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The Development of Nuclear Fusion Reactors, 2001.
This paper tries to externalize the feasibility and optimality of the development of a nuclear fusion reactor as a source of energy for future consumption.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the inevitable need for developing alternative sources of energy in order to bridge the gap between the rapidly increasing fuel demand and the depleting resources available. This paper tries to analyze the potentials of nuclear fusion reactors as a reliable alternative to overcome this energy crisis. Though the theories propounded are still in the state of infancy, they hold relevance for satisfying the fuel demand in the future in both on earth as well in space stations. Fusion, explains the author, is a source of the sun?s energy that offers a clean, potentially limitless source of electricity and power. Hence a magnetic fusion reactor by using plasma would manage to bring about the nuclear fusion reaction in a controlled way.The author shows how plasmais a new state of matter in which most of the atoms are ionized due to some sort of 'violence' and breaking away of the originally bound electrons. Within the plasma, colliding deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse into helium nuclei and release energy to be converted into electricity.
From the Paper
"The concept of generation of usable energy from the nuclear fusion reactor is still at its state of infancy. Though both Bose and Einstein , in 1925 predicted the condensation of atoms into super dense states but still even after 76 years of extensive research the idea of a nuclear fusion reactor has not been physically implementable. Though nuclear fusion is the primary governing factor in the nuclear reactor design but a number of complex systems and their analysis need to be incorporated for its success. Currently, a number of significant projects are being pursued individually by the developed nations like the SST project, the Magnetic Mirror project and the combined efforts of scientists and governments from all over the world pooling their intelligence and resources to develop the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)."
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DNA Based Computing, 2002.
An analysis at how engineering and biology have surpassed the silicone chip. It looks at this new technology and its contributions.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This report compares the silicon-based computer and the emerging DNA-based computer. The study focuses on the major components involved in both, their method of use, and general reasons for use, all centered around the engineering and biological principals that are critical to the success of the DNA-based computer. Detailed and scientifically rigorous statements of the principles are provided along with a detailed definition of key terms, which can be found in the glossary at the end of this report. Sample problems and calculations are provided throughout the report to illustrate the method of use and abilities of this new way of computing. Based on the computing abilities and potential of the DNA-based computer, a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the social and ethical concerns associated with the technology is presented.
Table of Contents
Abstract
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Overview and Background
3.0 Major Components Involved
4.0 Method of Use
5.0 General Reasons for Use
6.0 Advantages and Disadvantages
7.0 Social and Ethical Concerns
8.0 Conclusion
References
Glossary
From the Paper
"The abilities and power of computers to this day have increased, almost exponentially, since the dawn of their creation. Every year the speeds of microchips more than double while their size continues to shrink. This exponential growth of silicon chip speed and inverse of size has come to be known as Moore?s Law . As advancements in micro silicon chip production continue, however, more and more obstacles are faced due to the increase in complexities of the problems for which they are required. More computing power is required while costs need to be controlled. The answer to this is to build a radically different type of computer that uses DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) as oppose to silicon to store and manipulate data. The practicality of this new design is still far off, however, it is believed that this new technology can produce DNA-based computers that would be far superior than today?s supercomputers at a fraction of their size and, ultimately, their costs. A part-by-part comparison of both the silicon-based computer and the emerging DNA-based computer under the conditions of the major components involved in both, their method of use, and general reasons for use, will be discussed. Also, their potential in society will be evaluated based on their advantages and disadvantages in regards to storage abilities, cost effectiveness, and reliability of use, as well as, social and ethical concerns involving their effect on the future of computing, society, way of life, and potential misuses of this new technology. This report describes and evaluates the emerging technology of DNA based computers based on their engineering and biological principals, and provides a comparison of this prospect to the silicon-based computers used widely in all areas of today?s society."
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A Call for Safer Methods of Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2001.
A call to action for safer methods of disposal of nuclear waste and other radioactive material.
665 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 28.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper, exploring the chemical make up of uranium, showing that it is extremely difficult to dispose of this material in a complete way. It looks at current disposal practices in the world and analyzes their pros and cons.
From the Paper
"Radioactive material is defined as having atoms with extremely excited outer electron shells. This makes them unstable, excitable and an efficient means of providing energy to a population that can afford a nuclear power plant. The main source of this energy is Uranium. This is a naturally occurring element found in rocks and seawater. It is the most heavy element in the periodic table, having 146 neutrons and 92 protons in its stable form. The instable form has 143 neutrons and this is the kind that is used in cores to create energy (UIC website)."
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Quantum and Biological Computing, 2001.
