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"Saints and Roughnecks", 2004.
An analysis of the 1973 study done by William Chambliss concerning the correlation between crime and class.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses "Saints and Roughnecks", William Chambliss' 1973 study in which he found that class and not crime often determines a person's reputation in the society and his fate with the police. The paper describes how Chambliss selected two different groups of teenagers for his study, one coming from an affluent part of the metropolitan area (saints), while the other group came from a lower-income section of the society (roughnecks). The paper examines the study that sought to find out just why the lower-income group was more often clashing with the police and ending up in jail for petty crimes, while the other group usually escaped police even though they were just about as delinquent as roughnecks.
From the Paper
"Chambliss doesn't mention labeling theory but it is clear that labels are what determine a person's reputation. It was seen that since Saints came were from "good white upper-middle class families. They attended Hanniabal High: a moderate size high school in a suburb near a large metropolitan area. The Saints were active in school affairs, were enrolled in the pre-college program and received good grades", they mostly managed to escape punishment even though they were "some of the most delinquent boys at Hannibal High." (Chambliss p. 106) Police, teachers and society saw their troublemaking as a case of "sowing their wild oats". On the other hand, Roughnecks were often seen as 'troublemakers' who would end up in jail not because they were any more trouble than Saints but because they appeared rough and were "not-so-well-dressed, not-so-well-mannered, not-so-rich boys" and thus "were heading for trouble". People had a totally different perception of these boys and their oat-sowing wasn't seen in the same light as their Saint counterparts."
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Conflict Resolution, 2005.
This paper discusses conflict resolution techniques, focusing on suppression, a technique sometimes applied in extreme forms of conflict.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because conflict has become endemic throughout the world, the processes and techniques of conflict resolution are becoming increasingly important in dealing with these conflicts. The author points out that suppression as a conflict resolution technique is not an adequate resolution procedure because, by definition, it suppresses or denies the causes of conflict and therefore allows the cause of the conflict to continue and possibly worsen. The paper relates that it is wrong to think of conflict resolution as an attempt to end finally all conflict because conflict is a part of society and social growth and the emphasis should be on transforming and transmuting conflict into a positive direction.
From the Paper
"A good example of use of suppression, as a means of resolving or dealing with conflict, was the South African situation during the years of Apartheid. The System of Apartheid or separate development in the country divided the people along racial lines and denied equality to the black and colored population. This disparity resulted in an extreme conflict situation. The mechanism used by the authorities to deal with this conflict was suppression through detentions and the use of force. This included the "suppression of peaceful mechanisms of organized protest". However, this method of suppression did not succeed in resolving the conflict but only created further dissention within the country which eventually resulted in riots and a near civil war."
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Minority Police Officers, 2005.
This paper discusses Asian and Black British police officers and the social identity theory (SIT).
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the social identity theory (SIT) relates that minorities often feel the effects of low social status and popular bias, but they also can use their own group solidarity to raise their level of group self-esteem. The author points out that minority police officers are members of two major distinct, yet interactive groups: The police, based on the occupation pursued by the group's members, and their own minority group, derived from the racial, ethnic, and cultural characteristics of the group's members, as they are perceived by the majority group. The paper states that generally, in many countries in recent years, there has been a decline in the public's estimation of the police, a group once held in high regard, because of rising crime rates. It points out, however, that an Asian or Black police officer, more at home in his own community, can work more smoothly with that community's residents than majority officers can.
From the Paper
"The juxtaposition of both real-life and fictional examples of the operation of prejudice against minority police officers is quite telling, for it shows that while actually incidents do exist, it is also taken as axiomatic that such situations must exist in order for such fictional dramas to have the ring of fact. From just such examples, it must be concluded that, in this case, both the majority and the minority, hold similar views."
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Understanding Mental Disorders, 2004.
An analysis of the impact of language and culture on the diagnosis of mental disorders.
9,225 words (approx. 36.9 pages), 27 sources, MLA, AU$ 237.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the current state of scholarship with regard to how language and culture can impact the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. The paper contends that there is much research but still relatively little in the way of concrete guidance for the therapist in everyday practice. The paper claims that is necessary for behavioral health professionals to first look at their own attitudes toward diversity and then for them to recognize and accept the reality of difference in the people they will deal with. The paper asserts that before a therapist can accurately create either a diagnosis or a treatment plan, he or she must understand where the subject comes from, not only as far as personal history but with respect to the cultural views that shape response to whatever happened to the person individually.
Outline
Introduction
The Scope of the Issue
Language
Cross-cultural Prevalence of Mental Disorders
Methodology
Review of Literature
How Well is the Issue Being Addressed?
