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The Destruction of Krakatau, 2005.
An overview of the events surrounding the destruction of the island of Krakatau due to a volcanic eruption in 1883.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
The legendary annihilation in 1883 of the volcano-island of Krakatoa in 1883, was followed by an immense tsunami that killed nearly forty thousand people. Beyond the purely physical horrors of an event that has only very recently been properly understood, the eruption changed the world in more ways than could possibly be imagined. This paper discusses the events of that fateful August day and the experiences of some of the people who witnessed this natural disaster. The paper includes a map.
From the Paper
"The effects of the immense waves were felt as far away as France. Barometers in Bogota and Washington, D.C., went haywire. Bodies were washed up in Zanzibar. The sound of the island's destruction was heard in Australia and India and on islands thousands of miles away. Most significant of all---in view of today's new political climate---the eruption helped to trigger in Java a wave of murderous anti-Western militancy among fundamentalist Muslims: one of the first outbreaks of Islamic-inspired killings anywhere."
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Victoria, British Columbia, 2005.
An overview of the physical environment and geomorphology of Victoria, British Columbia.
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
Since the colonial era Victoria has been the capital of British Columbia. It is located on the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island. This paper outlines the physical geography of this region including its physical geography, geomorphology, soils, climate and vegetation. Additionally, the role of tectonic activity in the area is also explored.
Outline
Introduction
Physical Geography and Geomorphology
Plate Tectonics
Climate and Vegetation
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Plate tectonics are the single most important geological force operating on the Victoria Region. This assertion is true for four distinct reasons. In the popularly understood conception of plate tectonics Victoria is on the edge of a plate being relatively violently subducted. Second, as a consequence of this it exhibits the most frequent earthquake activity in Canada. Third, and also a consequence of plate tectonics, it is subjected to cycles of extremely violent earthquake activity every few centuries (a blink of the eye in geological terms). Fourth and less commonly, micro-plate activity and the creation of terranes has significantly impacted on the physical geography of the Victoria region."
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Oil Drilling in Alaska, 2004.
Research paper debating whether or not to drill in Alaska for oil.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper describes what the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge actually is. It covers the pros and cons of drilling for oil in the refuge from political, economical, religious perspectives. It gives the writer's opinion on the topic, which is NOT to drill in the refuge. It then gives alternative ideas to drilling and backs them up with facts from credible sources like the U.S. Geological Survey.
From the Paper
"An environmental masterpiece to be preserved, or an economic opportunity waiting to be tapped? This is the debate that has been persistent around the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for over 40 years. It is also a mainstream argument for many environmental philosophies. Pro-drilling advocates tend to take on Judeo-Christian beliefs, while anti-drilling organizations stick with conservation or preservationist values. These two groups portray their views over the internet using many types of representation, false or not, to convince readers their position is correct. Both sides have their pros and cons, but my opinion on the topic is that drilling for oil in the ANWR is a poor idea due to inevitable environmental complications."
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The Tsunami: Assigning Responsibility, 2005.
The paper argues that the absence of a tsunami warning system is the source of the December 2004 tsunami's high death tolls.
2,267 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
Although the tsunami was an unavoidable natural disaster, the death tolls are a sign of government neglect because they could have been avoided or, at least, greatly reduced had the governments of these countries, and especially Indonesia, knowing that their area is sensitive to the risk of tsunami, placed restrictions on construction on coastal areas, developed a regional tsunami warning system, or paid attention to the warnings that a tsunami was about to occur and responded through evacuations. As far as Indonesia, which suffered the highest death toll, is concerned, the tsunami could not have been avoided, but the high death rates could have been, making this government at least partly responsible for the consequences of the tsunami.