A comparative look at two new technologies in computing - quantum and biological.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the differences between two new technologies, quantum and biological computing, examining how they can be used in different fields. It examines problems experienced in the development of these computing techniques but also shows how much of an impact they would have on current technology. The writer explains that instead of using microchips, a quantum computer uses a liquid of appropriate molecule which is more accurate.
From the Paper
"Quantum and Biological computing are two technologies which are on the forefront of advancement in computers today. Both technologies are relatively in their infancy, but so far there have been a good amount of promising results in both research and prototypical experimentation. The reason behind the quest for a different type of computing system is not simply for the purpose of advancement for the sake of advancement; but rather because conventional microchips are nearing the apex of their computation ability for certain applications. There is a lot of competition in the field of quantum computing, both for the financial gain, and scientific breakthroughs which would result in a practical quantum computer. The field of Biological computing is one which does not hold the promise of quantum computing, as far as practical application; But does open new doors into the realm of computing without being tied to digital circuits and all the limitations they possess. Conventional computers can be improved by further miniaturization of circuits, but the major roadblock is that transistors and electrical wiring can ultimately only be made as slim as the width of one atom. Once again business and science are teaming up in order to benefit each other, and bring about the next great evolution in computing technology."
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"Frankenstein" and Cloning, 2001.
This paper examines the ethical issues of human cloning using "Frankenstein" as a lesson against the practice.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at how Mary Shelley's " Frankenstein" is a story that is the possible precursor of a modern cloning experiment gone bad. The author discusses the ethical problems related to human cloning, and how the monster created by Dr. Frankenstein serves as a warning against mankind's efforts to interfere with nature.
From the Paper
"The story of Dr. Frankenstein and his unfortunate monster illustrates how much havoc could be wreaked on society by anyone person who attempts to "play God". In the nineteenth century, there was a far greater belief that the creation of life was the province of God alone. Now technologically advanced science is a multi-billion dollar industry and the progress of genetics in the last decade is far outpacing the legislation that society has to monitor its application. Even in 1818, Mary Shelley raises the idea that we, as a society, were in grave danger of becoming far cleverer and more scientifically able than we were wise. It is for these reasons that Mary Shelley makes some of Dr. Frankenstein last words, in Chapter XIII, read like a terrible warning to mankind, one that stands against cloning today: ?Man," I cried, "how ignorant art thou in thy pride of wisdom! Cease; you know not what it is you say."
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The World Trade Center Bombing, 2001.
This paper studies the World Trade Center Bombing and the physical forces that were responsible for it.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the physical process of the World Trade Center collapse. It examines the building's structure and components and analyzes the impact of the collision with the aircraft. It gives an engineer's analysis of the collapse and several reasons for it. It concludes that the exact reason for the collapse of the skyscraper is still unknown and will continue to be studied in the future.
From the Paper
"The World Trade Center, erected as "a living symbol of man's dedication to world peace," (Wetxstein- 2001) was the most valuable commercial property in the history of New York City until terrorist attacks reduced it to rubble. The buildings towered over lower Manhattan for nearly thirty years; an icon of financial power.The buildings contained more than 200,000 tons of steel, 425,000 cubic yards of concrete and 600,000 square feet of glass in 43,000 windows. Each floor, a reinforced concrete pad on a metal deck supported by steel cross beams, was about one acre and weighed about 4.8 million pounds. The building was designed to withstand the impact of a 707 commercial airliner. It was the largest commercial airliner built at the time the World Trade Center was designed. This was a factor considered due to the accident in 1945, where a B-25 crashed into the Empire State building."
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United States Nuclear Power Plant Vulnerabilities, 2002.
This essay discusses the need for improved protection of our nuclear power plants from an air attack.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the safety of nuclear power plants in the event of attack. It looks at the safety features included in the design of a nuclear reactor and discusses the ability of those features to withstand an actual air attack. Expert opinions and test information are given.
From the Paper
"In light of the Al-Qaeda?s most recent weapon of choice used in New York and Washington D.C., more needs to be done to protect our nuclear power plants from an air attack. Mohamed ElBaradei who is the Director of the International Atomic Energy Agency was quoted in the December 2001 issue of Nuclear Engineering International when addressing the UN General Assembly in New York as saying, ?the terrorist attacks on September 11 had [have] been a wake up call to the industry that more could and should be done to bolster security."
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Nuclear Superpowers, 2001.
This paper looks at the world's leading nuclear superpowers.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
The writer asks the question whether a country can remain superpower if it does not have nuclear weapons. A few countries are analyzed such as United States, Soviet Union, Japan and Korea. It also looks at the move for nuclear proliferation and examines this trend.
