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Sweetening Natural Gas, 2004.
Describes the most chemical process most commonly used for sweetening natural gas.
7,305 words (approx. 29.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 262.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of natural gas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.
Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs
From the Paper
"Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."
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Graph Theory and Road Redesign, 2004.
This paper explores the ways in which graph theory can be joined to computer simulation programs to make the planning stages of road redesign more efficient and more accurate.
5,240 words (approx. 21.0 pages), 31 sources, APA, AU$ 211.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that graphs allow for a simplification of the real world, doing away with extraneous details without sacrificing any information necessary for the task. The author points out that graph theory is the best tool to use to solve the problem of road conversion because it is the most parsimonious. The assumptions made by graph theory more closely than any other model or theory match the real-world conditions. The paper states that, in converting roads, the effect in the real world will be a disruption of what had been the shortest paths between different points, and urban planners will include some consideration of shortest path issues. Tables and figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Graph Theory as the Basis for Conversion of Two-Way Roads
Undirected Graphs to Digraphs
Reachability Problem
Shortest Path Problem
Importance of Simulation
Comment on Validity of Data
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The specific shortest path method that is most useful in this particular type of problem is Pallottino?s graph growth algorithm with two queues. It must be emphasized that the determination of the shortest path algorithms is perhaps the most important component of any network analysis. It is also quite often the first step in any network analysis as the determination of the shortest path is often needed as a key datum in making later choices."
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"Invention by Design", 2004.
A review of the engineering book, "Invention by Design", by Henry Petroski.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the book, "Invention by Design" by Henry Petroski, published in Cambridge, MA, by the Harvard University Press in 1996. Specifically, it discusses what in the book is relevant to the mechanical engineering program, the author's main points, and whether these points are valid or invalid. It looks at how Henry Petroski's book takes engineering to a level that just about anyone can understand and makes it interesting even to the layperson. This book is not only an excellent introduction to the many facets of engineering; it is also a fascinating look into engineering by example, from the simple paper clip to the complicated Boeing 777 aircraft. It also shows how it is a fascinating look into what makes good engineering and what engineers actually do.
From the Paper
"Another critical issue in the book is how the case studies are presented. Each study begins with a bit of history, and then moves into the critical issues involved in the design and engineering of the object, such as the sewers of Paris as a precursor to the evolution of water quality engineering. Had the case studies taken a different approach, the book might not have met its goal of "making sense of many of the interrelated aspects of engineering," but because of these critical inclusions, the book not only meets, but exceeds its goals. It is clear that engineering is a vital force in the modern world, and that just about every action the engineer attempts can be critical in some form or another."
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Research Methodology for Electrical Systems, 2004.
An examination of the harmful effects of ?non-linear load? electrical systems.
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This research paper investigates the affects of using capacitors to manage the disruptive harmful effects of VSDs to the power supply flow and evaluates factors that affect the cost?benefit ratio of these devices.
From the Paper
"Electrical equipment generically termed ?non-linear load?, such as variable speed drives (VSDs), uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), computer power supplies, etc. have a detrimental effect on the quality of the supply to which they are connected. When determining power quality and taking any appropriate measures, it is common practice to monitor the point of common coupling (PCC) and this is often accepted as the point at which power comes into an establishment, i.e. the point of metering."
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Critique of Article on Volume Translation Technique, 2004.
Summary, explanation, and critique of an article entitled, "Volume-Translated Equations of State: Empirical Approach and Physical Relevance."
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 0 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a description of an article about volume translation technique and how it is widely used in in the field of chemical engineering. The paper explains the intent of the authors of the article, their findings, and the conclusion of the article. The paper then critiques the article and points out both its positive and negative aspects.
From the Paper
"The authors of the article are interested in studying various ways of developing equations of state, and they demonstrate that both theoretical and empirical approaches to equations of state can show them nonphysical behavior. They consider this information significant, but are also quick to point out that there is more to their research than just this bit of information. They are also interested in a clear and comprehensive understanding of the reasons for this. They believe that finding these reasons will help them and others to develop reliable equations, and that these equations can be based on both theoretical and empirical methods. Being able to do this would go a long way toward helping researchers who are working with information involving the development of equations of state."
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Technology and the Elderly, 2002.
This paper examines the ways that technology has benefited the lives of the elderly.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the earliest evidences of technology benefiting the elderly was the advent of reading glasses. The author relates that improving vision at night is an important safety advancement; therefore, Cadillac has created a night vision program that provides additional information to what the eyes can see. The paper stresses that another possible technology for the future would be robots that can perform basic housework tasks.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Past
Present
Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another excellent technological invention from the past was the invention of the wheelchair. The wheelchair allows mobility. In the same way the aging process reduces the ability to see, it often reduces the ability to be mobile. Whether it is arthritis, a broken bone, or other physical problems, causing the inability to get around, a wheelchair can assist. Using a wheelchair allowed those who would otherwise have been bed bound to continue their lives. Past wheelchairs were large and bulky so the elderly who used them still had restrictions about where they could go."