From the Paper
"As the year 2004 came to an end, a devastating tsunami struck the countries of South East Asia. Considered one of the greatest humanitarian tragedies in recent decades, the tsunami killed almost a quarter of a million people and left five million homeless in just a few hours. This natural disaster is considered as the worst one in the last 40 years as the death toll reached about 100 000 dead people and thousands are missing and millions were left homeless "threatened by diseases that are spread through dirty water, mosquitoes and overcrowding" ("How the Deadly..."). Of the twelve countries that were hit by the tsunami, Indonesia had the highest death toll that reached about 80 000. Most people assumed that the tsunami was an unavoidable natural disaster and therefore, none of the governments involved were held even partly responsible for this great loss in life and the devastation of the infrastructure. Most may make this assumption because they do not have the knowledge and background about tsunamis to reach a different opinion but, those who have this knowledge insist that the governments of these countries are responsible for the majority of the deaths. Conrad Lautenbacher, the head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, insists, the death toll could have been reduced by at least 85% (" Observing Earth"). The death toll could have been reduced if there had been a tsunami warning system in the region and the governments had applied some well-known rules regarding construction in countries that are vulnerable to tsunami, Although the tsunami was an unavoidable natural disaster, the death tolls are a sign of government neglect because they could have been avoided or, at least, greatly reduced had the governments of these countries, and especially Indonesia, knowing that their area is sensitive to the risk of tsunami, have placed restrictions on construction on coastal areas, have developed a regional tsunami warning system or, paid attention to the warnings that a tsunami was about to occur and responded through evacuations. As far as Indonesia, which suffered the highest death toll, is concerned, the tsunami could not have been avoided but the high death rates could have been, making this government at least partly responsible for the consequences of the tsunami."
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| Essay # 58936 |
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Preparing for Tsunamis, 2005.
A look at the need for developing ways to predict and warn people about oncoming tsunamis.
882 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the need for a rapid and reliable system for predicting and confirming the existence of a tsunami so that officials responsible for sounding the alarm of oncoming tsunamis are sufficiently prepared. The paper also describes efforts, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to develop a network of six deep-ocean reporting stations that will track and report tsunamis in real time.
From the Paper
"The word "tsunami" has become quite the catch phrase in light of the events that took place December 26th, 2004. All of a sudden people are aware of the destructive and awesome power of the Earth's oceans. But the reality is that between 1990 and 1999 ten tsunamis took more than 4,000 lives. In all, during that time span, 82 were reported worldwide. The idea of a large tsunami striking a coastal area and wreaking havoc is therefore not new. It is in fact a highly studied and researched area of the Earth sciences. The author of the article TSUNAMI!, From the May 1999 issue of Scientific America, Frank I. Gonzalez , is just one of many scientists working at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (NOAA), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle whose focus is on developing ways to predict and warn people about on coming tsunamis."
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Water, 2003.
An analysis of water treatment and delivery issues in the United States today and in the future.
3,183 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the problems currently being experienced in delivering sufficient quantities of water to those who need it, followed by an analysis of potential alternatives and their expected consequences. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"In Greek mythology, Poseidon used his mighty trident to rule over the entire world's supply of water. Today, though, just ten enormous global conglomerates are exploiting the murky regulations that govern international trade to do just the same. According to the research presented in Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World's Water, an emerging water cartel is exploiting cross-border pacts such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to buy up--and potentially dry up--the earth's over-extended freshwater supplies (Siegel, 2003). The trend continues in California and other western states, where the business of water-rights trading, particularly concerning the Colorado River, is gaining momentum. Furthermore, the niche market for bottled water (as exemplified by Nestle, Coca-Cola, and PepsiCo) has proven to be lucrative, yet largely unregulated."
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Wind-Powered Generator, 2003.
A discussion of alternative energy sources, focusing on the example of wind power.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the background of wind power as an alternative energy source and how it can be applied in an urban setting today. This paper includes several colorful graphics and links to actual plans on how to construct a wind generator as an alternative energy source.
From the Paper
"No one is absolutely certain when the power of the wind was first used by mankind. Certainly, the Egyptians were sailing barges on the Nile as long as 5,000 years ago. Simple wind machines were probably used for grinding grain in Persian 2,000 years ago, and windmills with cloth sails have been used in Crete for centuries to pump water (Dineen 17). Today, one of the best ways of using the wind?s energy is to turn it into electricity (Cross 15). Windmills (and increasingly wind turbines) have been used for some time for produce electricity, but there are significant problems associated with the technology that limits its widespread use. This paper examines the background of wind power as an alternative energy source and how it can be applied in an urban setting today."
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Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador, 2004.