Table of Contents:
I. Question and Thesis
II. The Move to Multipolar Notions of Power in the World?
III. The Specific Example of the Soviet Union: Military Strength, Economic Failure
IV. Japan: A Small Land still Rising?
V. Nuclear Proliferation
VI. The Middle East, The Common Market;Uncertain Kinds of Economic Strength, Millennial Ways of Becoming a World Power.
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cost of developing a nuclear capability, the political costs associated with their use, and the difficulty of hiding their development make them less likely to emerge as a primary method of state policy, says the U.S. Commission of National Security for the 21st Century. Thus we are assured we have less to fear than we ever had from a nation using a nuclear threat as a deterrent. (51) As any good student of rational-actor theory knows, the fear and threat of actual nuclear war is so great, it would be ridiculous, not to say M.A.D. for any nation to embark upon mutual destruction with another nation, should that other nation have nuclear weapons.
"This attitude discounts the increasing concern over the proliferation of nuclear weapons among nations in a world not dominated on every level by two major nuclear powers. It also does not take into consideration the possibilities of actors with vastly different interests than nations, such as terrorist groups, gaining access to such weapons. And from a less vital point of view security-wise, but of equal theoretical interest is the notion of how nuclear weapons function as bargaining chips in negotiation, regardless of their likely use as weapons, and as symbolic examples of state power."
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Solar Cells, 2001.
A look at solar cells and the technology behind them.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what solar cells are, how they are created and the technological history behind their development. It provides scientific theories to support this information and explains the uses of solar cells in today's technology.
From the Paper
"A solar cell is any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not utilize chemical reactions to produce electric power, and, unlike electric generators, they do not have any moving parts. Solar cells are also called solar batteries and, as the term solar implies, they are in most cases designed for converting sunlight into electrical energy.
"In the basic structure of a typical solar cell, light enters the device through a layer of material called the antireflection layer. The function of this layer is to trap the light falling on the solar cell and to promote the transmission of this light into the energy-conversion layers below. Such materials as silicon oxides or titanium dioxide are employed as the antireflection layer in solar cells."
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New Urbanism: A Smart Way to Grow, 2002.
This paper provides a look at the principles of New Urbanism, a land development movement designed to combat ugly urban sprawl, by redeveloping inner cities and/or making the most efficient use of open space development.
1,923 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the topic, New Urbanism, synonymous with the term "Smart Growth" which is a way to develop land efficiently, whether it may be a new development using open space land, or a redevelopment of a part of an inner city- called "infilling". The paper explores the ten principles that New Urbanism is guided by and gives examples of developments across the country that have used this method and prospered.
From the Paper
"Small, picturesque towns like Nantucket and Savannah dot the eastern landscape of the country. These towns are the illustration of the principles America was founded upon: closeness, unity, community, and family. The neighborhoods were compact and had mixed-uses. Everything a family needed in the normal course of the week was all within walking distance. There was a town square where the townspeople met and talked. In the youth of this country small developments like these were common, however in the last 50 years America has seen development practices take a turn for the worse. The current practice of building suburbs nationwide sprang up after World War II, and development has sacrificed hundreds of thousands of acres to this practice ever since. Now the majority of U.S. citizens now live in automobile-oriented, unattractive suburbs full of strip malls and four-lane roads with four-foot sidewalks. Although this is still the norm, there is a new kind of development that is making an impact on the way communities are built. This new method, called New Urbanism or Smart Growth, has caught on in the last 20 years and is now popping up all over the country. New Urbanism is a way to combat ugly urban sprawl, replacing it instead with small, interconnected communities that are pedestrian-friendly and contain housing, work places, shops, entertainment, schools, parks, and other amenities essential to the daily lives of residents, all within easy walking distance of each other. New Urbanism involves using the principles it sets forth to fix and redevelop existing cities, called ?infilling?, as well as to create new, high-density, compact towns and villages."
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"Who's Afraid of Human Cloning?" by Gregory Pence, 2002.
An analysis of the book.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book by Gregory Pence about human cloning. The author analyzes his work and argues that the writer stresses the importance of human cloning and criticizes all those who take an opposing stand. A discussion of the scientific background on the subject and an argument for the scientific breakthrough.
From the Paper
?Who?s Afraid of Human Cloning by Gregory Pence discusses human cloning and dispels myths. The author takes the state that human cloning is perfectly fine. In fact he states that most arguments against human cloning are unsound. He calls people who say that cloning is repulsive ignorant. ?The reason why this point is important is that so much of the condemnation of human cloning is not based on arguments. Most of it consists of a conditioned ?yuck factor.? (Pence 6).?
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Architects and Modern Expression, 1998.
This paper looks at the modern expression of three architects: Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the ideas of the 1950s of three separate architects by looking at their different views of modernism. The architects are Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas. Modernist, Post-Modernist, and Pre-Modernist concepts are examined, and the works and ideas of the architects are described in depth.