From the Paper
"These issues do not just present treatment problems. How can one ethically diagnose and treat someone he or she does not understand? It becomes a most serious matter of being incompetent to provide adequate treatment to the Asian or Arab immigrant. It is also frequently the case that, as professionals, counselors are not aware that the African-American or Hispanic-American person sitting across the desk, comes from a different cultural perspective even though he or she may have been born and raised in this country. Bluntly, incompetence is not acceptable in any health care setting. It would seem that it is now necessary for members of the behavioral health professions to develop new skills and tools if they are to deserve the confidence and trust of the people they will be treating."
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Cultural Medical Differences, 2005.
This paper compares the ethical and cultural medical traditions of two different cultures: The United States and the Hmong, an indigenous population native of Laos, a growing immigrant presence in California.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the case of Lia, a Hmong girl stricken with epilepsy, which causes a cultural clash between her physicians and her parents. The author point out that her physicians defined Lia's illness in physical and chemical terms, but Lia's parents, like many Hmong people, regarded epilepsy with ambivalence because, to them, epileptic seizures are often seen as trances, giving the affected person special powers. The paper relates that Lia's parents violated several precepts of Western medicine by refusing medical treatment and purposely giving their daughter improper dosages of medicine; however, Lia's well-meaning physicians also unknowingly violated several important tenets of Hmong culture, such as their discussions of Lia's possible death.
From the Paper
"Lia's parents, however, have a distinct explanatory model for their daughter's illness. The epilepsy was caused when a startled Lia's soul fled her body and became lost. Lia's soul had fallen prey to a thieving dab, a malevolent spirit. Therefore, Lia's soul was trapped outside her body, which remained rooted to the ground. Among the symptoms of this soul loss are fainting, rolling eyes and jerking limbs - which are also the classic symbols of a seizure that accompanies epilepsy."
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German Influences in Texas, 2005.
This paper is a research proposal to study the extent to which native German cultural influences are not only present in society but also felt by the people living in Texas today.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This examines how Texas' history is deeply infused with German influence because, in the early 1800s, Texas was portrayed in Germany as an available new territory with large plots of fertile land and much wild game, which attracted many Germans to Texas. The author points out that the research is limited to a historical exploratory analysis of German influence in Texas and oral interviews to provide additional information about the modern 'trends' in Texan culture and the extent to which natives believe German influence is still present within the state culture and identity.
Outline
Introduction/Scope of Study
Background
Project Specs
Significance of Study
Methods
From the Paper
"The researcher proposes that the questions developed for oral interviews remain brief and 'open ended' in order to insure that as much information as possible is gathered from participants. Questions will focus on the individuals background (cultural decent), perceptions of German influence in Texas, and likes/dislikes about perceived influences in Texas culture. From the information gathered from the oral interviews and literature review, the researcher will propose conclusions regarding the relevance of German influence in Texas culture today."
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Ethnic Police Officers.
This paper discusses the effect of ethnic police offices on the overall police culture in the U.K..
4,765 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while white male officers continue to form the majority population of the British police force, the hiring patterns over the past years have brought many women, blacks, Hispanics and Asians onto the police forces. Each of these groups brings with it a variety of cultural traits that become police sub-cultures. The author points out that today's leaders believe the composition of the police force and the police workshops should reflect the ethnic diversity of Britain which will enable the constabularies to offer a more sensitive service to the minority ethnic groups, to foster a positive view of the context within which the members of these groups are positioned and to improve the quality of their relationships with them. The paper relates that the Self-Categorization theory, a social psychological theory developed by John Turner and colleagues, states that at different times, a person perceives him or herself as a unique individual and, at other times, as a member of various groups and all of which are equally valid expressions of self: The degree to which a person defines him or herself is both flexible and antagonistic.
From the Paper
"When looking at the concept of organizational culture among police officers, many paradoxes arise. Existing literature focuses mainly on police deviance caused by the existence of cultural traits. Many organizations spend a great deal of time and effort to encourage these same traits in their members. For instance, solidarity among the "rank and file" is seen as the primary reason for police deviant conduct. However, solidarity also provides the basis for exemplary organizational cooperation and teamwork in addition, many police take great pride in the mission of police work, due to its uniqueness and potential to make a difference. At the same time, organizationally, police tend to isolate themselves from their communities, often becoming arrogant and consumed with maintaining the organization for the sake of the force."
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Cultural Diversity, 2004.
An analysis of the impact of cultural diversity in the global marketplace.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The global business environment means that anyone who decides to do business in a foreign country should be familiar with the practices of the host country. One of the best examples may refer to an American airline based in the Middle East. Indeed, the Middle East and Arab world is an excellent example in which to analyze cultural differences, based on the well-known models developed by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. This paper identifies the different models that discuss cultural differences. The paper outlines some of the problems that may appear in a Middle East-based operation and provides several solutions and answers to the issues raised.