A paper on Tungurahua Volcano of Ecuador that has been in active volcanic state since the October of 1999.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the potentially disastrous effects of the Tungurahua Volcano on the village of Banos, which lies on the foothills of the mountain. The paper discusses the risks for the inhabitants and plans and solutions that could save the town.
From the Paper
"As of date, it has been nearly four years since the first of eruptions from the Volcano began spewing out ashes and poisonous smoke in the October of 1999. The authorities were swift to take action, and evacuated the entire population of the town of Banos, as well as all the adjoining areas to various shelters and larger cities to considerable distance from the volcano. In addition, all the roads and highways leading to the town of Banos, and villages at the foothills of the erupting volcano were sealed off for the public. Yet, the residents of Banos and villages wish to return to their homes, and after a brief confrontation with the authorities, villagers as well as townspeople were allowed to move back to their farms and homes, even though the heightened state of yellow alert is still in effect. (Dytt, 1929; Simkin, 1994; Ecuador Travel.Net, 2003)"
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Flooding on Park Lane, 2004.
A case study to resolve the flooding problems of Park Lane in Columbia County, Georgia.
1,887 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this case study is to perform analysis in order to recommend solutions to resolve the flooding problems from Reed?s Creek in the area at the end of Park Lane and also to convince the county commissioners to develop and implement a plan to provide a solution to the problem. It provides the background related to the problem, the magnitude of the problem, what the author believes to be the cause of the problem, and what affects the problem has on the residents.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Magnitude of the Problem
Causes of the Problem
The Affects of the Problem
Analysis
Goals
How the Goals Relate to the Problem
Alternatives for Achieving Goals
Costs and Benefits of Alternatives
How the Alternatives Affect the Problem
Assumptions
Pros and Cons of Alternatives
Preferred Alternative
Conclusion
Implementation Plan
Recommendation
Plans Success
From the Paper
"It is plain to see that the alternative that should be selected is allowing commercial contractors, with strict guidelines, the opportunity to develop and implement a plan for the development of a nature park that would inevitably solve the main problem of flooding in the flood plain area and subsequently solve all the other minor problems the flooding brings. The reason I choose this alternative is because the project would be fully funded by commercial contractors and the project would be implemented quickly with the long-term goals being reached in a relatively short amount of time. There is no reason to place this tax burden on the residents of Columbia County when there are viable alternatives such as commercial development."
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Cosmic Impacts, 2004.
A discussion of the result of meteor strikes on earth, the possibility of a 1 km meteor striking earth, and the effects the meteor would have.
888 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how there is proof that earth has been bombarded by meteors in the past. These meteors have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, provided iron to jump-started the Iron Age, and caused a crater in Arizona. The possibility of a 1 km-sized meteor striking Earth, or even Duluth for that matter, is slim. This paper discusses the possible ramifications of such an event in the future.
From the Paper
"Earth is a target for destruction, but it?s not aliens or terrorists who are planning its ruin. Meteors have assaulted the Earth ever since our home planet came into existence, and they continue to bombard the Earth with broken pieces from asteroids and comets. Some of these results have been disastrous, and some have furthered along human development. In my essay, I hope to show that these meteors have crash-landed on Earth in the past, that meteors do pose a threat to Earth, and evidence for the need for protection against them."
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The Bermuda Triangle: Myth or Mystery?, 2004.
Discusses the different theories about the Bermuda Triangle and the disappearances that have occurred there.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the strange disappearances that have taken place in the geographic area known as the Bermuda Triangle and explores the different theories that have been asserted to explain these disappearances.
From the Paper
"A variety of grim nicknames have been used to describe this area of the Atlantic Ocean over the past forty years, such as: the Devil?s Triangle, the Hoodoo Sea and the Limbo of the Lost. The most commonly used name, the Bermuda Triangle, was coined by researcher and author Vincent Gaddis in 1964 in his article, ?The Deadly Bermuda Triangle?."
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Importance of Wetlands, 2004.
A paper that explains the ecological importance of wetlands.
1,323 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why wetlands are essential for correct balance in an ecosystem. It discusses the dangers of wetlands disappearing and how this may affect the wildlife in those specific areas.