From the Paper
"In the 1950?s many architects were struggling for expression of Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman, and Rem Koolhaas are three architects who each had different views in regards to Modern Architecture. Robert Venturi had a post-modern approach and believed in complexity and contradiction to create a new architecture. Peter Eisenman had a modern approach and used axonometric drawings and models to better represent architecture. Rem Koolhaas had a modern, pre-modern, and post-modern approach and looked at the problem of large. These three architects expressed their relationship to Modern Architecture differently."
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Analysis on the Gasification of Coal, 2002.
History of coal and up-to-date coal gasification techniques.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
The following paper gives the reader a brief history of coal and its uses. It also analyzes the refining technique known as the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle or IGCC as well as some history and new technologies associated with this fossil fuel.
From the Paper
"Coal is a sedimentary organic rock that contains a lot of carbon, typically between 40 and 90 percent carbon by weight. Ancient plants and animals accumulating in moist peat bogs form coal. As plants die off in a wet area, they pile up into peat. It takes between 4,000 and 100,000 years for one meter of peat to accumulate. This process happens best in river deltas or coastal plains. Over time, further deposits compress these peat seams and the carbon content of the coal is concentrated. The older the coal gets, generally, the harder and blacker it gets. There are four "ranks" of coal. Listed from lowest to highest rank, they are: lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Rank is determined by energy content and chemical composition. Lignite is the youngest form of coal and is soft and brown, not much different than dried peat. Lignite has a low energy content, typically about 13 million Btu per ton. The carbon content is low also, around 40 percent. Lignite is typically used only when higher grades of coal are not available or affordable. Subbituminous coal is common in the US. It has an energy content of about 18 million Btu per ton, and is used mostly in coal-fired power plants. Bituminous coal is the most widespread form in the US and is high in energy content, averaging 24 million Btu per ton. Bituminous and subbituminous account for most coal use in America. The hardest coal, anthracite, is found mostly in Pennsylvania, but most supplies of anthracite there have been exhausted. The energy content is high, around 23 million Btu per ton, but it tends to have a high sulfur content. It is more than 90 percent carbon. "
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Fission Reactors and Safety Concerns, 2001.
Discusses the importance of safety at nuclear plants and how a lack of safety measures could lead to a Chernobyl-like disaster.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the workings of fission reactor and focuses on the safety concerns connected with the production of nuclear power. The author looks at how most countries use nuclear energy for the development of military weapons though in some places it is also being used for peaceful purposes.
From the Paper
"Nuclear power plants are used in for the production of nuclear fission power, which is used later in the production of military weapons. For the production of power, fission reactor is used which contains fissionable elements which when bombarded with neutrons produce some other elements including barium, plutonium and uranium. All these are later used in the creation of military weapons and some other similar products. Though the governments of the world in possession of nuclear power come under attack often, it is nonetheless considered a symbol of power over other nations. A fission reactor is used to produce a chain reaction with the help of uranium and plutonium and special devices are used for the purpose of regulating the rate of fission."
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Emergency Management, 2001.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the emergency management of a large hazardous chemical facility in New York City.
1,405 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a plan to implement an emergency disaster management system at a large hazardous chemicals plant in New York. The author includes specific steps that need to be taken, assigns roles, instructions for emergency response, etc.
From the Paper
"The plan should also contain detailed building plans of the chemical plant, so each team member knows the layout of the buildings. These layouts will include all storage areas, aisles, entrances and exits, windows; fire extinguishers, fire alarms, sprinklers, smoke/fire detectors, annunciators; shut-offs and master switches for power, water, gas, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) system, and elevator controls, etc. There should also be a detailed list of keys needed for entry to any and all buildings, and their locations."
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Fixing the World's Problems, 2001.
This paper is a detailed examination of the life of a professional engineer.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a detailed look at the life of an engineer, and the field of engineering. It looks at the history of engineering, beginning with the pyramids. The role of the engineer in today's society is examined, along with the process involved in becoming an professional engineer. The author also discusses career opportunities, and the different fields of engineering that exist.
From the Paper
"In college, there is a broad range of classes that have to be taken; this leads to taking more than four years to complete college. College education is based around mathematics and science. Engineers also have to take some liberal arts classes, humanities classes, environmental, computers, and some shop classes (VGM's C.E. 101). The first two years of college are usually spent taking general classes, the last two or three years are spent specializing, if they choose to specialize (Western Michigan University). There are more than twenty-five different types of engineering (Dell 195-198). There is no need to specialize into a certain field if it is not desired. A few of the different kinds of engineering are: architectural, biomedical, civil, electrical, and mechanical (Top 300 Jobs 76-79)."
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