From the Paper
"In terms of control, the American management style promotes a direct form of control, with an emphasis on the individual performance. In the Middle East, the performance of the group is controlled and analyzed rather than the individual performance. As for coordination, the American management style means that the leader or manager coordinates the group and information generally goes from top to bottom. In the Middle East, information is generally done from bottom to top, in a sort of feedback essential for decisions."
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The Diverse Workforce.
This paper discusses the drive of the multinational corporation to develop and embed into the corporate consciousness the need for a truly diverse workforce.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that diversity has become a key buzzword in the American human resources management vocabulary, resulting in the adoption of standardized operating procedures, but, when applied to multinational businesses at various global locations, these two seemingly noble principles are not always commensurate or harmonious in practice. The author points out that, even in the U.S., tensions regarding the standardized operating procedures of the employer's American workplace can be rooted in sociocultural misinterpretations, frustrations, and confusions from cultural shock regarding the different faiths and ethnic assumptions of employees. The paper suggest that, when relating to foreign multinational companies, a hands-off attitude may be the best policy; the founding company must be careful not to direct the employment practices and management of franchisees' staff, but when the resources and guidance are not gaining strides in production, such policies may need to be evaluated.
From the Paper
"The conflict is even more manifest in business, which requires standardized procedures to remain financially afloat and competitive on a global level, but also requires tolerance of local cultures and practices to retain employees and to make products attractive. There are now more new faces and diversity amongst the global workforce and more multinational business than ever before. This trend is expected to continue into the 21st century, particularly with the creation of international alliances of trade and commerce such as the European Union and the use of the Internet in global commerce, further connecting the marketplaces of the world."
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English as a Second Language (ESL).
This paper reviews English as a Second Language (ESL) bilingual programs, its history, legislation, and funding.
2,875 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the influx of immigrants to the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries made it necessary to adopt policies regarding bilingual education; by the end of the 19th century, many states had adopted bilingual laws or provided bilingual instruction without creating formal legalization. The author points out that California's Proposition 227 is a threat to bilingualism within school curricula; therefore, supporters of ESL are attempting to have limited English proficiency listed as a special education need. The paper describes and evaluates three types of ESL instruction, including the withdrawal program, in which students are withdrawn from the classroom for instruction; submersion, in which students are placed in an English-only classroom with no additional help; and structured immersion, in which students are in an English environment, but the teacher, proficient in their native language, helps the student whenever difficulty arises with English in the classroom.
Table of Contents
History of Bilingual Education in the United States
Legislation Regarding Bilingual Education
Proposition 227
Type of Bilingual Program in the Classroom
Other Types of Bilingual Programs
Evaluation of Bilingual Programs
From the Paper
"According to this initiative, federal funds are provided to support English language learners (ELLs). The focus is thus entirely on teaching and learning English only. This is encouraged by "accountability" provisions, including the judgment of schools according to the number of ELLs reclassified as fluent English speakers. Furthermore, the failure to show progress in English learning will be punished. This appears to be a return to the earlier and paranoid legislation regarding language instruction during the World War I years. It also appears once again to be unconstitutional; schools are practically being forced to abandon all attention to native language instruction in favor of English-only instruction."
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Early American Assimilation.
This paper discusses assimilation into the American culture prior to 1865 for African-Americans, Scottish-Irish, Asians, and Native Americans.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the "melting pot" version of the early American culture overlooks the real economic and social hardships and the immense pressures of ethnic groups to "conform" to the dominant American culture. The author points out that one of the earliest and cruelest stories of assimilation in the United States centers on the African people and their descendants who were brought to the country as slaves. The Scottish-Irish immigrant group, who spoke English and did not come as slaves, faced the challenge of religious discrimination, and the Chinese found it extremely difficult to assimilate into the mainstream culture due to their language and ethnic differences. The paper relates that the most striking example of assimilation in the early 1800s was the push to integrate Native Americans into Anglo culture; Native American children, in many cases, were taken forcibly from their homes and moved to special "schools", in which they were taught the "correct" way to speak, dress, eat, and behave, according to the dominant American culture.
From the Paper
"To a great extent, the story of nineteenth century America is a story of the "others." This is because, whereas the influx of immigrants from Europe, Asia and Africa was immense in scope, the collective imagination of those Americans who viewed themselves as "real Americans" sought to bring those "others" into line with established mainstream American culture without option. Indeed, this assumption that all immigrants as well as Native Americans and African Americans must assimilate into the dominant culture was simply a given."
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Cultural Diversity, 2005.
An overview of the phenomenon of worldwide cultural diversity.