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Megalopolis, 2002.
An essay which describes the area in North America known as Megalopolis.
1,729 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the geographic region of Megalopolis (urban area in Northern America) and its sub-region of Nantucket (off Cape Cod). It also deals with the history of Nantucket and the causes that led to the formation of the megalopolis in northeastern USA. Megalopolis comes from the Greek words for ?very large? (Mega) and city (polis). The concept of Megalopolis lies in the fact that cities are not viewed as individual units but as regions that spread out from the city nucleus.
From the Paper
"Modern cities were formed as a result of the establishment of large-scale industries during the Industrial Revolution. Many people migrated from the rural areas to the urban industrialized areas with a hope of earning more in the city. Thus the metropolitan cities gradually grew in size with the establishment of industries and the inflow of workers. In the 20th century in the United States the growth of the urban city gradually spread to the outskirts of the city as well."
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North Korea, 2002.
Discusses the present nuclear threat posed by North Korea.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
North Korea has been intimidating the United States with a series of nuclear threats since October 2002, when U.S. officials stopped the supply of heavy oils to the North in retaliation of its confessed production of nuclear warheads, violating agreements signed in 1994. Shortly after, North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NTP) and agreements with the United Nations. The paper shows that while there is little proof that North Korea has nuclear weapons, it is strongly suspected that it does. The paper discusses the North Korean weapon issue.
From the Paper
"Many world leaders are suspicious about North Korea?s withdrawal from the NPT for many reasons. For one, it is a well-known fact that countries developing clandestine nuclear weapons programs take many measures to conceal information about these programs from the rest of the world (NTI, 2003). Therefore, without membership in the treaty, North Korea has made it difficult for world leaders to obtain information about the country?s weapon capabilities."
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Ergonomic Workplace, 2002.
A review of the current state and possibilities for ergonomic furniture in the workplace.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether or not an ergonomically designed office or workstation will reduce the number of work related injury time off and thereby increase productivity in such work places. The study is geared to determine how much of an impact ergonomically designed work stations have on the bottom line through the measurement of productivity. The writer believes that the study can also be used as a tool for future decision making needs. Ergonomics has been a popular buzzword in recent years and this study determines that bottom line value of ergonomic design in the workplace.
From the Paper
"Recently there has been an explosion of ergonomic designing of workstations for the purpose of providing a more conducive and productive work environment. The buzzwords are all around including ergonomic, RTS, carpal tunnel and others. These words go along with the general idea that it is important to design workstations ergonomically for the most positive impact on the workers as well as the bottom line. The need for the ergonomically designed workstation has provided opportunities for profits in the way of ergonomic furniture."
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Value Engineering and Reliability, 2002.
Discusses how these two concepts can work together to improve the end result of a product or service.
1,443 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
Value engineering is viewed in many industries as an excellent strategy for reducing costs, increasing reliability and improving quality. It can be implemented in hardware and software; development, production and manufacturing; specifications, standards, contract requirements and other acquisition program documentation; facilities design and construction. Value engineering is a technique directed toward analyzing the functions of a project or product to determine "best value," or the best relationship between reliability and cost. In other words, "best value" is represented by a project or process that consistently performs its required basic function and has the lowest cost. In this context, the application of value engineering in a construction project can yield a better value when construction is approached in a manner that incorporates environmentally sound and energy-efficient practices and materials. This paper discusses the important relationship between reliability and value engineering, in an effort to explain how the two work harmoniously to improve projects or products. The paper includes a table.
From the Paper
"Many engineers are resentful of value engineering because they believe it often does the opposite of what it is intended to do, which is cut costs while improving reliability and value. Some say that many companies introduce value engineering solely to cut costs, rather than implementing it professionally and mainly for engineering purposes."
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Soils and Civil Engineering, 2002.
A brief overview of the link between civil engineering and the study of soil types.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
Soil has long been deemed important by agricultural concerns, however, it was only within the last 150 years that rail travel and, later, large-scale civic works made the study of soil important to civil engineers. The paper shows that the sub-study of civil engineering that is dedicated to the study of soil is more commonly known as soil mechanics. This field is used to assess the soil topography of land before major public or private construction projections are created.
From the Paper
"The five main types of soil particles that are encountered by civil engineers include (in order of particle size) boulders, gravel, sand, silt cohesive, and clay. Boulders are the largest elements in soil and usually present a problem to civil engineers, but may be used in a place where the soil is otherwise soft to form a foundation upon which to build a road or other civic work. Historically, boulders were used for this purpose before it was cost-effective to introduce other materials. There are cost efficiencies in the use of boulders: they can often be found where bedrock is not near the surface of the earth, such as in the great lakes region where they were deposited during the last ice age."
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The Big Dig Highway Project, 2002.
This paper discusses the ecological benefit of Boston?s Big Dig, the most complex and expensive highway project ever undertaken in the United States.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Big Dig, a state-of-the-art eight-to-ten-lane expressway, for the most part underground or underwater, will run through downtown Boston and the Ted Williams Tunnel to Logan Airport. The paper reviews three areas of environmental concern: The digging and dumping of the dirt, mitigation and air quality. The author points out that the mitigation aspect of the project protects the city from devastating noise disruption, dust, traffic gridlock and economic damage.