From the Paper
""Wetlands" is the collective term for marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas found in generally flat vegetated areas, in depressions in the landscape, and between dry land and water along the edges of streams, rivers, lakes, and coastlines. Because they are so varied, wetlands can be difficult to recognize. Many have been altered by human activities such as farming, ranching, and the building of roads, dams, and towns. Yet their importance is critical."
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Earthquake Hazards in Western British Columbia, 2003.
Discusses potential hazards of a northern West Coast earthquake and its impacts on urban populations.
1,747 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
Western British Columbia is situated near an active subduction zone. The most densely populated part, the Lower Mainland, is actually sitting on the subduction zone. This paper explains that this dynamic geological setting subjects the region to frequent seismic activity and is, in large part, responsible for a higher risk of destructive earthquakes in comparison to other parts of Canada. While the principal city of Vancouver and its surroundings have not experienced a damaging earthquake so far, large earthquakes with nearby epicenters have been strongly felt, and there is paleoseismic evidence for very large earthquakes in the late Holocene. Hazards associated with earthquakes are discussed in detail, and recommendations are given on how to minimize the impacts of a megathrust earthquake and its accompanying hazards. Paper contains 6 figures and charts.
From the Paper
"Western British Columbia is situated at a dynamic geological setting which causes it to be the most seismically active in Canada and makes it one of the few sites around the world capable of producing a megaquake of a magnitude of ~9. While such a quake has not hit the region in settled time, paleoseismic evidence, oral history traditions and Japanese records date such a quake as having occurred in 1700. There is also evidence which point to these megathrust events as happening at irregular intervals which range from 200 to 800 years. Vancouver lies at the north end of a seismically active region which extends down into Washington State and has its end south of the Puget Sound. Areas directly off the coast of Vancouver Island and all along the Juan de Fuca plate and Cascadia Subduction Zone are very seismically active. The impact of an earthquake over 6 in magnitude with an epicenter near the Lower Mainland would be devastating on the region, if it occurs off the coast of Vancouver Island, even greater damages would be incurred by tsunami. While new building codes to increase safety structures are due to be released in 2005, it may be too late, as a large quake could hit the region any time, and we have no way to predict such quakes."
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Madison and Waycross Geography, 2004.
Examines the climate, soil, and vegetation patterns of Madison, Wisconsin, and Waycross, Georgia.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
In the states of Wisconsin and Georgia, geographical studies have helped experts gain better knowledge of the vegetation, soil, and climate in the regions tested. In order to give an idea of the specific approach that studies have adopted, this paper considers Waycross in Georgia and Madison in Wisconsin. In assessing the climate, soil, and vegetation in these areas, the paper deciphers the similarities and differences between the two regions.
From the Paper
"Roadways that are constructed or repaired in urban and suburban activity experience loss of resource at much higher rates. Research reveals that without vegetative protection erosion takes place much quicker. It is estimated that without proper vegetative cover, erosion may exceed 350 tons per acre annually in this region. Erosion at Madison isn?t as much as it is at Waycross, and hence agriculture isn?t affected negatively. Employment in the agricultural industry does not suffer the way that it does at Waycross (Arnalds, 1995)."
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Synthetic Diamonds, 2004.
This paper discusses the industrial and gemstone capacities of synthetic diamonds.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that synthetic diamonds have the same unique qualities as natural diamonds, hardness, density, superlative strength, and thermal conductivity. The author points out that synthetic diamonds are created in a laboratory, avoiding the high costs of mining, transportation, foreign taxes, and tariff issues. The paper relates that the future of synthetic diamonds is limitless, especially their use as radiation sensors, light emitters, and unwettable coatings.
From the Paper
"In addition to the time saved, there is also a cost issue. Natural diamonds are produced in a limited number of countries, including Australia, Botswana, Russia, and Congo Republic. There is only one mine found in the United States. Since Americans are the consumers of over 50 percent of the world?s diamonds, this produces a costly problem. The costs of mining in foreign countries are high. According to De Beers mine, a leading producer of natural diamonds in South America, 250 tons of ore would need to be excavated to find one stone that would be large enough to equal a one-carat diamond."
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