3,749 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how companies have been experiencing a considerable dilemma in cultural values in the wake of a massive scale of amalgamations going on worldwide. It looks at how now they have to touch upon not only the customary cultural disparities of interaction at the company level, but also over much broader matters relating to culture and languages. It explores how the image of the place of work is undergoing transformation and how an increasing number of women, a higher incidence of racial minorities, and a greater number of migrants are becoming part of the total employee size.
From the Paper
"A lot of verbal and nonverbal variations in interactions inherent to a culture exist, which might influence on the interference procedure with persons coming from divergent history of culture and languages. Every culture exemplifies its own conventions regarding accepted behavioral norms that have a bearing on the verbal and nonverbal interactions. Culture aids individuals with manner of imaginations, manner of envisioning, listening and understanding the universe. Therefore identical set of expressions can convey dissimilar substances to individuals from diverse cultures although they might be conversing in the same jargon. Whereas the diversity in languages, conversion into one's own language has to be resorted to for enabling communication, the chances of misinterpretations rise."
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Diversity and High Performance Teams, 2005.
A look at the use of culture and diversity to make work groups into high performance teams.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how demographic, cultural, and other forms of diversity on a workplace team can contribute to overall productivity. It looks at how communication and tolerance can subsume all cultural differences and styles.
From the Paper
"Self-awareness exercises regarding communication style differences and assumptions before the actual project is embarked upon can be profound ice-breakers and mark the difference between a group of individuals merely sitting side by side one another, and functioning as a team. Forcing individuals to not simply assume they are the norm but to ask, who am I and how do I communicate, forces them to understand their unique, as opposed to general commitment to the work team."
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E. L. Doctorow?s ?Ragtime?.
This paper discusses the theme of social distinction in E. L. Doctorow's "Ragtime".
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that E. L. Doctorow, in "Ragtime," brings to light the fact that social distinctions and prejudice have always permeated American society. The author points out that, early in the novel, Doctorow writes that New Yorkers despised the immigrants because they were "filthy and illiterate". The paper relates that, through the characters of Evelyn, Emma, Tateh, and Coalhouse, the lives of many were shaped by their heritage, where they were born, or how much money they had, conditions that have an impact on almost every aspect of life, as these characters illustrate.
From the Paper
"Emma is a revolutionary character that causes Evelyn to think about her life. Emma is more concerned about making a difference than she is being subtle or nice. She tells Evelyn she was nothing more than a "clever prostitute" who was a "creature of capitalism" (49). Evelyn does not discard what Emma tells her but instead listens and eventually becomes a liberated woman. With Emma's character, we can understand the difficulty women faced during this era in American history. Because these two very different women are able to relate to each other, we can better relate to them. Emma makes it a point to tell Evelyn that they are not as different as she believes."
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The Palestinian and Israeli Conflict, 2004.
An analysis of the Palestinian and Israeli conflict and international law.
3,620 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a history of the Arab-Israeli conflict from the time of the creation of Israel and discusses issues of Zionism versus Pan-Arabism. It describes the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories and outlines the background of the "Right of Return" in practice and law. The United Nations resolutions regarding the Palestinian "Right of Return" are examined. The paper also covers the individual "Right of Return" for Palestinians in international law and the right of self-determination of Palestinians in international law.
From the Paper
"The UN General Assembly agreed to a plan November 29, 1947 for the division of Arab lands into the three parts of Israel Palestine and an internationally-administered zone that centered round Jerusalem. "This plan formed the basis for the declaration of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948". (The History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict) Angered over the loss of Arab lands in the formation of the Israeli state, a combined force of Arab states invaded Israel leading to a war. The consequences of the war were disastrous for the Arabs. Israel annexed more land than was provided to them by the United Nations and many of the Palestinian Arabs were displaced rendering them homeless. This war officially ended in January 1949, but the peace was short lived due to the mutual suspicions and sense of betrayal by the Arabs."
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Diversity Training, 2005.
A look at the importance of diversity training and diversity programs to the workplace.
721 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how diversity is an important feature of every corporation today and how it has also created alarming potential for discrimination and conflicts. It looks at how diversity management or diversity training helps employees understand their differences and resolve them amicably.
From the Paper
"Diversity programs focus "on making changes in the awareness and the attitudes of the participants. The strategy is to create changes that will have a long term positive impact on the organizational culture, with the objective of creating a safer and more productive working environment for all organizational members."(Karp et al. 2000) They aim at creating a more productive working environment where each employee feels valued and differences can be minimized. Diversity training programs also help HP personnel avoid discriminatory practices during hiring, firing, appraisal and disciplining of an employee. Diversity training plays the most dominant role in creation of a completely discrimination and conflict proof working environment."
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