From the Paper
"There are other benefits as well. According to Daniel Wood of Public Roads Magazine, the Big Dig will be ?good news for the local shellfish population because of the construction of an artificial reef in Boston Harbor? (Public Roads). The reef, created in collaboration with the National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is designed to compensate for filling in over one acre of blue mussel habitat in the harbor during the closing and capping of the former municipal landfill on Spectacle Island. Wood also says that, ?As the northernmost artificial reef system in the United States, the complex is expected to become home to lobsters, crabs, and finfish, as well as the displaced blue mussels? "
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The Waterfall Model, 2002.
An overview of this software development process.
2,312 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
In software engineering, the Waterfall Model describes a development method that is linear and sequential and which has distinct goals for each phase of development. This paper describes the Waterfall Model and then provides a list of advantages and disadvantages of the process. The paper presents controversial issues of the Waterfall Model and shows samples of the Waterfall Development Model, also known as the Software Development Life Cycle. The paper concludes with a summary of the future of the Waterfall Model.
From the Paper
"As the computer - business interaction spectrum has become more diverse, this rigid development ladder has become less applicable to the software development process. With the shift from single computer applications to computer supported collaborative work (CSCW) this model has all but outlived its usefulness. Today?s applications are utilized across an enterprise, and each department can have its own unique cultural needs, and wants to have its own feedback loop into the development cycle. By becoming aware of different styles of software used, and how they relate to phases in the development process, a developer can detect if projects have gone out of control, or are staying on track."
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Design-Build Project Delivery, 2002.
This paper discusses the design-build method of construction whereby a single company is in charge from the projects inception to its completion including planning, design and construction.
2,775 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper, in addition to explaining the design-build method, presents an overview of the history of construction and some of the traditional methods used for bidding on construction projects. The design-build method is ideal for parking garages, hospitals, banks, shopping malls or any other repetitive structural buildings because these types of structures are not architecturally driven and rely on predictable components. The author believes that most developers do not understand or appreciate the full range of benefits that design-build offers them.
From the Paper
"Since developers often choose design-build for accelerated project schedules, contractors need a way to ensure they will have enough skilled workers when they are needed and that they can attract them within the budget that has been established. Design-build project delivery greatly improves constructability and overall worker satisfaction. Many design-builders consult extensively with their subcontractors during the proposal stages and those firms have great sway on how their part of the project will be designed and built. Some union officials see problems with design-build project delivery because they think that this method simply adds one more layer of project management to the process and actually is slower than the design-bid-build delivery method. ?We are at the mercy of the construction manager much more often than before because of design-build,? says Rob Trenkle, director of the construction department of the Laborers International Union of North America. ?When a general contractor is in control of the whole job, there is less confusion and less steps you have to go through.? "
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Power Regulation, 2002.
Report on the history of electricity.
3,390 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of commercial and domestic energy use. It covers the conversion methods necessary to obtain electricity, the infrastructure required for the production, transfer and distribution of power, the generation and distribution of electricity in the U.S., the different methods available to generate electricity and the purpose and the effect of the deregulation of the power industry in the U.S.
History of Electricity
Electricity Generation and Distribution in the U.S.
Methods of Electricity Generation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Electricity is a secondary source of energy. It is obtained by converting primary sources of energy like coal, natural gas, oil (examples of potential energy); hydraulic and wind sources (kinetic energy); or nuclear energy into electrical energy. Electricity generators covert energy from primary energy sources to forms of secondary (electric) energy. Although generating electricity was easy, the ability to transport it over long distances proved difficult. George Westinghouse developed the transformer, which allowed power to be transmitted efficiently across long distances. A transformer changes electricity from low voltage to high voltage. Electricity can be transported over long distances more efficiently at a high voltage. "
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Building on Landfill, 2002.
This paper discusses the issues of building multistory buildings on areas of landfill, areas of dumped discarded items such as debris and garbage, using Battery Park City, New York City as an example.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that one way that builders are finding available land is by using places previously thought unsafe or unsuitable to build on, such as landfill sites. This paper explains that landfill sites can safely be used to build high-rise buildings, provided the density of the landfill, the size of the foundation pieces and the deepness of the foundation pilings are taken into consideration. The author points out that there have been no reported problems from the settling of the landfill site on which Battery Park City was built.
From the Paper
"First, it is important to understand what landfills are and why they are here. Landfills are areas where the city or other municipality has dumped discarded items such as debris and garbage. The city often dumps large items there, as well, and eventually the landfill reaches its capacity. Landfills are important because debris and garbage has to go somewhere, but many people remain concerned that landfills are dangerous, and that hazardous materials are being dumped into landfills, which could harm people in the future. When someone decides to build on a landfill site, as the one in Battery Park City, the question of stability comes up. After all, they are essentially building on garbage and debris, which seems likely to shift and move as it settles."
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