the destruction that such tsunamis may bring about is horrific and horrendous. (About Tsunamis: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center)"
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